Post on 17-Apr-2018
Initial Environmental Examination
Okhaldhunga – Rumjatar Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project November 2017
NEP: Earthquake Emergency Assistance Project
Prepared by Office of District Level Project Implementation Unit (Okhaldunga)- Central Level Project Implementation Unit – Ministry of Federals Affairs and Local Development for the Asian Development Bank.
This initial environmental examination is a document of the borrower. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of ADB's Board of Directors, Management, or staff, and may be preliminary in nature. Your attention is directed to the “terms of use” section on ADB’s website. In preparing any country program or strategy, financing any project, or by making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area in this document, the Asian Development Bank does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area.
Environmental Assessment Document
The views expressed herein are those of the consultant and do not necessarily represent those of ADB’s members, Board of Directors, Management, or staff, and may be preliminary in nature.
Initial Environmental Examination (IEE)
Okhaldhunga – Rumjatar Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project November 2017
NEP: Earthquake Emergency Assistance Project Loan: 3260 Project Number: 49215-001
Prepared by the Government of Nepal for the Asian Development Bank (ADB).
This Report is a document of the borrower. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of ADB's Board of Directors, Management, or staff, and may be preliminary in nature.
Initial Environmental Examination (IEE)
of
Okhaldhunga – Rumjatar Road Rehabilitation and
Reconstruction Sub-project, Okhaldhunga
Submitted to
Government of Nepal
National Reconstruction Authority
Singhadurbar, Kathmandu
Submitted through
Government of Nepal
Ministry of Federal Affairs and Local Development
Earthquake Emergency Assistance Project
Central Level Project Implementation Unit, Lalitpur
Submitted by
District Level Project Implementation Unit, Okhaldhunga
November, 2017
IEE of Okhaldhunga – Rumjatar Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Okhaldhunga Page i
Nepali Executive Summary (sfo{sf/L ;f/f+z1)
k[i7e"ld
@)&@ ;fn a}zfv !@ ut] uPsf] ljWj+;sf/L e"sDk / ;f]xL jif{ a}zfv @( ut] uPsf] d'Vo k/fsDksf sf/0f Ifltu|:t :yfgLo ;+/rgfx?sf] k'g:yf{kgf tyf k'glg{df{0f u/L :yfgLo ;d'bfosf] cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs k'gp{Tyfg ug{ Pl;ofnL ljsf; a}+ssf] C0f ;xof]udf tyf :jL; ljsf; lgof]usf] k|fljlws ;xof]u cGt{ut e"sDk k|efljt !@ lhNnfdf e"sDk cfktsfnLg ;xfotf cfof]hgf (EEAP) nfu' ul/Psf] 5 . o; cfof]hgfsf] dfWodåf/f Pl;ofnL ljsf; a}+sn] dxTjk"0f{ ;8s ;+hfnsf] k'glg{df{0f ug{, xhf/f}+ afnaflnsfnfO{ k'gM ljBfno k'¥ofpg, k|efljt ;d'bfonfO{ cTofjZos ;sf/L ;]jf pknAw u/fpg g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ ;xof]u ug]{5 . o; cfof]hgfn] e"sDk tyf klx/f]åf/f Ifltu|:t sl/a !#% ls=ld= /0fg}lts ;8s tyf $%) ls=ld= u|fld0f ;8ssf] k'glg{df{0f ug]{5 . o; cfof]hgfsf] sfo{sf/L lgsfo /fli6«o k'glg{df{0f k|flws/0f /x]sf] 5 . u|fld0f ;8ssf] xsdf o; cfof]hgfsf] sfo{Gjog lgsfosf] ?kdf e"sDk cfktsfnLg ;xfotf cfof]hgf–lhNnf cfof]hgf sfo{Gjog OsfO{, cf]vn9'Ëf /x]sf] 5 .
cf]vn9'Ëf—?Dhf6f/ ;8s k'g:yf{kgf tyf k'glg{df{0f pkcfof]hgf -!!=!) ls=dL=_ klg e"sDk cfktsfnLg ;xfotf cfof]hgf cGtu{ts} Pp6f pkcfof]hgf xf] . pkcfof]hgf k'g{pTyfgsf qmddf kg{;Sg] ;sf/fTds tyf gsf/fTds jftfj/0fLo Pj+ ;fdflhs k|efjnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{sf] nflu lhNnf cfof]hgf sfo{Gjog OsfO, cf]vn9'Ëfn] of] k|f/lDes jftfj/0fLo kl/If0f (IEE) k|ltj]bg tof/ ul/Psf] xf] .
k|:tfljt cf]vn9'Ëf—?Dhf6f/ ;8s v08 k'g:yf{kgf tyf k'glg{df{0f pkcfof]hgf sfof{Gjogn] @)&@ ;fn a}zfv !@ ut] uPsf] ljWj+;sf/L e"sDk / ;f]xL jif{ a}zfv @( ut] uPsf] d'Vo k/fsDksf sf/0f pNn]Vo ?kdf Ifltu|:t o; ;8s v08nfO{ k'gM ;+rfngdf NofO{ of] ;8s /x]sf] cf]vn9'Ëf lhNnfsf] l;l¢r/0f gu/kflnsf j8f g+= !!, % / $ sf] /dfO{nf] 8f+8f, 9'°], a0ff{n', ;flg6f/, ?Dhf6f/ h:tf d'Vo jl:tx? nufot o;sf k'j{ tkm{sf cGo jl:tx?nfO{ ;d]t lhNnf ;b/d'sfd cf]vn9'Ëf tyf b]zsf cGo If]q;Fu ;8s ;+hfn dfkm{t hf]8\g]5 .
k|:tfjs
e"sDk cfktsfnLg ;xfotf cfof]hgf (EEAP) cGtu{t u|fld0f ;8s cf]vn9'Ëf—?Dhf6f/ ;8s v08 -!!=!) ls=dL=_ k'g:yf{kgf tyf k'glg{df{0f pkcfof]hgfsf] lhNnf:t/Lo sfo{sf/L lgsfo Pj+ k|f/lDes jftfj/0f kl/If0fsf] nflu k|:tfjssf] ?kdf e"sDk cfktsfnLg ;xfotf cfof]hgf – lhNnf cfof]hgf sfo{Gjog OsfO, cf]vn9'Ëf /x]sf] 5 .
k|:tfjssf] k'/f 7]ufgf
e"sDk cfktsfnLg ;xfotf cfof]hgf – lhNnf cfof]hgf sfo{Gjog OsfO, cf]vn9'Ëf cf]vn9'Ëf ahf/, cf]vn9'Ëf ;Dks{ kmf]g M )#&—%@)@$( O{d]n M eeapokhaldhunga@gmail.com
1 This is Executive Summary of the IEE report in Nepali language and an English version is given in page vi.
IEE of Okhaldhunga – Rumjatar Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Okhaldhunga Page ii
k|f/lDes jftfj/0fLo k/LIf0fsf] cf}lrTo tyf p2]Zo
e'sDkaf6 k|efljt ;+/rgfsf] k'glg{df0f{ ;DaGwL] P]g, @)&@, e'sDkaf6 k|efljt ;+/rgfsf] k'glg{df0f ;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)&@ tyf e"sDk k|efljt ;+/rgfsf] k'glg{df{0fsf] nflu jftfj/0fLo k|efj d'Nof+sg ;DaGwL sfo{ljlw @)&@ / bf];|f] ;+;f]wg @)&$ -cg';'rL !_ Pj+ Pl;ofnL ljsf; a}+ssf] ;'/If0f gLlt syg -;]kmuf8{ kf]nL;L :6]6d]G6_ @))( cg';f/ jftfj/0fLo k|efjsf] Jojxf/Ls tyf 7fFp laif]z Go"lgs/0f tyf nfea[[¢Lsf pkfox? ;'emfj ug{ k|f/lDes jftfj/0fLo kl/If0f cWoog sfo{ cfjZos b]lvG5 .
k|f/lDes jftfj/0fLo k/LIf0f k|ltj]bg cWoogsf] d'Vo p2]Zo pkcfof]hgf If]qsf] ef}lts, h}ljs, ;fdflhs, cfly{s tyf ;f+:s[lts jftfj/0fdf kg]{ k|efjx? kQf nufpg'sf ;fy} jftfj/0fdf kg]{ gsf/fTds k|efjsf] Go"lgs/0fsf pkfox? / ;sf/fTds k|efj a9fpg] pkfox? af/] ;'emfj lbg' / jftfj/0fLo Aoa:yfkg of]hgf agfO{ sfof{Gjog u/fpg' /x]sf] 5 .
k|:tfjsf] ljj/0f tyf cWoog ljlw
k|:tfljt pkcfof]hgf cf]vn9'Ëf lhNnfsf] l;l¢r/0f gu/kflnsf j8f g+= !! sf] /dfO{nf] 8F+8f (CH
!±)))_ af6 k|j]z ub{5 / l;l¢r/0f gu/kflnsfs} j8f g+= $ sf] ?Dhf6f/ (CH !!±!))_ eGg] 7fp+df cGTo x'g]5 . of] v08nfO{ e"sDk cfktsfnLg ;xfotf cfof]hgf cGtu{t lhNnf cfof]hgf sfo{Gjog OsfO{n] k'glg{ld{0fsf] nflu k|:tfj u/]sf] 5 . o; ;8snfO{ k|yd :t/sf] lhNnf ;8ssf] dfkb08df sfnf]kq ul/g] 5 . !!=!) ls=ld nDafO{ / gfnL / ;f]Nh/ ;lxt o;sf] s'n rf}8fO{ ^=@% ld= x'g]5 . o; pkcfof]hgfsf] s'n nfut g]=?= #*),#%%,**$=$@ / OlGhlgol/ª nfut g]=?=@*),&)&,@($=$% /x]sf] 5 .
of] k|f/lDes jftfj/0fLo kl/If0f k|ltj]bg g]kfn ;/sf/sf] sfg"gL cfj:ostf k'/f ug{ cfjZos ;Gbe{ ;fdfu|Lx?sf] k"j{ cWoog / k'glg{df0f k|lws/0fsf] k|d'v sfo{sf/L clws[tåf/f @)&$.)#.@% ut] :jLs[t sfo{;'rLsf] clwgdf /lx tof/ ul/Psf] 5 . @)&$ ;fn >fj0f @! b]vL @^ ut] ;Dd ul/Psf] :ynut e|d0f tyf ;j]{If0fjf6 lnOPsf tYofÍ, ;fdflhs tyf k|fljlws 6f]nLaf6 pknAw tYofÍx?sf] s]nfP/ k|f/lDes jftfj/0fLo k/LIf0f k|ltj]bg tof/ u/L lgisif{ tyf ;'emfjx? lbOPsf 5g\ .
pkcfof]hgfsf] ljBdfg jftfj/0fLo cj:yf
k|:tfljt ;8s !,#%* ld b]lv !,*!@ ld sf] ef}uf]lns prfO{sf] ;dlztf]i0f xfjfkfgL kfOG5 . lhNnf kfZj{ lrqdf pNn]v eP cg';f/ o; If]qsf] tfkqmd udL{df @$=%# l8=;]=;Dd k'Ug] / lxp+bdf %=@$ l8=;]= ;Dd emg]{ u/]sf] 5 / oxfF jflif{s ;/b/ !,&@! ld=ld= jiff{ x'g] u/]sf] 5 . ef}ule{s b[li6sf]0fn] of] If]qdf d'Vo ?kdf lkmnfO6, SjfhfO{6 kfOG5 . l;:g] vf]nf o; k|eflat If]qsf] d'Vo vf]nf xf] .
of] pkcfof]hgf v]taf/L, cfjf; If]q, jg tyf v'Nnf If]qaf6 k|j]z ub{5 . h;dWo] !±*)) b]lv @±@@), &±@() b]lv &±$)) ;Dd qmdzM >L d]w]kftfn / l;dwf/f kfvf ;fd'bflos jg /x]sf] 5 . o; ;8sdf ;Nnf, s6';, lrnfpg], plQ;, nfFs'/L, dnftf] / b'lwnf] cflb ?vx? /x]sf 5g\ . To;}u/L h+unL hgfj/x?df dn;fk|f], b'D;L, lrt'jf cflb /x]sf 5g\ eg] k+IfLdf sflnh, sf]O{nL, 9's'/, Rofv'/f / ;/L;[k k|hfltdf uf]xf]/f], x/]p, cGwf] ;k{ cflb kfO{G5 .
k|:tfljt ;8s cf]vn9'°f lhNnfsf] l;l¢r/0f gu/kflnsf j8f g+ !! sf] /dfO{nf] 8f+8f af6 k|j]z ub{5 . o; ;8s cGtu{t /dfO{nf] 8f+8f, agf{n', 9'ª\u|], ;lg6f/ / ?Dhf6f/ h:tf k|d'Vf jl:tx? kb{5g\ .. o; If]qdf u'?Ë hftLsf dflg;sf] afx'Notf /x]sf] 5 eg] cGo k|d'v hfltdf afx'g, bdfO{, z]kf{, g]jf/ cflb
IEE of Okhaldhunga – Rumjatar Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Okhaldhunga Page iii
/x]sf 5g\ . pkcfof]hgf If]qsf] ;fIf/tf b/ (*=!)Ü -;fdfGo ;fIf/ ;d]t_ k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 . pkcfof]hgf If]qsf w]/}h;f] AolQmx? v]lt nufot s[lif / kz'kfng k]zfdf ;+nUg 5g\ eg] cGo d'Vo k]zfdf ;fgf Aofkf/, Hofnf dhb'/L / j}b]lzs /f]huf/ dxTjk"0f{ 5g\ . vfg]kfgLsf] nflu *@=$^ k|ltzt 3/w'/Ln] kfOkåf/f ljtl/t kfgLsf] k|of]u ub{5g\ . k|efljt If]qsf ;a} 3/w'/Ldf ljB't ;]jf k'u]sf] 5 . oxfFsf] k|d'v :yfgLo ahf/ ?Dhf6f/ xf] eg] d'Vo ahf/ eg] cf]vn9'°f ahf/ /x]sf] 5 .
jftfj/0fLo k|efjx?
;sf/fTds k|efjx?
pkcfof]hgf lgdf{0fsf qmddf tTsfn b]lvPsf ;sf/fTds k|efjx?df o;n] %%,*)# JolQmlbg a/fj/sf] c:yfoL /f]huf/Lsf] cj;/ ;[hgf ug]{ 5 . o;}u/L pkcfof]hgf ;~rfng kl5 x'g] ;sf/fTds k|efjx?df cf]vn9'°f lhNnfsf] l;l¢r/0f gu/kflnsf j8f gF !! sf] /dfO{nf] 8fF8f, j8f gF % sf] a0ff{n' / ;fgL6f/ / j8f gF $ sf] ?Dhf6f/ h:tf d'Vo jl:tx? nufot o;sf cf;kf;sf hgtfnfO{ aif}e/L oftfoftsf] ;'ljwf tyf kx'+r, :yfgLo s[lif pkhdf cfwfl/t s[lif pBf]usf] k|j4{g tyf cfly{s ljsf; /x]sf 5g\ . o; If]qdf lhNnf c:ktfn / ladfg:ynklg /x]sf]n] o; ;8ssf] k'g:yf{kgf tyf k'glg{df{0f kl5 ;b/d'sfd nufPt lhNnfsf cGoq If]qsf afl;Gbfn] klg ;]jf lng]5g\ . o;sf ;fy} o; If]qdf b}lgs pkEff]Uo a:t'x?, vfB tyf cGo a:t'x?sf] cfk'lt{ ;xh x'g]5 eg] o; If]qsf] s[lif pkh ljif]z ul/ ;'Gtnf cflbn] klg ;xh ahf/ k|fKt ug]{5 h;n] ubf{ hLjg:t/ a[l4 x'g]5 / e"sDk k|efljt hgtfsnfO{ ;fdflhs tyf cfly{s k'g:yf{kgfdf d2t k'Ug]5 .
gsf/fTds k|efjx?
pkcfof]hgf lgdf{0fsf qmddf jftfj/0fsf] ;fdflhs cjojdf b]lvg ;Sg] k|d'v gsf/fTds k|efjx?df pknAw ;]jf ;'ljwfdf bjfj, :yfgLo / cfuGt's sfdbf/x? lar åGb l;h{gf, k]zfut :jf:Yo tyf ;'/Iffdf k|efj, cflb d'Vo ;/f]sf/sf /x]sf 5g . ;8s lj:tf/ tyf gfln lgdf{0f ubf{ rflxg] ^=($) x]= hUuf dWo] %=$%) x]= a/fa/sf] If]qkmndf xfn af6f] sfod /x]sf] / cfa:os yk !=$() x]= dWo] )=(#! x]= v]lt u/Lg] hdLg, )=)@^ x]= ;fd'bflos ag, )=!@& x]= gLlh ag / )=#(% x]= a:tL / )=)!) x]= vf]nfdf gf]S;fgL eO{ ;8sdf kl/alt{t x'g]5 . of] ;+u} af6f] la:tf/df df * j6f lghL ;+/rgfdf ;d]t Iflt k'Ug] b]lvG5 . cGo c;/x?df sfo{ / Hofnf ljt/0fdf n}+lus lje]b, hf]lvdk"0f{ sfo{df gfjfnsfx?sf] k|of]u, c:j:y cfjf;sf sf/0f km}lng] /f]u, zf/Ll/s ;Dks{sf sf/0f ;g]{ of}g /f]u tyf cGo ;?jf /f]ux? x'g;Sg] b]lvG5g\ . ;fy} pkcfof]hgf ;+rfng kZrft pknAw ;'ljwfsf sf/0f ;8s lsgf/df cJojl:yt j;f]jf; a9\g uO{ ;8s If]q cltqmd0f x'g] ;Defjgf klg /xG5 .
;8s lgdf{0f k|s[ofdf k|of]u x'g] pks/0f, ;jf/L;fwg Pj+ /;folgs tTjx?sf] sf/0f Wjlg, xfjf / kfgL k|b'lift x'g ;S5 . kmf]xf]/sf] plrt Joj:yfkg gePdf hn tyf hldgsf] k|b'if0fn] cGo gsf/fTds k|efj lgDTofpg] ;Defjgf /xG5 . lgdf{0f ;fduL|x?sf] ;d'lrt e08f/0f tyf ;+rfng gubf{ r'xfj6sf sf/0f ;txL tyf e'ldut hn k|b'lift x'g ;Sb5 . h}ljs jftfj/0fdf kg]{ k|efjsf] ;Gbe{df rf]/L lzsf/Lsf sf/0f jGohGt'df kg]{ k|efjnfO{ dxTjk"0f{ dfGg ;lsG5 . lgdf{0fsf nflu ;8ssf] b'j} tkm{ s6fg ubf{ ;fd'bflos agaf6 &* j6f / gLlh ag If]qaf6 #$* j6f ?vx? x6fpg' kg]{]{ b]lvG5 .
;sf/fTds k|efj a9fpg] pkfo
lgdf{0f Aoj;foL / sfdbf/sf nflu ljleGg jftfj/0fLo tyf hgr]tgf d"ns tflndx? -cfocfh{g, OlGhlgol/u+ ;+/rgfsf] lgdf{0f tyf h}ljs k|ljlwsf sfd ;DaGwL_ lbO{g] 5g\ . ;8s lgdf{0fsf s|ddf sDtLdf @)∞ dlxnf ;xeflutf u/fpg k|f]T;fxg ul/G5 .
IEE of Okhaldhunga – Rumjatar Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Okhaldhunga Page iv
gsf/fTds k|efj Go"lgs/0fsf pkfox?
pkcfof]hgf sf] gsf/fTds c;/x? Go"lgs/0f ug{sf nflu ljleGg Jojxfl/s tyf ldtJooL pkfox? ;'emfj ul/Psf] 5 . pkcfof]hgfsf] k|:tfjsn] pkcfof]hgf lgdf{0f tyf ;~rfngsf] cjlwdf o:tf pkfox? cjnDag ug]{ 5g\ . pkcfof]hgf lgdf{0f cjlwsf] qmddf k|:tfjsn] lgdf{0f Joj;foL dfkm{t Go'gLs/0fsf pkfox? nfu" ug]{]5 . cjnDag ul/g] s]xL k|d'v pkfox? lgDgfg';f/ 5g\ .
cled'lvs/0f tyf Ifdtf ljsf; tflnd dfkm{t dxLnf tyf ljkGg au{sf] ;;lQms/0f ul/g]5 .
lghL ;+/rgf nufotsf lghL ;DklQsf] clwu|x0f ubf{ Ifltk'lt{ lbOg]5 .
k]zfut :jf:Yo / ;'/Iffsf] ;/f]sf/sf nflu cfjZos tof/L ul/g] 5 . sfdbf/x?nfO{ x]Nd]6, kGhf, a'6, ;'/IffTds k]6L, r:df, df:s cflb k|bfg ul/g] 5 . lgdf{0f / e08f/0f :yndf cgflws[t k|j]z / ultljlw /f]Sg vt/fsf ;+s]tx?, 5]saf/ Pj+ kfn]sf] Joj:yf ul/g] 5 .
SofDk tyf lgdf{0f If]qdf c:yfO{ rkL{sf] Joj:yf kfgLsf] ;|f]tsf] Aoa:yf ul/g] 5 .
pTvgg\af6 lg:s]sf] df6f]nfO{ lgwf{l/t :yfgdf 6f] jfn, l/6]lgË jfn, j[Iff/f]k0f / cfjZostf cg';f/ gfnLx? lgdf{0f u/L ;xL tl/sfn] Joj:yfkg ul/g]5 .
ljBdfg / ;Defljt klx/f]nfO{ pko'Qm h}ljs k|ljlwsf] k|of]u u/L lgoGq0f tyf /f]syfd ul/g]5 .
pkcfof]hgf lgdf{0fsf] qmddf lg:sg] 3/]n' tyf lgdf{0fhGo kmf]xf]/d}nfnfO{ gbLIf]q af6 k/ pko'Qm :yfgdf / efF8f]df ;+sng ul/g] 5 / ltgsf] k|sf/ cg'?k Joj:yfkg ul/g]5 .
lgdf{0f ultljlwdf k|of]u x'g] t]n tyf cGo /;folgs kbfy{x?nfO{ pko'Qm :yfgdf Wofgk'j{s e08f/0f tyf pkof]u ul/g] 5 .
lgdf{0fsf nflu ;8ssf] b'j} tkm{ s6fg ubf{, ;fd'bflos jgsf] &* j6f / gLlh ag If]qaf6 #$* j6f x6fpg' kg]{ ?vx?sf] Ifltk'lt{sf nflu !M@% sf] cg'kftdf tyf !M! sf] cg'kftdf s|d; ?vx? /f]lkg]5 .
jGohGt'sf] rf]/Ll;sf/L lgoGq0f tyf ltgsf] ;+/If0f ;DaGwL ;r]tgf hufpg] ;Gb]z af]s]sf] xf]l8{Ë af]8{x? /flvg]5 .
;fj{hlgs k/fdz{ tyf ;"rgf ;fj{hlgs ug]{
k|f/lDes jftfj/0fLo k/LIf0f ug]{ qmddf k|:tfljt ;8s glhssf j:tLx?df ufpmF:t/Lo k|ltlgwL tyf cGo :yfgLo AolStx?;Fu k|:tfjLt pkcfof]hgfaf6 kg{ hfg] ;sf/fTds tyf gsf/fTds c;/ jf/] hfgsf/L u/fpg ;fj{hlgs 5nkmn u/LPsf] lyof] . To;}ul/ d:of}bf k|f/lDes jftfj/0fLo k/LIf0f k|ltj]bg tof/L u/L ;/f]sf/jfnf lgsfox?sf] /fo ;'´fa ;+sngsf] nfuL & lbg] ;fj{hlgs ;'rgf @)&$÷)%÷!& ut]sf] /fhwfgL, g]kfnL /fli6«o b}lgsdf k|sflzt ul/of] .
o;}sf] cfwf/df g]kfnL sfo{sf/L ;f/f+z, ;sf/fTds k|efj a9fpg] pkfox? tyf gs/fTds k|efj Go'gLs/0f pkfox? / jftfj/0fLo Aoa:yfkg of]hgf ;dfj]z u/L agfOPsf] d:of}bf k|f/lDes jftfj/0fLo k/LIf0f k|ltj]bg ;lxt /fo ;'´fjsf] nfuL ;fj{hlgs e]nfsf] cfof]hgf ldlt @)&$÷)%÷@! df ul/of]. /fli6«o k'glg{df{0f k|flws/0faf6 cfPsf] /fo;'emfj ;lxt ;dfj]z u/L tof/ ul/Psf] k|ltj]bg :jLs[tLsf] nflu k]z ul/Psf] 5 .
IEE of Okhaldhunga – Rumjatar Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Okhaldhunga Page v
u'gf;f] lgbfg ;+oGq
pkcfof]hgfsf] jftfj/0fLo / ;fdflhs sfo{;Dkfbgsf] ;Gbe{df :yfgLo hgtfsf] hgu'gf;f] ;'Gg / tLgsf] plrt tyf ;dofg's'n ;Daf]wg ug{ o; k|f=j=k= k|ltj]bgdf $ txsf] u'gf;f] lgbfg ;+oGqsf] af/]df cf}+NofOPsf] 5 .
jftfj/0fLo Aoj:yfkg of]hgf
pkcfof]hgfsf] c;/, l:ylt, ltgsf Go"lgs/0fsf pkfox?, cg'udgsf] tl/sf / ;do tlnsf ;d]6]/ cWofo ( df jftfj/0fLo Joj:yfkg of]hgf tof/ kf/LPsf] 5 . o;sf ;fy} Go"lgs/0fsf pkfo sfof{Gjog / cg'udgsf] lhDd]jf/ lgsfosf] klxrfg o; jftfj/0fLo Aoj:yfkg of]hgfdf ul/Psf] 5 . k|:tfljt pkcfof]hgfs]f ef}lts, h}ljs, ;fdflhs tyf ;f+:s[lts jftfj/0f cGtu{tsf ljleGg cg'udgsf ;"rsx? klg kQf nufOPsf 5g\ . pkcfof]hgf k'glg{df{0fsf] cg'udg /fli6«o k'glg{df{0f k|flws/0f tyf lhNnfsf cGo lgsfox?n] ug]{5g\ . o; pkcfof]hgfsf] jftfj/0fLo Joj:yfkgsf] nfuL ? ^#%,))) 5'6ofOPsf] 5, h;df ? !%),))) jftfj/0fLo cg'udgsf] nflu ljlgof]hg ul/Psf] 5 .
lgisif{
o; :t/sf] pkcfof]hgfsf nflu pkcfof]hgfaf6 x'g] gsf/fTds c;/x? guGo 5g\ . w]/}h;f] c;/x? :yfgLo :t/d} lgdf{0f r/0fdf dfq l;ldt 5g\ . pkcfof]hgfaf6 x'g] clwsf+z gsf/fTds c;/x?nfO{ lbOPsf Go"lgs/0fsf pkfox?af6} sd jf Ifltk"tL{ ug{ ;lsG5 / :yfgLo:t/df / lgdf{0f r/0fd} l;ldt ug{ ;lsG5 . jftfj/0fLo Aoj:yfkg of]hgfsf] leq ;d]6LPsf pkfox? cjnDag u/LP kl/of]hgf If]qdf ef}lts, h}ljs, ;fdflhs tyf ;f:s[lts jftfj/0fdf 7"nf] c;/kg]{ b]lvb}g . To;}n] pkcfof]hgfsf] k|s[lt, o;sf] cjl:ylt, :yfgLo hg;d'bfox?sf] cfof]of]hgf k|ltsf] ?lr tyf klxrfg ul/Psf ;Defljt gsf/fTds c;/x?nfO{ dWogh/ ub{} k|f/lDes jftfj/0fLo kl/If0f cWoogn] lgb]{zg u/] cg'?ksf] Go"lgs/0f tyf clej[l4s/0fsf pkfox? cjnDag u/L pkcfof]hgf ;~rfng ug{ pko'Qm b]lvG5 .
IEE of Okhaldhunga – Rumjatar Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Okhaldhunga Page vi
Executive Summary
Background
In order to accelerate economic and social recovery of the communities through
rehabilitation and reconstruction of local infrastructures damaged due to devastating
earthquake of 25 April 2015 and the major aftershock of 12 May 2015, Government funded
Earthquake Emergency Assistance Project (EEAP) has been implemented under loan
assistance of Asian Development Bank (ADB) and technical support of Swiss Agency for
Development and Cooperation (SDC) in 12 affected districts. Through this project, ADB will
support the Government of Nepal (GoN) in its efforts to put thousands of children back into
schools, return vital government services to desperate communities, and create jobs and
income for families by reconstructing critical road networks. The project will also repair and
improve about 135 km of strategic roads and about 450 km of rural roads damaged by the
earthquake and landslides. The National Reconstruction Authority (NRA) is the executing
government agency. The Earthquake Emergency Assistance Project-District Level Project
Implementation Unit (DLPIU), Okhaldhunga is the implementing agency for rural roads.
Okhaldhunga – Rumjatar Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction sub-project is one of the
projects under EEAP with the length 11.10 km. This IEE report has been prepared by
DLPIU, Okhaldhunga under EEAP to address the likely environmental and social impact,
both beneficial and adverse, due to the proposed upgrading of the road.
The proposed rehabilitation and reconstruction of Okhaldhunga-Rumjatar road will render
the existing infrastructure devastated by devastating earthquake of 25 April 2015 and the
major aftershock of 12 May 2015. Therafter, fully operation and reinstate of the road will
provde access to settlements like as Ramailo danda, Dhungre, Barnalu, Sanitar and
Rumjatar of Siddhicharan Municipality-11, 5 and 4 of Okhlaldhunga District. The road
connects eastern part of Okhaldhunga District to the district headquarter and other parts of
the country.
The Proponent
The District Level Project Implementation Unit (DLPIU), Okhaldhunga is the executing
agency at the district level under Earthquake Emergency Assistance Project (EEAP) and the
proponent of the Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) study for the rehabilitation and
reconstruction of Okhaldhunga-Rumjatar Road (11.10 km) of Okhaldhunga district.
Full Address of the Proponent
Earthquake Emergency Assistance Project - District Level Project Implementation Unit,
Okhaldhunga
Okhaldhunga Bazaar, Okhaldhunga
Telephone No. 037-520249
Email: eeapokhaldhunga@gmail.com
Rationale and Objectives of the IEE study
Preparation of IEE report for district road is mandatory according to Act Relating to
Reconstruction of the Earthquake Affected Structure 2015, Rule Relating to Reconstruction
IEE of Okhaldhunga – Rumjatar Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Okhaldhunga Page vii
of the Earthquake Affected Sstructure 2016, Working Procedure Relating to Environemntal
Impact Aassessment for Reconstruction of Earthquake Affected Structures, 2016 and
Second Amendment 2017 (Schedule 1) and safeguard policy statement, 2009 of ADB
suggest the appropriate practical & site specific mitigation and enhancement measures to
address the environmental impact of the proposal.
The main objective of the IEE study is to identify the impacts of physical, biological, socio-
economic and cultural environment of the sub-project area and recommend practical and
site specific environmental mitigation and enhancement measures, prepare and implement
environmental management plan for the sub-project.
Project Description and Study Methodology
The proposed sub-project starts from Ramailo danda (Ch 0+000) of Siddhicharan
Municipality-11 and ends at Rumjatar (Ch 11+100) of Siddhicharan Municipality-4 of
Okhaldhunga district. DLPIU, Okhaldhunga has proposed to reconstruct and rehabilitation of
the road under EEAP. It will be rehabilitated and reconstructed into a District Road Core
Network (DRCN) standard road with blacktopped pavement. The road is 11.10 km length
6.25 meter formation width including shoulder and drainage. The estimated total sub-project
cost is NRs. 380,355,884.42 and the engineering cost is NRs. 280,707,294.45.
This IEE report has been prepared following defined procedure and also on the basis of the
ToR approved on 2017-07-09 A.D by the Chief Executve Oficer (CEO) level decision of
National Reconstruction Authority (NRA) to fulfill the statutory requirement of GoN. The
findings and conclusions of the initial environmental examination report are based on the
analysis of the information collected from the field from 05/08/2017 to 010/08/2017 A.D by
undertaking a walk-through environmental survey along the proposed route and secondary
information supplemented by the social and technical teams working on the social survey
and detail survey.
Existing Environmental Condition of Sub-project
The elevation of proposed road varies from 1,358 m to 1,812 m from mean sea level. So, it
lies in sub-tropical climatic zone (Dobremez, 1976) and the average maximum and minimum
temperature is 24.53° C and minimum of 5.24° C respectively. The average annual rainfall in
the district is 1,721 mm. The dominant rock types present in the sub-project area include
Phyllite and Quartzite. Sisne Khola is the major stream of the sub-project area.
The sub-project segment lies among cultivation area, settlement, and forest patches. There
are Meghepatal and Simdharapakha CFUG from chainage 1+800 to 2+220 and from
chainage 7+290 to 7+400 respectively. Major forest types found in the sub-project area is
sub-tropical forest dominated by Schima castanopsis forest and Alnus forest. The major
plant species found along the proposed road alignment are Pinus roxburghii (Khote Sallo),
Castanopsis sp. (Katus), Alnus nepalensis (Uttis), Schima wallichii (Chilaune), Fraxinus
floribunda (Lakuri), Macaranga pustulata (Malato), Ficus nemoralis (Dudhilo) etc. Major
wildlife includes Malsapro (Martes flavigula), Dumsi (Hystrix indica), Chituwa (Panthera
pardus) etc. Avian species include Kalij (Lophura leucomelanos), Koili (Eudynamys
scolopacea), Dhukur (Streptopalia sp.), Chyakhura (Alectoris chukar) etc. The extant
reptilian species in this forest include Gohora (Varanus bengalensis), Hareu (Trimeresurus
septentrionalis) and Aandho sarpa (Ramphotyphlops braminus) etc.
IEE of Okhaldhunga – Rumjatar Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Okhaldhunga Page viii
The proposed sub-project started from Ramailodanda of Siddhicharan Municipality-11.
There major settlements along the road that include Ramailo danda, Dhungre, Barnalu,
Sanitar and Rumjatar. The population of the sub-project area is dominated by Gurung; other
main castes include Brahmin, Damai, Sherpa, Newar etc. Total literacy of the sub-project
area is 98.10% (including just literate also). People of the sub-project area are involved in
agriculture as their main occupations. Among the other main occupations, small businesses,
wage labour and aboard jobs are important. Almost 82.46% of the households use piped
water for drinking. Almost all of the households in the sub-project area have been supplied
with electricity. Rumjatar is the biggest market center and Okhaldhunga is main market in
the sub-project area.
Environmental Impacts
Beneficial Impacts
The immediate beneficial impact from the sub-project during construction phase is
generation of temporary employment opportunity of 55,803 person days. The major
beneficial impacts after operation of sub-project includes year round transportation facility
and accessibility to the people of Ramailo danda of Siddhicharan Municipality ward 11,
Barnalu and sanitar of ward 5 and Rumjatar of ward 4 and its surrounding settlements. It
also promotes the market development, increase in land value, industrial development,
increase in crop productivity and increase in sale of local products. In that area district level
hospital and airport are in operation, so people from the district headquarter and other part of
the district also get benefit from that road. Once in operation the road will offer easy,
comfortable and quick access to people of the area to social service facilities like health,
education, market and other facilities. After rehabilitation and reconstruction of the road, the
supply of daily consumables, food and others will be easy and provide market to local
agricultural products like orange which will improve the living standard of and help the
earthquake affected people in social and economic recovery.
Adverse Impacts
Among the adverse impact on the social domain of the environment, pressure on existing
service facilities, possible conflict and clash between local and outside workers, occupational
health and safety are of chief concern. The land acquired for the implementation of the sub-
project can undergo a long-term permanent change in the land use. In total 6.940 ha land is
needed for upgrading the road, where as the existing road alignment is found to be 5.450 ha
(average 5-5.25 m width) and further 1.490 ha of land will be needed. The formation width
for this road is Changes of land use due to the construction of road are mainly conversion of
0.931 ha agricultural land, 0.026 ha community forest area, 0.127 ha private forest area,
0.395 ha settlement area and 0.010 ha River/Stream land will be converted in to the built up
area of road. Due to the expansion of the road 8 private structures will be directly impact.
Other impacts are gender discrimination in task and diseases due to unhygienic living
condition, communicable diseases etc. During operation phase, ribbon settlement along the
sub-project alignment could develop haphazardly and encroachment might occur along road
alignment.
Operation of construction equipment and vehicles and use of chemical substances during
construction activates may produce noise, water and air pollution. Improper management of
waste may cause water and soil pollution leading to other deleterious consequences.
IEE of Okhaldhunga – Rumjatar Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Okhaldhunga Page ix
Improper storage and handling of construction materials and equipments may cause water
and soil pollution through leakage and seepage. Regarding the impact on biological
environment, impact of hunting and poaching on wild animal is considered important. In total,
78 trees from community forest and 348 trees from private will be cut down to clear the
formation of the road.
Benefit Augmentation Measures
Life skill training such as income generation activities, construction of soft engineering
structures and bioengineering works for workers will be conducted to improve their
livelihood. Awareness raising for environmental awareness will be conducted. More
emphasis will be given to women workers as at least 20% workers should be women.
Mitigation Measures
A number of practical and cost effective mitigation measures have been suggested to
prevent, correct and compensate the adverse effects of the sub-project implementation. The
sub-project proponent is bound to implement these measures during the construction and
operation of the sub-project. For construction phase, the proponent will implement the
mitigation measures through contractor. Some of the major measures to be adopted are as
follows:
Women and disadvantaged people will be empowered through awareness and capacity
development training.
Private properties including private structures and private property will be acquired after
compensation.
To address the issue of occupational health and safety, proper safety arrangements will
be made. Safety equipment such as helmets, boots, gloves, safety belts, safety glasses
and masks will be provided to the workers working in the construction sites. Warning
signs, posts, barriers and guards will be installed to restrict access of unauthorized
persons to storage areas.
Arrangements of temporary latrines and water will be made for workers in proper site.
Spoil generated from earthwork will be disposed in designated location and managed
properly with toe wall and retaining wall, vegetation cover and necessary drainage
structures.
Existing and possible landslides will be controlled or prevented by appropriate bio-
engineering technique.
All the camp wastes and construction wastes will be placed in the designated waste
collection pits away from the water path.
Oils and other chemicals used in construction activities will be handled carefully and
stored in fallow land away from the river beds by using impervious layers.
Arrangement will be made to plant at 1:25 and 1:1 for compensation against 78 trees
loss from CF and 348 trees loss from private forest respectively along both side of road.
Hoarding boards carrying messages to aware people on control of hunting and poaching
of wildlife and their conservation will be placed.
Public Consultation and Information Disclosure
Public consultation was done with the local people living near the proposed road, members
of local organizations and local leaders during the preparation of IEE report in order to aware
IEE of Okhaldhunga – Rumjatar Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Okhaldhunga Page x
them of incoming road rehabilitation and reconstruction sub-project and to identify the
possible beneficial and adverse impacts due to this sub-project After prepararation of the
draft IEE report, 7 days public notice was published in 2017/09/02 A.D on Rajdhani, a
national Nepali daily newspaper seeking written opinions from concerned stakeholders.
Draft IEE report along with executive summary, identified impacts, recommended benefit
augmentation and mitigation measures and EMP was prepared for public disclosure for
comments and suggestion on the Date 2017/09/06 A.D. Likewise, after the incorporation of
the comments from NRA, final IEE report for approval.
Grievance Redress Mechanism (GRM)
The IEE report has specified four (4) levels of Grievance Redress Mechanism (GRMs) to
receive and facilitate resolution of affected people’s concerns and grievances regarding sub-
project’s environmental and social performances and impacts in a timely and satisfactory manner.
Environmental Management Plan
Environmental Management Plan (EMP) has been proposed with present report including
issues identified, possible effects and impacts, measures for their mitigation, monitoring
methods and schedule in Chapter 9. In addition, agencies responsible for executing
environmental mitigation measures and monitoring have been identified in the EMP.
Different monitoring indicators on the physical, biological, socio-economic and cultural
environment have also been identified. The NRA with district bodies will monitor during
reconstruction and operation phase. NRs. 635,000.00 has been allocated for EMP, of which
NR 150,000.00 is for monitoring.
Conclusion
Most of the identified and perceived impacts of the sub-project are of low significance
compared to the sub-project of this scale. With the set of mitigation measures, most of the
adverse impacts can be minimised and/or compensated and limited to locality and
construction period. Once the measures outlined in the EMP are implemented, there is no
risk for residual impacts that may affect the physical, biological, socio-economic and cultural
environment of the sub-project area. Hence, it is suitable to implement the sub-project
addressing the impacts through the mitigation and enhancement measures suggested by
this IEE, considering the nature of the sub-project, its location, and people’s positive perceptions and identified environmental impacts.
IEE of Okhaldhunga – Rumjatar Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Okhaldhunga Page xi
Table of Contents 1. Inroduction ..................................................................................................................... 1
1.1. Background ................................................................................................................ 1
1.2. Proponent ................................................................................................................... 1
1.3. Consultant .................................................................................................................. 2
1.4. Objectives of ToR ....................................................................................................... 2
1.5. Objectives of IEE Study .............................................................................................. 3
1.6. Rationale for Conducting IEE ..................................................................................... 3
2. Detail on Reconstruction and Rehabilitation Work .......................................................... 4
2.1. Salient Feature ........................................................................................................... 7
2.2. Components and Activities of the Sub-project ............................................................ 8
2.2.1. Construction Approach .................................................................................... 8
2.2.2. Construction Materials Required ...................................................................... 9
2.3. Human Resource ....................................................................................................... 9
2.4. Land Requirement ...................................................................................................... 9
2.5. Cost .......................................................................................................................... 10
2.6. Implementation Schedule ......................................................................................... 10
3. Methodology ................................................................................................................ 11
3.1. Literature Review ..................................................................................................... 11
3.2. Impact Area Delineation ........................................................................................... 11
3.3. Field Investigation .................................................................................................... 12
3.3.1. Physical Environmental .................................................................................. 12
3.3.2. Biological Environmental ................................................................................ 13
3.3.3. Socio-Economic and Cultural Environment .................................................... 13
3.4. Interaction and Public Consultation .......................................................................... 14
3.5. Database Preparation, Interpretation, Identification, Prediction and Evaluation of
Impact ............................................................................................................................. 14
3.6. Study Team .............................................................................................................. 16
3.7. Information Disclosure .............................................................................................. 16
4. Description of the Environment .................................................................................... 17
4.1. Physical Environment ............................................................................................... 17
4.1.1. Topography and Geomorphology................................................................... 17
4.1.2. Land Use Pattern ........................................................................................... 19
4.1.3. Climate and Hydrology ................................................................................... 20
4.1.4. Landslide and Erosion Prone Area ................................................................. 20
4.1.5. Air, Noise and Water Quality .......................................................................... 20
4.2. Biological Environment ............................................................................................. 21
4.2.1. Vegetation Type ............................................................................................. 21
4.2.2. Forest Type ................................................................................................... 22
4.2.3. Wildlife ........................................................................................................... 23
4.2.4. Birds .............................................................................................................. 23
4.2.5. Reptile ........................................................................................................... 23
4.2.6. Fish ................................................................................................................ 23
4.2.7. Protected Fauna ............................................................................................ 23
4.3. Socio-economic and Cultural Environment ............................................................... 24
4.3.1. District Context .............................................................................................. 24
4.3.2. Indirect Impact Area ....................................................................................... 32
IEE of Okhaldhunga – Rumjatar Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Okhaldhunga Page xii
4.3.3. Direct Impact Area ......................................................................................... 35
4.3.4. Project Affected Families ............................................................................... 52
5. Impacts of Reconstruction Plan Implementation on Environment ................................. 55
5.1. Beneficial Impacts .................................................................................................... 55
5.1.1. Construction Phase........................................................................................ 55
5.1.2. Operation Phase ............................................................................................ 55
5.2. Adverse Impacts ....................................................................................................... 57
5.2.1. Construction Phase........................................................................................ 57
5.2.2. Operation Phase ............................................................................................ 61
5.3. Climate Change Impacts .......................................................................................... 63
6. Analysis of Alternatives ................................................................................................ 64
6.1. No Action Alternative ................................................................................................ 64
6.2. Project Alternatives .................................................................................................. 64
6.3. Alternative Alignment ................................................................................................ 64
6.4. Alternative Design and Construction Approach ......................................................... 64
6.5. Alternative Schedule and Process ............................................................................ 65
6.6. Alternative Resources .............................................................................................. 65
6.7. No Forest Alternative ................................................................................................ 65
7. Environmental Impact Augmentation, Mitigation and Minimization Measures ............... 66
7.1. Mitigation Measures during Pre-construction Phase ................................................. 66
7.1.1. Detailed Survey and Design ........................................................................... 66
7.2. Beneficial Impacts and Benefit Augmentation Measures .......................................... 66
7.2.1. Construction Phase........................................................................................ 66
7.2.2. Operation Phase ............................................................................................ 67
7.3. Adverse Impacts and Mitigation Measures ............................................................... 67
7.3.1. Construction Phase........................................................................................ 67
7.3.2. Operation Phase ............................................................................................ 72
7.4. Climate Change Impacts .......................................................................................... 75
8. Legal Framework and Regulatory Requirements for the Project .................................. 76
9. Environmental Management Plan ................................................................................ 82
9.1. Institutions and Their Roles ...................................................................................... 82
9.2. Implementation of Benefit Augmentation and Mitigation Measures ........................... 84
9.3. Mitigation Cost for Executing the Environmental Management Plan ......................... 94
9.3.1. Environmental Monitoring and Reporting Activities ........................................ 94
9.3.2. Major Costs for Environmental Safeguard Measures ..................................... 95
9.4. Matters to be Monitored while Implementing the Proposal ........................................ 96
9.4.1. Baseline Monitoring ....................................................................................... 96
9.4.2. Compliance Monitoring .................................................................................. 96
9.4.3. Impact Monitoring .......................................................................................... 96
9.5. Monitoring Parameters ............................................................................................. 97
9.5.1. Pre-Construction Phase ................................................................................. 97
9.5.2. Construction Phase........................................................................................ 97
9.5.3. Operation Phase ............................................................................................ 98
9.6. Monitoring Indicators ................................................................................................ 98
9.7. Grievance Redress Mechanism .............................................................................. 106
10. Conclusions and Recommendation ............................................................................ 109
References ....................................................................................................................... 110
IEE of Okhaldhunga – Rumjatar Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Okhaldhunga Page xiii
List of Tables
Table 1: Salient Feature of the Proposed Road..................................................................... 7
Table 2: Possible Quarry Sites .............................................................................................. 9
Table 3: Additional Land Required for Formation Width ...................................................... 10
Table 4: Sub-project Implementation Schedule ................................................................... 10
Table 5: Impact Area Delination .......................................................................................... 12
Table 6: Lithostratigraphy of the Lesser Himalaya Rock Exposed along the Road .............. 17
Table 7: Geology and Types of Soil along the Road Alignment ........................................... 19
Table 8: Land Use along the Road Alignment ..................................................................... 19
Table 9: Location of Landslides and Bio-Engineering Works ............................................... 20
Table 10: Plant Species Recorded in the Okhaldhunga-Rumjatar Road ............................. 21
Table 11: Community Forest along Road ............................................................................ 23
Table 12: Protected Fauna along Road ............................................................................... 24
Table 13: Demographic Characteristic in the Okhaldhunga District ..................................... 25
Table 14: Absentee Population in Okhaldhunga District ...................................................... 25
Table 15: Religion in the Okhaldhunga District .................................................................... 26
Table 16: Caste and Ethnicity in Okhaldhunga District ........................................................ 26
Table 17: Languages Spoken in the Okhaldhunga District .................................................. 27
Table 18: Educational Status in the Okhaldhunga District ................................................... 28
Table 19: Status of Drinking Water in Okhaldhunga District ................................................ 28
Table 20: Status of Toilet Facilities in Okhaldhunga District ................................................ 29
Table 21: Types of Toilets in Okhaldhunga District ............................................................. 29
Table 22: Status of Energy used for Lighting in Okhaldhunga District ................................. 29
Table 23: Ownership of House in Okhaldhunga District ...................................................... 30
Table 24: Type of Foundation of House in Okhaldhunga District ......................................... 31
Table 25: Type of Outer Wall of House in Okhaldhunga District .......................................... 31
Table 26: Type of Roof of House in Okhaldhunga District ................................................... 31
Table 27: Various Facilities Possessed by Households in the Okhaldhunga District ........... 32
Table 28: Demographic Characteristic of Sub-project Affected Municipality ........................ 32
Table 29: Caste and Ethnicity of Sub-project Affected Municipality ..................................... 33
Table 30: Literacy Status of Sub-project Affected Municipality ............................................ 34
Table 31: Demographic Characteristics of sub-project Affected Wards ............................... 35
Table 32: Population by Different Age Group in Sub-project Affected Wards ...................... 36
Table 33: Major Ethnic Groups of Sub-project Affected Wards ............................................ 36
Table 34: Major Languages of Sub-project Affected Wards................................................. 37
Table 35: Drinking Water Usage in Sub-project Affected Wards ......................................... 37
Table 36: Sanitation Status in Sub-project Affected Wards ................................................. 38
Table 37: Fuel Source for Cooking in Sub-project Affected Wards ...................................... 38
Table 38: Energy Source for Lighting in Sub-project Affected Wards .................................. 39
Table 39: Literacy Status in Sub-project Affected Wards ..................................................... 39
Table 40: Major Settlement located in the Proposed Road of Okhaldhunga District ............ 41
Table 41: Household and Population of PAS(s) in Okhaldhunga District ............................. 41
Table 42: Caste and Ethnicity of PAS(s) in Okhaldhunga District ........................................ 42
Table 43: Religion Followed in PAS(s) in Okhaldhunga District ........................................... 42
Table 44: Migration Trend in PAS in Okhaldhunga District .................................................. 42
Table 45: Occupation in Sub-project Affected Settlement of Okhaldhunga District .............. 43
IEE of Okhaldhunga – Rumjatar Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Okhaldhunga Page xiv
Table 46: Livelihood Status in PAS of Okhaldhunga District................................................ 43
Table 47: Available Health Service in PAS of Okhaldhunga District .................................... 44
Table 48: Major Disease of PAS of Okhaldhunga District .................................................... 44
Table 49: Solid Waste Management Techniques ................................................................ 45
Table 50: Educational Status in PAS of Okhaldhunga District ............................................. 45
Table 51: Availability and Access to Educational Institutions in PAS(s) ............................... 46
Table 52: Status of Drinking Water in PAS of Okhaldhunga District .................................... 46
Table 53: Status of Energy Used for Cooking in PAS of Okhaldhunga District .................... 47
Table 54: Status of Energy Used for Lighting in PAS of Okhaldhunga District ..................... 47
Table 55: Status of Sanitation Condition in PAS of Okhaldhunga District ............................ 47
Table 56: Status of Telecommunication Facility in PAS of Okhaldhunga District ................. 48
Table 57: Major Market in PAS of Okhaldhunga District ...................................................... 48
Table 58: Status of Industry in PAS of Okhaldhunga District ............................................... 48
Table 59: Status of Refreshment and Shops Facility in PAS of Okhaldhunga District ......... 49
Table 60: Land Price in PAS of Okhaldhunga District.......................................................... 49
Table 61: Financial Institutions in PAs ................................................................................. 49
Table 62: Land Ownership Pattern in PAs ........................................................................... 50
Table 63: Irrigation Facilities in PAs .................................................................................... 50
Table 64: Cultivation Pattern in PAs .................................................................................... 50
Table 65: Livestock Rearing Practices in PAS .................................................................... 51
Table 66: Potential Economic Activities by Road Upgrading in PAS .................................... 51
Table 67: Historical, Cultural, Archaeological, Religious and Tourism Sites ........................ 51
Table 68: Social Centers in PAS ......................................................................................... 52
Table 69: Summary of Affected Households by the Sub-project .......................................... 52
Table 70: Detail of Janajati Households .............................................................................. 52
Table 71: Average Income of APs ....................................................................................... 53
Table 72: Food Sufficiency of APs ...................................................................................... 53
Table 73: Landholding of APs ............................................................................................. 53
Table 74: List of APs with Affected Structure ...................................................................... 60
Table 75: Compensatory Plantation in Affected CFs ........................................................... 71
Table 76: Review of Relevant Acts, Rules, Regulations and Guidelines ............................. 76
Table 77: Institutions and Their Roles ................................................................................. 82
Table 78: Likely Beneficial Impacts and Augmentation Measures ....................................... 85
Table 79 : Likely Adverse Impacts and Proposed Mitigation Measures ............................... 87
Table 80: Environemntal Monitoring Cost ............................................................................ 95
Table 81: Estimate for Environmental Enhancement and Mitigation Measures ................... 95
Table 82: Monitoring Indicators of Okhaldhunga-Rumjatar Road ........................................ 98
Table 83: Compliance Monitoring for Okhaldhunga-Rumjatar Road Sub-project ............... 100
Table 84: Impact/Effect Monitoring for Okhaldhunga-Rumjatar Road Sub-project ............. 103
IEE of Okhaldhunga – Rumjatar Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Okhaldhunga Page xv
List of Figures
Figure 1: Sub-project Location in GIS Map ............................................................................ 5
Figure 2: Ecological Map of Okhaldhunga-Rumjatar Road .................................................... 6
Figure 3: Regional Geological Map of Okhaldhunga Area (DMG, 1987).............................. 19
Figure 4: Population in the Okhaldhunga District by Different Age Group........................... 25
Figure 5: Literacy Status of Okhaldhunga District Population Aged 5 Years and Above ...... 27
Figure 6: Status of Energy used for Cooking in Okhaldhunga District ................................. 30
Figure 7: Educational Attainment Level in Sub-project Affected Wards ............................... 40
Figure 8: Environmental Management Organisation Structure ............................................ 84
Figure 9: Flow Diagram for Grievance Redress Mechanism .............................................. 107
Appendixes
Appendix I: Approved ToR for IEE Study .......................................................................... 112
Appendix II: Climate Change Checklist ............................................................................. 125
Appendix III: Rapid Environmental Assessment (REA) Checklist ...................................... 127
Appendix IV: Checklist for Settlement Level Information of Affected Area ......................... 130
Appendix V: Project Cost .................................................................................................. 135
Appendix VI: Public Notice ................................................................................................ 143
Appendix VII: Deed of Inquiry ............................................................................................ 145
Appendix VIII: Recommendation Letter ............................................................................. 151
Appendix IX: Meeting Minutes and Public Disclosure ........................................................ 153
Appendix X: Market Survey for Prices of Commodities and Other Goods ......................... 158
Appendix XI: List of Person Consulted .............................................................................. 166
Appendix XII: Detail of Vegetation Species ....................................................................... 167
Appendix XIII: Detail Information of Affected Structure ...................................................... 180
Appendix XIV: Photographs .............................................................................................. 184
IEE of Okhaldhunga – Rumjatar Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Okhaldhunga Page xvi
ABBREVIATIONS
ADB: Asian Development Bank
AP: Affected Person
CBO: Community Based Organization
CDC: Compensation Determination Committee
CF: Community Forest
CFUG: Community Forest Users Group
Ch: Chainage
CISC: Central Implementation Support Consultants
CITES: Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and
Flora
CLPIU Central Level Project Implementation Unit
DCC: District Coordination Committee
DFO: District Forest Office/Officer
DIA Direct Impact Area
DISC: District Implementation Support Consultants
DLPIU District Level Project Implementation Unit
DoLIDAR: Department of Local Infrastructure Development and Agricultural Roads
DRCN: District Road Core Network
DTO: District Technical Office
EA Executing Agency
EARF Environmental Assessment Review Framework
EEAP Earthquake Emergency Assistance Project
EIA: Environmental Impact Assessment
EMG Environmental Management Guidelines
EMP: Environmental Management Plan
EMS: Environmental Management Section
FGD: Focus Group Discussion
GESI: Gender Equality and Social Inclusion
GoN: Government of Nepal
GRC Grievance Redress Committee
Ha: Hectare
Hh: Household
IIA Indirect Impact Area
IEE: Initial Environmental Examination
IUCN International Union for Conservation of Nature
Km: Kilometer
LAC Local Area Committee
LC Least Concern
LEP: Labour based, environment friendly and participatory
LR/nt Lower Risk/Near Threatened
MoFALD: Ministry of Federal Affairs & Local Development
NCB National Competitive Bidding
NRA National Reconstruction Authority
NGO: Non-Governmental Organization
NRs: Nepali Rupees
IEE of Okhaldhunga – Rumjatar Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Okhaldhunga Page xvii
NTFPs: Non Timber Forest Products
RoW Right of Way
RP: Resettlement Plan
SDC: Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation
SM: Social Mobilizer
ToR: Terms of Reference
VDC: Village Development Committee
IEE of Okhaldhunga – Rumjatar Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Okhaldhunga Page 1
1. Inroduction
1.1. Background
1. Earthquake Emergency Assistance Project (EEAP) is a project being implemented
with the loan financing of ADB, technical assistance from Swiss Agency for Development
and Cooperation (SDC) and counterpart funding from the Government of Nepal (GoN). It
aimed at accelerating economic and social recovery of the communities through
rehabilitation and reconstruction of local infrastructures damaged due to devastating
earthquake of 25 April 2015 and the major aftershock of 12 May 2015. The project will
support the Government of Nepal (GoN) in its efforts to put thousands of children back into
schools, return vital government services to desperate communities, and create jobs and
income for families by repairing critical road networks. The Project covers 12 affected
districts in eastern, middle and western development region of Nepal namely: Kathmandu,
Bhaktapur, Lalitpur, Kavrepalanchowk, Ramechhap, Okhaldhunga, Sindhuli, Okhaldhunga,
Ramechhap, Gorkha, Lamjung and Chitwan. The project will repair, retrofit or rebuild at least
700 schools and 300 district-level government buildings damaged by the earthquake to
disaster-resilient standards. The project will also repair and improve about 135 km of
strategic roads and about 450 km of rural roads damaged by the earthquake and landslides.
The road will be rebuilt with improved road safety features and will be designed to withstand
future disasters and the impact of climate change.
2. Total 11.10 km long Okhaldhunga-Rumjatar Road starts at Ramailo danda of
Siddhicharan Municipality-11 (then Siddhicharan Municipality-3) and ends at Rumjatar of
Siddhicharan Municipality-4 (then Siddhicharan Municipality-13) of Okhaldhunga district. The
road was constructed by swiss project called District Road Support Program (DRSP) with an
average 4to 5 m width. It was constructed through labour based, environment friendly and
participatory (LEP) approach during 2062 B.S/2062 B.S. as earthen road.
3. The proposed Okhaldhunga – Rumjatar road rehabilitation and reconstruction sub-
project has been affected by earthquake. There are many landslides along the road.
Therefore, this road has been proposed for rehabilitation and reconstruction. The road will
provide easy access to the eastern part of Okhaldhunga District to the district headquarter
'Okhaldhunga' and other parts of the country. Also, it connects district head quarter o the
airport at Rumjatar. Operation of road will benefit the major settlements like Dhungre,
Barnalu, Sanitar and Rumjatar in reconstruction activities. Hence, there is an urgent need of
rehabilitating and upgrading this road to facilitate easy accessibility for isolated villages and
the road has attracted DTMP priority No-12DR016.
4. The sub-project affected ward 3, 1 and 13 of Siddhicharan Municipality is now
restructured as wards no. 11, 5 & 4 of Siddhicharan Municipality respectively.
1.2. Proponent
5. The proposed sub-project is for the rehabilitation and reconstruction of the
Okhaldhunga – Rumjatar road in Okhaldhunga district. The EEAP-DLPIU of Okhaldhunga
district, being responsible for the district roads is the proponent for conducting Initial
Environmental Examination (IEE) for proposed road. The National Reconstruction Authority
(NRA) is the concerned authority for the approval of the IEE study report.
IEE of Okhaldhunga – Rumjatar Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Okhaldhunga Page 2
6. Earthquake Emergency Assisstance Project (EEAP) under the Ministry of Federal
Affairs and Local Development (MoFALD) is the implementing agency for the district road
sub-component. EEAP has established Central Level Project Implementation Unit (CLPIU),
headed by Project director in center and District Level Project Implementation Unit (DLPIU)
headed by project manager at district level. DLPIU is supported by District Implementation
Support Consultant (DISC) at district level, Central Implementation Support Consultant
(CISC) and CLPIU at central level.
Address of Proponent
Earthquake Emergency Assistance Project
District Level Project Implementation Unit, Okhaldhunga
Telephone No. : 037-520249
Email: eeapokhaldhunga@gmail.com
1.3. Consultant
7. Af-Iteco Ltd., Switzerland acting as Central Implementation Support Consultant of
EEAP has awarded consultancy services to the Joint Venture of Silt
Consultant/TSE/ECN/EC in association with GeoCom International for the consulting service
to prepare Detailed Project Report (DPR) including IEE Report of the above mentioned road
project on behalf of the proponent adhering with all the prevalent policies, acts, rules and
guidelines.
Address of Consultant
Central Implementation Support Consultant (CISC)
Earthquake Emergency Assistance Project (EEAP)
Ekantakuna, Lalitpur
P.O. Box 113, Kathmandu
Telephone No: 977-1-5543142/43
Fax No: 977-1-5543144
E-mail: drilp@drilpnepal.org website: www.drilpnepal.org
1.4. Objectives of ToR
8. The main objective of the TOR was to guide the preparation of the comprehensive
and coherent Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) study report as per clause 2 of
schedule 1 pertaining to section 3 of Working Procedure Relating to Environemntal Impact
Aassessment for Reconstruction of Earthquake Affected Structures (Second Amendment,
2017). The specific objectives of the study were as listed below.
Identify the data requirement of IEE study and general methods for acquisition of such
information.
Identify major issues that may arise as a result of proposed works on biological,physical,
socio-economic and cultural environment
Identify relevant legal documents that need to be reviewed during the IEE study and
subsequent sub-project implementation.
Provide an outline on structure of IEE study report
IEE of Okhaldhunga – Rumjatar Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Okhaldhunga Page 3
1.5. Objectives of IEE Study
9. The main objective of the IEE study is to identify the environmental impact due to
implementation of the sub-project in the area and to suggest a sustainable way out, help
decision makers to balance development and protection of human wellbeing and the
environment. The specific objectives of the study are to:
Provide information on the general environmental setting of the sub-project area as
baseline data
Identify, predict and evaluate the major impact that may arise as a result of proposed
works on biological, physical, socio-economic and cultural environment of the sub-project
area
Recommend practical and site specific environmental mitigation and enhancement
measures
Prepare and recommend environmental management and monitoring plan for the sub-
project
1.6. Rationale for Conducting IEE
10. An IEE of the upgrading road is necessary in order to assess the environmental
consequences of the road reconstruction and rehabilitation activities and suggest
appropriate, practical and site specific mitigation and enhancement measures. This is District
Road Core Network (DRCN)2 according to Nepal Rural Road Standard (2055) 1st Revision,
September 2012 of the Department of Local Infrastructure Development and Agricultural
Roads. Preparation of IEE report for district road is mandatory according to Act Relating to
Reconstruction of the Earthquake Affected Structure 2015, Rule Relating to Reconstruction
of the Earthquake Affected Structure 2016, Working Procedure Relating to Environemntal
Impact Aassessment for Reconstruction of Earthquake Affected Structures, Second
Amendment 2017 (Schedule 1) and safeguard policy statement,2009 of ADB suggest the
appropriate practical & site specific mitigation and enhancement measures to address the
environmental impact of the proposal.
2 A Road within the district joining a VDC headquarter (HQ or a growth centre to the district HQ directly or via other VDC(s), a
neighboring district HQ or the strategic road network is called “district road core network”. Other roads which are not included in this network are village road.
IEE of Okhaldhunga – Rumjatar Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Okhaldhunga Page 4
2. Detail on Reconstruction and Rehabilitation Work
11. The proposed Okhaldhunga-Rumjatar Road is located in Siddhicharan Municipality of
Okhaldhunga District of Nepal. The proposed road alignment starts at Ramailo danda of
Siddhicharan Municipality-11 (then Siddhicharan Municipality-3) and ends at Rumjatar of
Siddhicharan Municipality-4 (then Siddhicharan Municipality-13) of Okhaldhunga district. The
major settlements along the road alignment are Ramailo danda, Dhungre, Barnalu, Sanitar
and Rumjatar. The main caste/ethnic groups settled in the sub-project area are Gurung,
Sherpa, Brahmin, Newar, Chhetri, etc. The area is accessible through sagarmatha highway.
12. The land use of the sub-project area is mainly covered by forest, cultivated land and
built-up area. The elevation of proposed road varies from 1,358 m to 1,812 m from mean sea
level. The sub-project area is located in sub-tropical climatic zone. The road does not pass
through any protected areas, historically and archaeologically sensitive areas.This road has
been proposed for upgrading with bituminous standard. The road passes through forests,
cultivated land, barren land and settlement area crossing streams (khola/kholsi) at some
location. The proposed sub-project site falls under middle mountain physiographic region of
Nepal (Topographic Survey Branch, Department of Survey, HMG, Nepal, 1983). The
dominant rock types present in the sub-project area include Phyllite and Quartzite and the
common soil types include colluvial and residual soils. Sisne Khola is the major stream of the
sub-project area.
13. Length of this road is 11.10 km and formation width is 6.25 m. Total sub-project cost
of the road is estimated NRs. 380,355,884.42 and the total civil work cost is NRs.
280,707,294.45 as shown in Appendix V.The location of road is given in Figure 1 and 2.
IEE of Okhaldhunga – Rumjatar Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Okhaldhunga Page 5
Figure 1: Sub-project Location in GIS Map
IEE of Okhaldhunga – Rumjatar Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Okhaldhunga Page 6
Figure 2: Ecological Map of Okhaldhunga-Rumjatar Road
IEE of Okhaldhunga – Rumjatar Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Okhaldhunga Page 7
2.1. Salient Feature
14. The salient features of Okhaldhunga-Rumjatar Road including the features described
in the preceding section are summarized in Table 1.
Table 1: Salient Feature of the Proposed Road
Particular Description
Name of the sub-project Okhaldhunga-Rumjatar Road Rehabilitation and
Reconstruction Sub-project
Geographical location Okhaldunga District
Starting point Ramailo Danda, Siddhicharan Municipality-11 (then
Siddhicharan Municipality -3), Okhaldhunga District
End point Rumjatar, Siddhicharan Municipality-4 (then
Siddhicharan Municipality -13), Okhaldhunga District
Sub-project starting date June, 2017
Sub-project ending date December, 2018
Geographical features
Terrain Hilly
Alignment Rolling and Hilly
Altitude 1,358 m to 1,812 m
Altitude at starting point 1,358 m
Altitude at ending point 1,812 m
Climate Sub-tropical
Geological feature Basically characterized by Phyllite and Quartzite and
the common soil types include colluvial and residual
soils
Classification of road District Road Core Network, 12DR016
Length of road 11.10 km
Existing road Earthen and stone soling
Proposed pavement Bituminous
Construction period Three Years
Maximum gradient (%) 12
Minimum gradient (%) 0.5
DTMP code 12DR016
Municipality along road corridor Siddhicharan Municipality
Households (DIA) 2,803
Major settlements Ramailo danda, Dhungre, Barnalu, Sanitar and
Rumjatar
Cross-section
Right of way 10 m on either side from centerline of the road
IEE of Okhaldhunga – Rumjatar Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Okhaldhunga Page 8
Particular Description
Formation width 6.25 m
Carriage way 3.75 m
Retaining structures
Stone masonry wall 1065.78 m3
Gabion retaining and breast wall
6,745.00 m3
Bioengineering works (NRs.) 908,403.75
Earthwork
Cutting 80,830.17 m3
Filling 7,699.17 m3
Total civil cost (NRs.) 280,707,294.45
Cost per kilometer of construction
work (NRs.)
22,679,768.54
Mitigation cost (NRs.) 485,000.00
Monitoring cost (NRs.) 150,000.00
Total EMP cost (NRs.) 635,000.00
Total resettlement cost (NRs.) 98,813,589.97
Total GESI Cost (NRs.) 200,000.00
Total sub-projectroject cost
(NRs.)
380,355,884.42
Employment generation (Total person days)
Skilled 12,142
Unskilled 43,661
2.2. Components and Activities of the Sub-project
15. Total length of the road is 11.10 km with 6.25 m formation width. Sub-project
components are: construction of structures like toe wall, retaining wall, breast wall as well as
earthwork like site clearance. The road surface will be upgraded to blacktopped pavement.
Bioengineering, spoil disposal management, compensatory plantation are the activities
during the construction of this road sub-project.
2.2.1. Construction Approach
16. Implementation of road sub-project works shall be carried out by the contractor,
selected through NCB with following features:
Use of heavy machinery for construction.
Balancing cut and fill and reuse of excavated materials as construction materials, and
thus not generating excess spoils as far as possible.
Use of bio-engineering techniques with integrated use of vegetation, simple civil
engineering structures and proper water management systems for slope protection.
IEE of Okhaldhunga – Rumjatar Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Okhaldhunga Page 9
2.2.2. Construction Materials Required
17. Construction material investigation was carried out around vicinity of the sub-project
sites along the road alignment. The investigation focused on locating prospective borrows
areas of non-cohesive materials (colluvial and alluvial deposits). The prospective borrow
sites were identified as sources of coarse aggregates.
18. The construction material survey was carried out for the following purposes:
Identification of location, estimation of quantity of sand, boulder, gravel and other
possible construction material in and around the construction site
Site identification and determination of relevant materials available along river beds that
can be used as concrete aggregates.
The bitumen will be bought from market.
19. Based on the construction material survey, different quarry sites are observed along
the road alignment as well as at river bank, and are shown below in Table 2.
Table 2: Possible Quarry Sites
Material Site Average
Distance
Location (Ward, RM/
Municiplaity)
Sand Sisne Khola, quarries within 10 km periphery 10 km Siddhicharan
Municipality, ward 5 Stone Sisne Khola, quarries along the road
alignment and quarries within 10 km periphery
10 km
Gravel/
sub-base
Sisne Khola, quarries within 10 km periphery 10 km
Aggregate
s/sub-base
Sisne Khola, quarries within 10 km periphery 10 km
SD Chips Sunkoshi at Harkapur 87 km ( ch
0+000)
Manebhanjyang RM,
Ward 7
Source: Okhaldhunga-Rumjatar Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, DPR (2016)
2.3. Human Resource
20. The sub-project requires both skilled and unskilled human resource. Total of 55,803
person days will require including 12,142 skilled and 43,661 unskilled persons are required
to carry out civil work activities.
2.4. Land Requirement
21. The land acquired for the implementation of the sub-project can undergo a long-term
permanent change in the land use (Refer Table 3). In total 6.940 ha land is needed for
upgrading the road, where as the existing road alignment is found to be 5.450 ha (average 5
to 5.25 m width) and further 1.490 ha land will be needed. There will be conversion of 0.931
ha agricultural land, 0.026 ha community forest area, 0.127 ha private forest area, 0.395 ha
settlement area and 0.010 ha River /Stream landwill be converted in to the built up area of
road changing the total 1.490 ha land. Similarly, there will be some change in land use due
to expansion of roadside settlements. The impact from changes in land use will be high,
direct, local and long term in nature.
IEE of Okhaldhunga – Rumjatar Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Okhaldhunga Page 10
Table 3: Additional Land Required for Formation Width
S.N. Land Use Area
Ha %
1 Cultivated Land 0.931 62.50
Khet 0.140
Bari 0.791
2 Forest (Community) 0.026 1.78
3 Forest (Private) 0.127 8.55
4 Built-up Area 0.395 26.50
5 River/Stream 0.010 0.67
Total 1.490 100.00
(Source: Field Survey, 2017)
2.5. Cost
22. Length of this road is 11.10 km and formation width is 6.25 m. Total sub-project cost
of the road is estimated NRs. 380,355,884.42 and the total civil work cost is NRs.
280,707,294.45 as shown in Appendix V.
2.6. Implementation Schedule
23. Following Table 4 shows the proposed implementation schedule for the sub-project .
Table 4: Sub-project Implementation Schedule
S.N Activities 2016 2017 2018
I II III IV I II III IV I II III IV
1 Detailed survey, design and estimate
2 Preparation of resettlement plan
2.1 Life skill and income generation training
3 Environmental assessment and
Implementation
3.1 ToR preparation and approval from
NRA
3.2 Field study
3.3 Draft IEE preparation and notice
publication
3.3 IEE report finalztion and approval from
NRA and ADB
3.4 Implementation of EMP
3.5 Environmental monitoring
4 Work Implementation
4.1 Civil construction work by contractor
Note:
I - January, February, March II - April, May, June
III - July, August, September IV - October, November, December
IEE of Okhaldhunga – Rumjatar Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Okhaldhunga Page 11
3. Methodology
24. ToR was approved on 2074/3/25 B.S (09/07/2017A.D) by the CEO level decision of
National Reconstruction Authority (NRA) which is given in Appendix I as Act Relating to
Reconstruction of the Earthquake Affected Structure 2015, Rule Relating to Reconstruction
of the Earthquake Affected Structure 2016, Working Procedure Relating to Environemntal
Impact Aassessment for Reconstruction of Earthquake Affected Structures, Second
Amendment 2017. Total road length in ToR was 11.10 km and IEE report has been prepared
accordingly. Climate change checklist as given in Appendix II and Rapid Environmental
Assessment (REA) Checklist as given in Appendix III and environmental checklist
(Appendix IV) were also considered during IEE report preparation. Necessary information
was collected through literature review and field study to accommodate all issues as
included in the approved ToR to analyze environmental impacts on physical, biological,
socio-economic and cultural issues. Based on the analysis of information the impacts have
been identified, mitigation measures prepared and monitoring plan has been developed.
3.1. Literature Review
25. IEE study team collected and reviewed the available secondary sources related to
physical, biological, socio-economic and cultural environmental resources of the sub-project
area. After the literature review, sub-project specific checklist was prepared.
a. Physical Environment
26. From various available sources of secondary information (e.g. Topographical Map,
Regional Geological Map, DHM, MoPE, and District Transport Management Plan (DTMP) of
Sindhui and information on topography, geology and precipitations, temperatures were
reviewed and collected.
b. Biological Environment
27. The important secondary sources of information were reviewed from relevant
literatures including other projects IEE/EIA reports, then VDC Profiles, and websites of
MoPE, DoF, MoFSC, and DNPWC.
c. Socio-economic and Cultural Environment
28. During desk study necessary secondary data and information were gathered from
related organizations/institutions, like cadastral survey maps, National Population and
Housing Census, CBS 2011 A.D (including VDC/Municipality level). Similarly, resettlement
plan and GESI report for this road sub-project was also reviewed. These documents were
reviewed and relevant information for the study was assembled.
3.2. Impact Area Delineation
29. The sub-project influence area and the impact area are delineated based on the field
conditions and nature of sub-project development using the similar past experiences of the
experts. Based on the environmental impacts of the sub-project, the sub-project -affected
areas are classified as the following Table 5.
IEE of Okhaldhunga – Rumjatar Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Okhaldhunga Page 12
Table 5: Impact Area Delination
Category Description
Direct Impact Area (Ward
level) Construction areas which include road alignment & right of
way along with sub-project facilities such as construction
camp, quarry site, spoil disposal sites, material storage etc.
(Considering administrative boundary: Ward 4,5 and 11 of
Siddhicharan Municipality)
Indirect Impact Area
(Municipality level) Immediate areas of construction with moderate and low
impacts. Such area covers area beyond the DIA and within
100 meters each side from the centerline of road including
a buffer area of about 100 meters from the ancillary
structure sites.
(Considering administrative boundary: Siddhicharan
Municipality)
3.3. Field Investigation
30. Field survey comprised of walkthrough survey, consultation with community, site
inspection and observation. Data collection was done from 5/08/2017 to 10/07/2017 A.D
(2074/4/21 B.S to 2074/4/26 B.S) with the help of the staff of DISC (District Team Leader,
Sub-Engineer, Social Safeguard Officer, Asssitant Sub-Engineer). IEE study team also
collected muchulka, recommendation letters after the publication of notice. The following
tools were used for the collection of primary data.The following tools were used for the
collection of primary data.
Consultation meeting and focus group discussion (FGD) - To conduct consultation with
the local communities at different settlements, 2 consultation meeting was organized with
local people to collect the opinion and suggestion and feed back towards sub-project
Key informants survey: It was conducted with knowledgeable persons at different
settlement. It was done to collect biological, socio-economic and cultural environment
related information using a checklist
Walk through survey: Total enumeration was done for the listing of agricultural land,
forest land, affected trees, houses and other infrastructure affected properties within the
formation width of the road alignment.
Stripe map - It was used during walkthrough survey to document environmental features
according to the chainage.
Topographical map - It was used to show environmental features on the map during
walkthrough survey.
Photographs - Necessary photographs were taken to show different environmental
features.
3.3.1. Physical Environment
31. Physical environment survey was carried out by delineating the impact area, which
might be affected by the proposal activities during construction and operation of the road
main components and support facilities. Field survey was carried out for the land use,
topography, geomorphology, geology, soil, land stability, drainage characteristics, rainfall,
meteorological conditions, noise level, water quality, air quality etc. Site specific information
IEE of Okhaldhunga – Rumjatar Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Okhaldhunga Page 13
on the above sectors was collected by direct observations and consultations with the local
communities for the identification of physically critical areas particularly flood prone areas/
landslide/erosion prone areas etc.
3.3.2. Biological Environment
32. Total enumeration was done for tree loss assessment within the formation width and
Right of way in the road alignment. The detail vegetation survey was carried out by walkover
survey throughout the road alignment. Type of vegetation and forest type, forest condition
(NF, CF, and PF), Floristic composition (Direct Impact Area & Indirect Impact Area), Ethno-
botany (NTFP/MAP) was identified based on the species composition.
33. The protected vegetation (rare, endangered, indigenous etc.) of the influence area as
per IUCN Red Book, CITES Appendices, and GoN list species was enumerated based on
consultation with the local people in the indirect impact areas of the sub-project. The trees to
be felled down from forest for the proposed road was recorded and documented.
34. Wildlife (Mammals, Birds, Reptiles and herpetofauna) bio-diversity in the indirect
impact areas was studied through consultation with the local communities, FUGs in the field.
The indicator wildlife and threatened or endangered species (as per IUCN Red Book, CITES
Appendices, and GoN list) in the area was recorded through consultation with the local
communities.
3.3.3. Socio-Economic and Cultural Environment
35. Information on general socio-economic conditions of the people of the sub-project
affected wards of Municipality was collected through Key Informant Interview (Appendix X
and XI) or Focused Group discussions, Appendix IX. The information was collected through
pre-designed checklists, which include key socio-economic characteristics of the people of
all class, caste and economic categories. The information include demographic features of
the settlement, migration pattern, employment, landholding size, agricultural production, food
sufficiency, other productive resources, livestock raising,access to different social
infrastructures such as drinking water, education, health-posts, general health, hygiene and
sanitation condition, etc.
36. Inventory of loss was done by keeping record of affected land, structure through
direct observation within COI. A census of socio-economic and loss assessment survey of
sub-project affected household was carried out to document complete socio-economic and
loss assessment. Socio-economic and loss assessment survey was carried for 160; out of
355 HHs (others were absentee households).
37. Information on social infrastructures such as schools, health posts, drinking water
etc. was collected from the Ward offices of municipality, consultation with village elites and
through focus group discussions at Ward levels to assess the current situation of these
facilities and the general sanitation status of the sub-project area community. Information
was also collected on the conditions of these facilities, their adequacy and beneficiary
population.
38. All sites of religious, cultural and historical importance on the DIA was visited and
observed in the area. The social, cultural and religious values and significance of these sites
IEE of Okhaldhunga – Rumjatar Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Okhaldhunga Page 14
was noted through consultation with the communities. Possibilities of protecting, conserving
or relocating such sites were also examined thoroughly in consultation with local people,
priests and village elite. The socio-economic, cultural and religious information was cross
checked and analyzed using Microsoft Excel 2010.
3.4. Interaction and Public Consultation
39. During the IEE report preparation, consultant team met, discussed and interacted
with concerned staff of the Government of Nepal, municipality in the district head quarter and
teachers, community based organization member and knowledgeable key persons of
surrounding areas within the DIA (please refer Appendix XI). In order to ensure public
involvement, the following procedures were followed during IEE report preparation.
Publication of Notice and Draft IEE Disclosure
40. According to Working Procedure Relating to Environemntal Impact Aassessment for
Reconstruction of Earthquake Affected Structures 2016, 7 days public notice was published
in 2074/05/17 B.S (02/09/2017 A.D), Rajdhani, a national level daily newspaper (Appendix
VI) seeking written opinion from concerned DFO, municipality, schools, health posts and
related local organizations; immediately after approval of ToR as per Act Relating to
Reconstruction of the Earthquake Affected Structure 2015, Rule Relating to Reconstruction
of the Earthquake Affected Structure 2016, Working Procedure Relating to Environemntal
Impact Aassessment for Reconstruction of Earthquake Affected Structures, Second
Amendment 2017. A copy of the public notice was also affixed in the above mentioned
organizations and a deed of enquiry (muchulka) was collected (see Appendix VII) for deed
of inquiry. Recommendation letters were also obtained from the concerned municipality as
given in Appendix VIII. The IEE team carried out interactions with local communities and
related stakeholders during the field survey to collect public concerns and suggestions.
Moreover, focus group discussions were conducted to collect and solicit information
regarding the bio-physical, socio-economic and cultural aspects of Okhaldhunga – Rumjatar
Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, the meeting minutes are in Appendix
IXa. Similarly, draft IEE was discosed to local people and concerned stakeholder on
2074/05/21 (2017/09/06) at Barnalu. The issues, queries, concerns raised during the IEE
disclosure meeting is listed below and Appendix IXb. A summary of meeting minutes with
local people during consultation and IEE disclosure is given in IXc.
3.5. Database Preparation, Interpretation, Identification,
Prediction and Evaluation of Impact
Data Analysis and Interpretation
41. The required data for the study was collected through primary and secondary source
as mentioned above and database was prepared. The collected data was analyzed
qualitatively and quantitatively to establish existing baseline information on physical,
biological, socio-economic and cultural environment. Data and information from the
questionnaires/checklists were entered on processing data entry layout. Data analysis and
interpretation of physical, biological and socio-economic and cultural environments were
carried out by the respective domain specialists. Then interpretation was made based on the
results obtained. In brief these are presented here under.
IEE of Okhaldhunga – Rumjatar Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Okhaldhunga Page 15
Physical Environment
42. The collected existing baseline condition information and data on such as topography
(i.e. elevation, aspect, and slope), geology and soil type were analyzed. Similarly, qualitative
data on air, water and noise pollution status were analyzed. For instances, measure
discontinuities data were used for slope stability assessment. The output of analyzed
information and data were interpreted in logical, sequential and consistent order.
Biological Environment
43. The biological environmental information (e.g. tree and wildlife species, and bird
species) collected from primary and secondary sources were tabulated. The biological
information were primarily collected with the use of specified checklist during the formal and
informal meetings with the local people. In addition biological experts identified the different
species of wildlife and plants with their expert judgement, identification keys and with the
help of local people. The local name, photographs and information from the expert
judgement thus collected were analysed during report preparation. Forest type with
management ownership was mentioned. Then the recorded species were compared and
verified to the list prepared by IUCN Red Data Book, CITES and List of Endangered, Rare
and Threatened Plant and Wildlife Species published by GoN.
Socio-economic and Cultural Environment
44. The collected socio-economic data were entered in MS Excel 2010 and processed as
required. Similarly, qualitative data related to socio-economic and cultural environment was
analyzed to create the existing baseline. Suggestion made by the local people and
stakeholders' during public consultation was considered for benefit augmentation measures
and mitigation measures for adverse impacts are proposed.
Impact Identification, Prediction and Evaluation Method
Impact Identification
45. Based on field visit observation and consultation meeting with local, issues that may
trigger due to sub-project intervention were identified and prioritized. From the exercise both
types of beneficial and adverse impacts were identified for IEE study. The impacts were
categorized as per environmental domain (i.e. physical, biological, and socio-economic and
cultural environments). Likewise; an impact that may trigger under different phases of sub-
project implementation (i.e. construction and operation) was also taken into account for the
assessment.
Impact Prediction
46. Extrapolative (i.e. predictions on the basis of past and present data, and trend
analysis), and experts` experience and judgment (applying past experience and knowledge
of the experts) methods were applied for impact prediction on the basis of identified impacts.
Impact Assessment
47. The assessment of environmental impacts was derived exclusively from the baseline
environmental conditions of the affected environment with the sub-project activities in
relation to spatial and temporal aspects in terms of magnitude, extent and duration of
IEE of Okhaldhunga – Rumjatar Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Okhaldhunga Page 16
impacts. The impacts have been predicted in terms of their magnitude (minor, moderate and
high), extent (site specific, local and regional) and duration (short, medium and long term).
Evaluation of the level of significance of impacts was made based on prevailing legislative
setup, numerical values with scoring (National EIA Guideline, 1993), consultation with
stakeholders, expert’s past experience and other criteria.
3.6. Study Team
48. Field survey comprised of walkthrough survey, consultation with community, site
inspection and observation. Data collection was done from 5/08/2017 to 10/07/2017 A.D
(2074/4/21 B.S to 2074/4/26 B.S) by the IEE study team. The study team members are listed
below:
Team Member:
Mr. Abhishek B.C- Team Leader/Environment and Social Expert
Mr. Kumar Prasad Aryal- Environmental Anthropologist /Forester
Mr. Phurba Sherpa- Ecologist
Mr. Subash Acharya- Geologist
Mr. Shashwat Sharma- Environmental Engineer
Mr. Suraj Nepal- Civil Engineer
3.7. Information Disclosure
49. A draft IEE report along with the executive summary, identified impacts,
recommended mitigation measures and the EMP in Nepali language was prepared and
distributed to the stakeholders and the concerned Municipality for public disclosure. The
draft IEE report was also be kept in information centre of DTO, Okhaldhunga for public
disclosure. Information was also disseminated through person to person contacts, interviews
and group discussions. The approved IEE report will be accessible to interested parties and
the general public through the information centre of CLPIU/DLPIU, Okhaldhunga and
websites of EEAP-CLPIU, CISC, NRA and ADB.
IEE of Okhaldhunga – Rumjatar Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Okhaldhunga Page 17
4. Description of the Environment
50. The baseline information on the existing physical, biological as well as socio-
economic and cultural environment of the proposed sub-project are described as follows:
4.1. Physical Environment
51. The section describes the physical condition of the area that comes under the ZoI of
the road section along its entire length and surrounding area.
4.1.1. Topography and Geomorphology
Topography
52. Nepal Himalayas is located in the seismic risk zone hence its beongs to sesmic
active area and has experienced mega earthquakes that have resulted in major destruction,
loss of life and property. Okhaldhunga is also one of the earthquake affected district in the
2015 earthquake of the Nepal.
53. Limited earlier geological works has been carried out in this area. Schelling (1992)
put the rocks of the study area under Okhaldhunga window of the Lesser Himalaya.
Geological map prepared by the Department of Mines and Geology (Shrestha et al., 1984)
has traced Seti Formation (Phyllite and Qaurtzite) in the sub-project area. The detail on
geology of the sub-project area is shown in Figure 3 below.
54. The sub-project area lies in the lesser himalayan unit. The main lithological units of
the lesser himalayan succession in the sub-project area are: Unit of Phyllite with few bands
of Quartzite; thin discontinuous unit of white Quartzite and Augen Gneiss. This road
alignment passes south of the thrust. The activation of the thrust is considered as minimal.
The road alignment is located about 10 km south from the thrust.
Geology and Soil Type
55. The road alignment follows the rocks of the Seti Formation, Midland Group, Lesser
Himalaya. The Seti Formation is comprised of quartzite and phyllite. The road alignment
passes through the rocks of the Seti Formation. The Seti Formation is composed of thick
phyllite and quartzite. Ratio of phyllite is greater than quartzite. This road alignment passes
south of the thrust. The activation of the thrust is considered as minimal. The road alignment
is located about 10 km south from the thrust. Table 6 shows the Lithostratigraphy of the
lesser and Higher Himalaya.
Table 6: Lithostratigraphy of the Lesser Himalaya Rock Exposed along the Road
Group Formation Lithology Thick (m) Age
Main Central Thrust (MCT)
Midland
Kushma Phyllite, quartzite, limestone 1000
Pre-
Cambrian
Lakharpata Limestone, dolomite 1000
Syangja Slate, limestone, quartzite 1000
Galynag Dolomite, slate 800
Naudanda Quartzite, 1000
Seti * Phyllite, quartzite 3000
*Rock exposed along the road alignment
IEE of Okhaldhunga – Rumjatar Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Okhaldhunga Page 18
56. Along the road section, the rocks of the quartzite and phyllite of the Seti Formation is
also exposed along the road alignment. Road alignment is covered by the residual soil with
thick colluvial deposits. More than 90% alignment covered by residual soil and colluvial
deposits. Very few location bedrocks of phyllite can be seen along the road alignment.
57. Engineering Geological log is prepared based on distribution of failures, soil and rock
along the alignment. Information covers depth of soil, rock and soil type, weathering grade.
The road alignment passes through weathered phyllite and colluvial, residual soil deposits.
Thickness of the colluvial and residual soil deposits are excess of 5 m. Table 7 shows the
geology and types of soil along the road alignment
Okhaldhunga - Ahale Section (0+000 - 3+400)
58. The road alignment is about 3.4 km in length and passes very gentle slope area
along the ridge area. The road alignment runs on thick (more than 5 m thick) residual soil
and colluvial deposits and very few locations covers the bedrock of phyllite. The hydrological
condition of the road alignment is dry to wet. The land use pattern along the road alignment
is dry cultivated land, forest and grassland but most of the alignment follows the dry
cultivated land. There is very less chance to meet further cut slope failure due to low height
cut slope and land use pattern. The bedrocks of phyllite of the Seti Formation are exposed
along the road alignment but very few location bedrocks are exposed and covered by
residual soil. The main cause of covering the residual soil deposits due to presence of the
soft rock phyllite so these soft rocks easily weathered and formed the residual soil. The
failures occurred along the road can be mitigated by trimming of cut slope, applying
bioengineering as well as surface drainage, management and arrangement of the wall. The
slope stability condition is more or less stable even the alignment runs on the residual soil
deposits. Between the chainages road alignment has the low height cut slope on hill side so
stability condition seems to be good.
Ahale – Sanitar Section (3+400 - 8+200)
59. This complete section of the road is about 4.8 km and is passing 90% on residual soil
/ colluvial deposits and 10% only in the rocks of the Lesser Himalaya (phyllite) and the Seti
Formation of the Lesser Himalaya. The road follows very gently topography. Some cut slope
failures are found along road alignment in hill side. These failures are developed due to
weathering of rocks as well as presence of loose material deposits, undercutting slope by
road cutting. Thickness of the residual soil deposits along the road section is more than 5 m
at places. At some places of the road alignment phyllite is exposed. These rocks are slightly
to highly weathered. Two to three sets of the joints are well observed in rocks exposed along
the road alignment. The stereographic projection of the discontinuities of the rock mass
shows more or less stable condition. The persistency of the rocks mass is moderate to low.
The hydrological condition is wet to dry to wet. The land use pattern is cultivated land and
forest and settlement.
Sanitar – Rumjatar Section (8+200 -11+100)
60. This complete section of the road is about 4 km and is passing 90% on residual soil /
colluvial deposits and 10% only in the rocks of the Lesser Himalaya (phyllite) and the Seti
Formation of the Lesser Himalaya. The road follows gently topography. Cut slope failures
are found along road alignment in hill side are developed in the soil. These failures are
IEE of Okhaldhunga – Rumjatar Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Okhaldhunga Page 19
developed due to weathering of rocks as well as presence of loose material deposits,
undercutting slope by road cutting. Thickness of the residual soil deposits along the road
section is more than 5 m at places. At some places of the road alignment phyllite is exposed.
These rocks are slightly to highly weathered. Two to three sets of the joints are well
observed in rocks exposed along the road alignment. The stereographic projection of the
discontinuities of the rock mass shows more or less stable condition. The persistency of the
rocks mass is moderate to low. The hydrological condition is wet to dry. The land use pattern
is dry cultivated land and forest and settlement.
Figure 3: Regional Geological Map of Okhaldhunga Area (DMG, 1987)
Table 7: Geology and Types of Soil along the Road Alignment
Chainage Geology Types of Soil
0+000 - 3+400 Soft rock phyllite Residual soil / colluvial deposit
3+400 - 8+200 Phyllite, quartzite Residual soil / colluvial deposit
8+200 - 11+100 Phyllite, quartzite Residual soil / colluvial deposit
Source: Okhaldhunga-Rumjatar Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, DPR (2016)
4.1.2. Land Use Pattern
61. The sub-project road traverses from Ramailo Danda to Rumjatar through the
settlement area, forest, barren land, cultivated land etc. the deatail is shown in Table 8.
Table 8: Land Use along the Road Alignment
Chainage Land Use Pattern
0+000 to 3+400 Dry cultivated land, forest, grassland etc
3+400 to 8+200 Cultivated land, forest, settlement etc
8+200 to 11+100 Dry cultivated land, settlement etc
Source: Okhaldhunga-Rumjatar Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, DPR (2016)
IEE of Okhaldhunga – Rumjatar Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Okhaldhunga Page 20
4.1.3. Climate and Hydrology
62. Climate is dominated by topographical variations. The elevation of the proposed road
varies from 1,358m to 1,812m from mean sea level.The sub-project has sub tropical
climatic condition. The proposed sub-project site falls under middle mountain
physiographic region of Nepal (Topographic Survey Branch, Department of Survey, HMG,
Nepal, 1983). According to data calculated from Department of Hydrology and Metrology
(DHM), the annual maximum mean temperature from 1962 to 2015 is in the month of June
which is recorded to be 24.53°C, while the minimum mean temperature is in the month of
January which is recorded to be 5.24°C. The average annual rainfall for the year was
recorded to be 1,721 mm.
63. The alignment crosses one medium khola (Sisne khola-Ch 4+380) and two small
types of Khola (ie. Naksari khola-Ch 1+470, & Pani khane khola-Ch 7+070) requiring bridge
in Sisne khola and Causeways have been recommended for others. No wetlands are found
within the vicinity of the road.
4.1.4. Landslide and Erosion Prone Area
64. During field visit, few minor slides / erosions were observed. The location requires
special consideration during construction period. Gabion walls and toe walls have been
proposed in the design as noted essential during the site visit. Also, bioengineering works
has been proposed in other locations where landslides have occurred though small in scale.
In many locations, where erosion has been witnessed, gabion breast walls have been
proposed. Gorkha earthquake 2015 had affected the road at Ch 3+325 to Ch 3+365 and Ch
3+620 (below the loop) where there is steep slope. Toe cutting at Table 9 shows the detail
of landslide and bio-engineering works to be done.
Table 9: Location of Landslides and Bio-Engineering Works
S. N Chainage Length (m) Slope
Height (m)
Quantity (m2)
From To
1 3+325 3+365 40.00 15.00 600.00
2 3+620 100.00 15.00 1500.00
Total 140.00 30.00 2100.00
(Source: Field Survey, 2017)
4.1.5. Air, Noise and Water Quality
Ambient Air Quality
65. This road alignment passed through less traffic influence area; therefore air quality
observed is normal.
Noise
66. The proposed area does not have any sources of noise nuisance.
IEE of Okhaldhunga – Rumjatar Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Okhaldhunga Page 21
Water Quality
67. There is no defecation problem observed near and around the drinking water
sources. However, during the monsoon season the quality of water may be polluted due to
the accumulation of silt.
4.2. Biological Environment
68. There is no sensitive area such as wildlife sanctuary, national parks, buffer zone etc
in the sub-project area vicinity Thus, the proposed sub-project site is not located any
conservation areas or ecologically significant site of aesthetic value.
4.2.1. Vegetation Type
69. The elevation of proposed road varies from 1,358 m to 1,812 m from mean sea level.
So, it lies in sub-tropical climatic zone (Dobremez, 1976). Major forest types found in the
sub-project area is sub-tropical broadleaved forest dominated by Schima castanopsis forest
and Alnus forest. The major plant species found along the proposed road alignment are
Alnus nepalensis (Uttis), Schima wallichii (Chilaune), Michelia champaca (Chap),
Castanopsis sp. (Katus), Nemaro, Pinus roxburghii (Khote Sallo), Macaranga pustulata
(Malato), Fraxinus floribunda (Lakuri), Ficus nemoralis (Dudhilo), Rhododendron sp. (Lali
Gurans), Eurya acuminata (Jhigane) etc.
70. Hence species of trees are needed to be cleared during reconstruction phase of the
sub-project. The overall detail of vegetation species recorded in the formation width & right
of way during vegetation survey is presented in Appendix Xlla-b. The plant species
recorded in the forest of proposed road alignment are listed in Table 10.
Table 10: Plant Species Recorded in the Okhaldhunga-Rumjatar Road
Species Scientific Name
Baans Bambusa arundinacea
Bajh Quercus lanata
Bhimsenpati Buddleja asiatica
Chilaune Schima wallichii
Dudhilo Ficus hemoralis
Gurans Rhododendron arboretum
Jhigane Eurya acuminata
Kafal Myrica esculenta
Katus Castanopsis indica
Lakuri Fraxinus floribunda
Malato Macaranga pustulata
Mauwa Madhuca longifolia
Nimaro Ficus roxburghii
Painyu Prunus cerasoides
Patle Salla Castonopsis sps
Salla Pinus roxburghii
Uttis Alnus nepalensis
(Source: Field Survey; August, 2017)
IEE of Okhaldhunga – Rumjatar Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Okhaldhunga Page 22
4.2.2. Forest Type
71. Government managed forest or any national park/buffer zone/conservation area is
not found in this road section. Only community forest and private forest are recorded along
the road alignment. The road passes through two community forest, namely Meghepatal
Community Forest, and Simdhara Pakha Community Forest. The detail is given in Table 11
below.
72. Meghepatal Community Forest: The Meghepatal Community Forest was handed
over to the community forest user’s group (CFUG) in 2052 B.S. The forest covers an area of
60.500 ha, and there are 220 households that avail resources from this forest. Among these
households, Sherpa constitutes the majority of the ethnic composition, followed by Rai,
Kami, Giri, Jogi, Newar, Tamang, and Chhetri. The major species of plants found in this
forest include Patle (Castonopsis sp.), Angeri (Lyonia ovalifolia), Chilaune (Schima wallichii),
Gurans (Rhododendron arboretum), Utis (Alnus nepalensis), Salla (Pinus roxburghii), Baans
(Bambusa arundinacea), Nigalo (Drepanostachyum intermedium), Okhar (Juglans regia) etc.
Major wildlife includes Fox (vulpes montana), Malsapro (Martes flavigula), Dumsi
(Hystrixindica), Chituwa (Panthera pardus) etc. Avian species include Dhukur (Streptopalia
sp.), Titra (Ophrysia superciliosa), Chyakhura (Alectoris chukar), Kalij (Lophura
leucomelanos), Koili (Eudynamys scolopacea) etc. The extant reptilian species in this forest
include Aandho Sarpa (Ramphotyphlops braminus), Hareu (Trimeresurus septentrionalis),
Gohora (Varanus bengalensis) etc.
73. Simdhara Pakha Women’s Community Forest: The Simdhara Pakha Women’s Community Forest was handed over to the community forest user groups (CFUGs) in 2060
B.S. The total area covered by this forest is 0.770 Ha and the number of forest users
includes 92 households, with a total population of 461, of which 236 are men and 225 are
women. All the users of this community forest are from the former VDC of Barnalu – 1, 2 and
3 which has now been converted to Siddhicharan Municipality-5. There are altogether 13
members in executive committee. The major tree species found in this community forest are
Salla (Pinus roxburghii), Chilaune (Schima wallichii), Patle (Castonopsis sps), Utis (Alnus
nepalensis) etc. Major wildlife includes Malsapro (Martes flavigula), Dumsi (Hystrixindica)
etc. Avian species include Dhukur (Streptopalia sp.), Titra (Ophrysia superciliosa),
Chyakhura (Alectoris chukar) etc. The reptilian species in this forest include Aandho Sarpa
(Ramphotyphlops braminus), Hareu (Trimeresurus septentrionalis) etc.
IEE of Okhaldhunga – Rumjatar Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Okhaldhunga Page 23
Table 11: Community Forest along Road
Name of
Forest
Chainage Length
(m)
Total Area
(ha)
Main Species
From To
Meghepatal
Community
Forest
1+800 2+220 420 0.021 Chilaune (Schima wallichii), Lakuri
(Fraxinus floribunda), Kafal (Myrica
esculenta), Gurans (Rhododendron
arboretum), Dudhilo (Ficus
nemoralis), Nimaro(Ficus roxburghii),
Patle (Castonopsis sps), Banjh
(Quercus lanata), Uttis (Alnus
nepalenses)
Simdhara
Pakha
Community
Forest
7+290 7+400 110 0.005 Pachuta Salla (Pinus roxburghii),
Chilaune (Schima wallichii), Lakuri
(Fraxinus floribunda), Uttis (Alnus
nepalenses)
Total 530 0.026
(Source: Field survey, 2017)
4.2.3. Wildlife
74. Some wild animals are occasionally observed nearby the forests traversed by road
alignment. The main wildlife species reported in sub-project area are Vulpus montana (Fox),
Naemorhedus goral (Ghoral), Dumsi (Hystrix indica), Panthera pardus (Leopard) and
Macaca mulatta (Monkey).
4.2.4. Birds
75. The bird reported as well as recorded in the sub-project area are Chyakhura
(Alectoris chukar), Koili (Eudynamys scolopacea), Kalij (Lophura leucomelanos), bhangera
(Passer domesticus), kaag (Corvus splendens), Titra (Ophrysia superciliosa), Dhukur
(Streptopelia sp.) etc.
4.2.5. Reptile
76. The reptiles reported in the sub-project area are Locadon aulicus (Siris Sarpa), Ptyas
muscosus (Dhaman), Aandho Sarpa (Ramphotyphlops braminus), Hareu Sarpa
(Trimeresurus septentrionalis) etc.
4.2.6. Fish
77. The fish reported in the streams of the sub-project area are Schizothorax sp. (Asala),
Tortor hamilton (Katle), Garra annandalei (Buduna), Psilorbgncbus pseudechens (Tite) etc.
4.2.7. Protected Fauna
78. The protected fauna found in the forest alongroad corridor area given in Table 12.
IEE of Okhaldhunga – Rumjatar Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Okhaldhunga Page 24
Table 12: Protected Fauna along Road
Local Name Scientific Name Remarks
IUCN
2008
CITES Code GoN
Monkey Macaca mulatta LC Appendix II3
Dumsi Hystrix indica LC
Fox Vulpes montana LC
Chitwa Panthera pardus NT Appendix I
Ghoral Naemorhedus goral NT Appendix I
Malsapro Martes flavigula LC
Kalij Lophura leucomelanos LC
Dhukur Streptopelia sp. LC
Koili Eudynamys scolopacea LC
Chyakhura Alectoris chukar LC
Note: NT= Near Threatened, LC = Least Concern Source: Field survey, 2017
4.3. Socio-economic and Cultural Environment
79. The socioeconomic level of the proposed sub-project is presented at district level,
Municipality level and settlement level of the people living close to the sub-project premises.
The socio-economic information at the three levels is envisaged to give a fair knowledge of
the directly impacted people in relation to the district, Municipality.
4.3.1. District Context
80. The sub-project road is located in Okhaldhunga District such it is termed as affected
district. Itis located Province no 1 of Nepal. The affected district is located in the Sagarmatha
Zone of the Eastern Development Region of Nepal. The district is located within 27 08’ to 27 32’ latitude and 86 11’ to 86 41’ longitude. The district borders with Sindhuli District in South, Khotang District in East, Ramechhap District in West and Solukhumbu in North. The
socioeconomic information of this district is presented in the following sub-sections.
Demographic Information
81. The total population of Okhaldhunga District is 147,984 with male population
(46.42%) slightly lower than female population (53.58%) at the ratio of 1.15. The total
household in the district is 32,502 with average household size 4.55, refer Table 13.
3
Species not yet threatened, but which could become endangered if trade is not controlled
IEE of Okhaldhunga – Rumjatar Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Okhaldhunga Page 25
Table 13: Demographic Characteristic in the Okhaldhunga District
S.N Description No. %
1 Total Population 147984
2 Total Male Population 68687 46.42
3 Total Female Population 79297 53.58
4 Male Female Ratio 1:1.15
5 Total Nos. of Household 32502
6 Average Household Size 4.55
(Source: Population and Housing Census 2011, CBS)
82. Also, 7,712 household were absent during the time of census 2011, which shows the
trend of migration of that district, please refer Table 14.
Table 14: Absentee Population in Okhaldhunga District
S.N. Description No.
1 Absentee Households 7,712
2 Absentee Male Population 9,371
3 Absentee Female Population 1,181
(Source: Population and Housing Census 2011, CBS)
Population by Age Group
83. The age group range between 15-44 years is the dominating number (40.83%)
among the age groups. Younger age group (0-14) year represents 35.55% of the total
population, which shows the distinguished representation of younger age group, indicating
the increasing trend of population. The economic active population i.e. age group (15 to 59)
represents 53.65% of the total population, please refer Figure 4.
(Source: Population and Housing Census 2011, CBS)
Figure 4: Population in the Okhaldhunga District by Different Age Group
Up to 4 years 5-14 years 15-44 years 45-59 years60 years and
above
Male 7,110 19,152 25,695 9,077 7,653
Female 6,888 19,465 34,732 9,886 8,326
Total 13,998 38,617 60,427 18,963 15,979
-
10,000
20,000
30,000
40,000
50,000
60,000
70,000
Po
pu
lati
on
IEE of Okhaldhunga – Rumjatar Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Okhaldhunga Page 26
Religion
84. Hindu (70.76%), Buddhism (17.69%) and Kirat (10.24%) are the major religion
followed by the the population of Okhaldhunga district, refer Table 15.
Table 15: Religion in the Okhaldhunga District
S.N. Religion Male Female Total
No. % No. % No. %
1 Hindu 48633 32.86 56078 37.89 104711 70.76
2 Buddhism 12173 8.23 14002 9.46 26175 17.69
3 Christianity 601 0.41 762 0.51 1363 0.92
4 Islam 13 0.01 13 0.01 26 0.02
5 Kirat 7013 4.74 8143 5.50 15156 10.24
6 Prakriti 41 0.03 49 0.03 90 0.06
7 Other 213 0.14 250 0.17 463 0.31
Total 68687 46.42 79297 53.58 147984 100.00
(Source: Population and Housing Census 2011, CBS)
Caste/Ethnic Composition
85. In Okhaldhunga district, Chhetri (22.83%) is the predominant caste among the
population followed by Magar (11.21%), Brahman-Hill (10.60%), Rai (9.91%), Tamang
(9.73%), Sherpa (6.98%) etc, refer Table 16.
Table 16: Caste and Ethnicity in Okhaldhunga District
S.N. Caste/Ethnic
Group
Male Female Total
No. % No. % No. %
1.1 Chhetri 15504 10.48 18278 12.35 33782 22.83
1.2 Magar 7412 5.01 9176 6.20 16588 11.21
1.3 Brahman-Hill 7341 4.96 8351 5.64 15692 10.60
1.4 Rai 6763 4.57 7909 5.34 14672 9.91
1.5 Tamang 6621 4.47 7779 5.26 14400 9.73
1.6 Sherpa 4911 3.32 5420 3.66 10331 6.98
1.7 Newar 4485 3.03 5199 3.51 9684 6.54
1.8 Kami 2779 1.88 3229 2.18 6008 4.06
1.9 Damai/Dholi 2209 1.49 2662 1.80 4871 3.29
2.0 Sunuwar 2076 1.40 2338 1.58 4414 2.98
2.1 Sarki 1992 1.35 2227 1.50 4219 2.85
2.2 Gharti/Bhujel 1488 1.01 1658 1.12 3146 2.13
2.3 Gurung 1048 0.71 1341 0.91 2389 1.61
2.4 Bahing 1007 0.68 1194 0.81 2201 1.49
2.6 Other 3051 2.06 2536 1.71 5587 3.78
Total 68687 46.42 79297 53.58 147984 100
(Source: Population and Housing Census 2011, CBS)
IEE of Okhaldhunga – Rumjatar Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Okhaldhunga Page 27
Mother Tongue
86. Majority of the population (57.88%) of Okhaldhunga District speaks national
language Nepali. Other languages of the district are Tamang (9.18%), Magar (8.91%),
Sherpa (6.77%) etc. please refer Table 17.
Table 17: Languages Spoken in the Okhaldhunga District
S.N. Mother Tongue Male Female Total
No. % No. % No. %
1 Nepali 39478 26.68 46172 31.20 85650 57.88
2 Tamang 6260 4.23 7325 4.95 13585 9.18
3 Magar 5894 3.98 7295 4.93 13189 8.91
4 Sherpa 4771 3.22 5249 3.55 10020 6.77
5 Wambule 3301 2.23 3822 2.58 7123 4.81
6 Bahing 2509 1.70 3072 2.08 5581 3.77
7 Sunuwar 1486 1.00 1672 1.13 3158 2.13
8 Rai 1314 0.89 1449 0.98 2763 1.87
9 Newari 729 0.49 826 0.56 1555 1.05
10 Jero/Jerung 659 0.45 808 0.55 1467 0.99
12 Other 2286 1.54 1607 1.09 3893 2.63
Total 68687 46.42 79297 53.58 147984 100
(Source: Population and Housing Census 2011, CBS)
Literacy
87. Majority of the population (64.43%) can read and write which indicate good literacy in
this district. However, the illiterate population (that can’t read and write) is also notable (32.74%) with female number (22.27%) significantly higher than male number (10.47%),
please refer Figure 5.
(Source: Population and Housing Census 2011, CBS)
Figure 5: Literacy Status of Okhaldhunga District Population aged 5 years and above
-
10,000
20,000
30,000
40,000
50,000
60,000
70,000
80,000
90,000
Can read and write Can read only Can't read and
write
Literacy not stated
45,770
1,764
14,033
10
40,556
2,000
29,835
18
86,326
3,764
43,868
28
Male Female Total
IEE of Okhaldhunga – Rumjatar Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Okhaldhunga Page 28
Education Status
88. Among the population attending various level of education, majority (64.91%) have
obtained only basic level of education. The population with secondary education level is
remarkable low with 23.06 %. Likewise, the lower number of population (1.34 %) has
obtained education of graduate and post graduate levels, please refer Table 18.
Table 18: Educational Status in the Okhaldhunga District
SN Description Population that have completed the educational level
Male Female Total
No % No % No %
1 Beginner 1609 1.81 1521 1.71 3130 3.52
2 Basic level (Upto 8) 30500 34.27 27275 30.64 57775 64.91
3 Secondary Level (Upto 12) 11026 12.39 9499 10.67 20525 23.06
4 Graduate and above 903 1.01 290 0.33 1193 1.34
5 Others 49 0.06 39 0.04 88 0.10
6 Non Formal Education 2866 3.22 3039 3.41 5905 6.63
7 Level not stated 169 0.19 220 0.25 389 0.44
Total 47122 52.94 41883 47.06 89005 100.00
(Source: Population and Housing Census 2011, CBS)
Drinking Water
89. Majority of households (82.60%) depend on Tap/Piped water for drinking water
supply, followed by uncovered Well/Kuwa (7.87%), spout water (4.75%) etc, please refer
Table 19.
Table 19: Status of Drinking Water in Okhaldhunga District
S.N Description No. %
1 Tap/piped water 26,818 82.60
2 Tubewell / handpump 34 0.10
3 Covered well/kuwa 604 1.86
4 Uncovered well/kuwa 2,555 7.87
5 Spout water 1,543 4.75
6 River /stream 641 1.97
7 Others 49 0.15
8 Not Stated 222 0.68
Total 32,466 100
(Source: Population and Housing Census 2011, CBS)
Sanitation
90. About 70.05% households have toilets but the 29.25% households don't have toilet
till now. Thus, open defecation can be seen as sanitation issue of the district. However,
thedistrict has been declared as ODF recently, please refer Table 20.
IEE of Okhaldhunga – Rumjatar Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Okhaldhunga Page 29
Table 20: Status of Toilet Facilities in Okhaldhunga District
S.N Description No. %
1 With-toilet 22744 70.05
2 Without toilet 9495 29.25
3 Not stated 227 0.70
Total 32466 100
(Source: Population and Housing Census 2011, CBS)
91. Among the households having toilet facility, few households (26.07%) have flush
toilet with septic tank and significant nos. of household (73.93%) has ordinary toilet, please
refer Table 21.
Table 21: Types of Toilets in Okhaldhunga District
S.N Description No. %
1 Flush toilet (Septic Tank) 5929 26.07
2 Ordinary 16815 73.93
Total 17867 100
(Source: Population and Housing Census 2011, CBS)
Energy Used for Lighting
92. Electricity is the major source of energy for lighting purpose in Okhaldhunga district.
62.79% households are using solar for lighting purpose. The utilization of kerosene by the
households for lighting purpose is 27.97% while only 21.75% household use Solar energy,
please refer Table 22 for detail.
Table 22: Status of Energy used for Lighting in Okhaldhunga District
S.N Energy No. %
1 Electricity 13,542 41.71
2 kerosene 9,082 27.97
3 Biogas 128 0.39
4 Solar 7,062 21.75
5 Other 2,427 7.48
6 Not Stated 225 0.69
Total 32,466 100
(Source: Population and Housing Census 2011, CBS)
Energy Used for Cooking
93. Majority of households (97.00%) use firewood for cooking by collecting them from
community and other forest. 1.54% using LP gas and only 0.42% households are using
kerosene for cooking purpose, please refer Figure 6.
IEE of Okhaldhunga – Rumjatar Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Okhaldhunga Page 30
(Source: Population and Housing Census 2011, CBS)
Figure 6: Status of Energy used for Cooking in Okhaldhunga District
House Ownership
94. Majority of households (94.92%) has their own house to live in. Moreover, some
households (3.61%) live in rented house too, please refer Table 23 for detail.
Table 23: Ownership of House in Okhaldhunga District
S.N Description No. %
1 Owned 30818 94.92
2 Rented 1172 3.61
3 Institutional 113 0.35
4 Others 363 1.12
Total 32466 100
(Source: Population and Housing Census 2011, CBS)
House Type
House with Foundation Type
95. Most of the households comprise foundation of houses constructed with mud bonded
brick/stone (96.36%). Some households (1.74%) comprises of foundation of houses
constructed with wooden pillar. However, the household with their foundation constructed
with RCC with pillar is comparatively low (0.31%), , please refer Table 24 for detail
31,492
137 501 60 29 1 20 226
-5,000
0
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
30,000
35,000
Wood /
firewood
Kerosene LP gas Santhi/
guitha (cow
dung)
Bio gas Electricity Others Not Stated
IEE of Okhaldhunga – Rumjatar Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Okhaldhunga Page 31
Table 24: Type of Foundation of House in Okhaldhunga District
S.N Description No. %
1 Mud bonded bricks/stone 31,284 96.36
2 Cement bonded bricks/stone 124 0.38
3 RCC with pillar 102 0.31
4 Wooden pillar 565 1.74
5 Others 75 0.23
6 Not Stated 316 0.97
Total 32,466 100
(Source: Population and Housing Census 2011, CBS)
House with Outer Wall Type
96. In Okhaldhunga district, significant households (94.59%) have constructed their outer
wall of Mud bonded bricks/stone. Some households (1.45%) have constructed their outer
wall with bamboo, please refer Table 25 for detail.
Table 25: Type of Outer Wall of House in Okhaldhunga District
S.N Description No. %
1 Mud bonded bricks/stone 30,711 94.59
2 Cement bonded bricks/stone 293 0.90
3 Wood/ planks 284 0.87
4 Bamboo 470 1.45
5 Unbaked brick 325 1.00
6 Others 61 0.19
7 Not Stated 322 0.99
Total 32,466 100.00
(Source: Population and Housing Census 2011, CBS)
House with Roof Type
97. Majority of households (52.70%) has constructed their roof of house with
Thatch/Straw followed by Tile/Slate (27.99%) and Galvanized iron (13.52%). Very few
households (0.37%) have RCC roof, please refer Table 26 for detail.
Table 26: Type of Roof of House in Okhaldhunga District
S.N Description No. %
1 Thatch/ straw 17,111 52.70
2 Galvanized iron 4,388 13.52
3 Tile / slate 9,086 27.99
4 RCC 119 0.37
5 Wood/ planks 1,027 3.16
6 Mud 4 0.01
7 Others 402 1.24
8 Not Stated 329 1.01
Total 32,466 100.00
(Source: Population and Housing Census 2011, CBS)
IEE of Okhaldhunga – Rumjatar Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Okhaldhunga Page 32
Facilities to Accessories
98. The common facilities possessed by the households consist of Radio (55.10%),
Mobile phone (34.24%), and Television (4.10%), please refer Table 27 for detail.
Table 27: Various Facilities Possessed by Households in the Okhaldhunga District
S.N Facilities Type No. of HH % of Total HH
1 Radio 22,378 55.10
2 Television 1,667 4.10
3 Cable Television 782 1.93
4 Computer 229 0.56
5 Internet 153 0.38
6 Telephone 1,127 2.77
7 Mobile Phone 13,908 34.24
8 Motor 41 0.10
9 Motorcycle 189 0.47
10 Cycle 59 0.15
11 Other Vehicle 29 0.07
12 Refrigerator 52 0.13
Total 32,466 100.00
(Source: Population and Housing Census 2011, CBS)
4.3.2. Indirect Impact Area
Household and Population
99. The total area of Siddhicharan municipality is 167.88 km2 having population 31,175.
The total household of the municipality is 7,753 (including 1-8 wards of former Barunashwor
VDC) with male population (45.23%) slightly lower than female population (54.77%); please
refer Table 28 for detail.
Table 28: Demographic Characteristic of Sub-project Affected Municipality
S.N Merging
VDC
No. of
HHs
Average
Household
Size
Population
Male Female Total
No. % No. %
1 Andheri 607 3.94 1053 44.06 1337 55.94 2390
2 Barnalu 694 4.10 1283 45.08 1563 54.92 2846
3 Baruneswar 809 4.19 1576 46.52 1812 53.48 3388
4 Betini 459 4.59 931 44.21 1175 55.79 2106
5 Bigutar 533 4.05 999 46.31 1158 53.69 2157
6 Jantarkhani 388 4.54 755 42.85 1007 47.82 1762
7 Jyamire 545 3.90 915 43.04 1211 50.67 2126
8 Okhaldhunga 1358 3.65 2407 136.61 2556 106.95 4963
9 Rumjatar 751 3.60 1216 44.92 1491 55.08 2707
10 Salleri 419 3.97 721 43.33 943 56.67 1664
11 Taluwa 447 4.47 870 43.59 1126 56.41 1996
12 Thulachhap 743 4.13 1374 68.84 1696 101.92 3070
Total 7753 14100 45.23 17075 54.77 31175
(Source: Population and Housing Census 2011, CBS
IEE of Okhaldhunga – Rumjatar Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Okhaldhunga Page 33
Caste/Ethnic/Religion
100. In sub-project affected Municipality, Rai (18.09%) is the predominant caste among the population followed by Brahmin (15.3%), Magar
(11.97%), Sanyashi/Dashnami (10.70%), Sherpa (10.17%), Newar (7.84%) etc. The area has mixed rthnicity and accordingly mixed religious
faith. The major religion in the area is Hindu, Kirant, Buddhist etc., please refer Table 29 for detail.
Table 29: Caste and Ethnicity of Sub-project Affected Municipality
Mu
nic
ipality
Merg
ing
VD
Cs
Ch
hetr
ee
Bra
hm
an
Tam
an
g
Dam
ai/D
ho
li
Kam
i
Mag
ar
New
ar
Gh
art
i/B
hu
jel
Bah
ing
Sark
i
Gu
run
g
Rai
San
yasi/D
ash
nam
i
Sh
erp
a
Oth
er
To
tal
Siddhicharan Andheri 386 386 121 93 40 59 0 155 821 35 99 58 42 0 95 2390
Barnalu 0 708 12 0 31 0 166 44 0 51 27 353 105 1268 81 2846
Baruneswar 669 865 21 324 204 16 53 161 120 247 0 460 0 212 36 3388
Betini 23 857 0 65 115 937 38 50 0 0 0 0 0 0 21 2106
Bigutar 187 152 93 0 52 37 110 133 0 0 0 168 0 1207 18 2157
Jantarkhani 0 0 0 0 222 1104 24 0 0 0 0 0 0 375 37 1762
Jyamire 877 64 0 30 47 389 476 72 0 98 50 0 0 0 23 2126
Okhaldhunga 1270 334 382 148 281 153 976 85 103 22 69 627 136 107 270 4963
Rumjatar 223 325 36 311 133 135 232 134 0 132 731 206 0 0 109 2707
Salleri 39 545 389 95 25 112 0 0 0 0 424 0 28 0 7 1664
Taluwa 465 200 0 39 116 729 295 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 152 1996
Thulachhap 1502 333 31 181 150 60 74 45 0 645 0 0 24 0 25 3070
Total 5641 4769 1085 1286 1416 3731 2444 879 1044 1230 1400 1872 335 3169 874 31175
% 18.09 15.3 3.48 4.13 4.54 11.97 7.84 2.82 3.35 3.95 4.49 6 1.07 10.17 2.8 100
(Source: Population and Housing Census 2011, CBS& GoN, 2017)
IEE of Okhaldhunga – Rumjatar Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Okhaldhunga Page 34
Literacy
101. Majority of the population (68.93%) can read and write which indicate good literacy in sub-project affected Municipality. However, the
illiterate population (that can’t read and write) is also notable (28.96%), please refer Table 30 for detail.
Table 30: Literacy Status of Sub-project Affected Municipality
S. N
.
Mu
nic
ipality
Merg
ing
VD
C
Can read and write Can read only Can't read and write
Literacy not state
Total
Male
Fem
ale
To
tal
Male
Fem
ale
To
tal
Male
Fem
ale
To
tal
Male
Fem
ale
To
tal
Male
Fem
ale
To
tal
1
Sid
dh
ichara
n
Andheri 741 739 1480 33 54 87 188 431 619 0 0 0 962 1224 2186
2 Barnalu 864 777 1641 32 36 68 248 608 856 0 0 0 1144 1421 2565
3 Baruneswar 1113 988 2101 48 60 108 265 622 887 0 0 0 1426 1670 3096
4 Betini 620 607 1227 18 37 55 193 444 637 0 1 1 831 1089 1920
5 Bigutar 632 556 1188 18 17 35 246 500 746 0 0 0 896 1073 1969
6 Jantarkhani 523 531 1054 20 24 44 135 355 490 0 0 0 678 910 1588
7 Jyamire 671 672 1343 7 12 19 167 452 619 0 0 0 845 1136 1981
8 Okhaldhunga 1961 1692 3653 23 23 46 187 610 797 0 0 0 2171 2325 4496
9 Rumjatar 853 811 1664 15 20 35 228 554 782 0 0 0 1096 1385 2481
10 Salleri 537 587 1124 4 9 13 93 274 367 1 2 3 635 872 1507
11 Taluwa 626 696 1322 7 8 15 146 319 465 0 0 0 779 1023 1802
12 Thulachhap 928 858 1786 38 30 68 281 682 963 1 0 1 1248 1570 2818
Total 10069 9514 19583 263 330 593 2377 5851 8228 2 3 5 12711 15698 28409
Total (%) 35.44 33.49 68.93 0.93 1.16 2.09 8.37 20.60 28.96 0.01 0.01 0.02 44.74 55.26 100
(Source: Population and Housing Census 2011, CBS& GoN, 2017)
IEE of Okhaldhunga – Rumjatar Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Okhaldhunga Page 35
4.3.3. Direct Impact Area
102. The sub-project road is aligned along ward no 4, 5, and 11 of Siddhicharan
Municipality. Thus, these wards are termed as sub-project affected wards of Municipality.
The socioeconomic information of these affected wards is presented in the following sub-
sections.
Demographic Information
103. The total population of sub-project affected wards is 10516, with the male population
(46.65%) slightly lower than female population (53.35%). The male to female ratio is 0.87:1.
The total households of these five affected wards are 2803 with an average household size
of 3.75, please refer Table 31 for detail.
Table 31: Demographic Characteristics of sub-project Affected Wards
S.N Name of
Municipality
Merging VDC No.
of HH
Average
HH Size
Population
Male Female Total
No. % No. %
1 Siddhicharan-11 Okhaldhunga 1358 3.65 2407 48.50 2556 51.50 4963
2 Siddhicharan-5 Barnalu 694 4.10 1283 45.08 1563 54.92 2846
3 Siddhicharan-4 Rumjatar 751 3.60 1216 44.92 1491 55.08 2707
Sub-total (1) 2803 4906 46.65 5610 53.35 10516
Sub Average (1) 3.75
(Source: Population and Housing Census 2011, CBS)
Population by Age Group
104. In sub-project affected wards, the economic active age group (15-59 years)
represents 57.61% of the total population. However, the age group of 15- 44 years (45.28%),
replicates the dominating population of the area. The older age group (above 60 years)
represents only 10.41% of the total population, please refer Table 32 for detail.
IEE of Okhaldhunga – Rumjatar Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Okhaldhunga Page 36
Table 32: Population by Different Age Group in Sub-project Affected Wards
SN Name of
Municipality
Former VDC Age Group
Up to 4 years 5-14 years 15-44 years 45-59 year Above 60 Total
Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Total
1 Siddhicharan-11 Okhaldhunga 236 231 577 543 1135 1293 297 277 162 212 2407 2556 4963
2 Siddhicharan-5 Barnalu 139 142 360 370 496 699 149 194 139 158 1283 1563 2846
3 Siddhicharan-4 Rumjatar 120 106 266 273 465 674 173 206 192 232 1216 1491 2707
Total 495 479 1203 1186 2096 2666 619 677 493 602 4906 5610 10516
% 4.71 4.55 11.44 11.28 19.93 25.35 5.89 6.44 4.69 5.72 46.65 53.35 100
(Source: Population and Housing Census 2011, CBS GoN, 2017)
Caste, Ethnicity and Religion
105. The predominant caste/ethnic groups of the sub-project affected wards district are Chhetree (14.20%), Sherpa (13.08%),
Newar (13.07%), and Brahmin (13.00%), followed by Rai (11.28%), and Gurung (7.86%). The area has mixed rthnicity and
accordingly mixed religious faith. The major religion in the area is Hindu, Buddhist, Kirant etc, please refer Table 33 for detail.
Table 33: Major Ethnic Groups of Sub-project Affected Wards
S.N
Mu
nic
ipa
lity
Me
rgin
g
VD
C
Po
pu
lati
on
Households with Caste/Ethnic Group
Ch
he
tree
Bra
hm
an
Ta
man
g
Da
ma
i/
Dh
oli
Ka
mi
Ma
ga
r
Ne
wa
r
Gh
art
i/
Bh
uje
l B
ah
ing
Sa
rki
Gu
run
g
Ra
i
San
yas
i/
Da
sh
na
Sh
erp
a
Oth
er
To
tal
1 Siddhicharan-11 Okhaldhunga No. 1270 334 382 148 281 153 976 85 103 22 69 627 136 107 270 4963
% 25.59 6.73 7.70 2.98 5.66 3.08 19.67 1.71 2.08 0.44 1.39 12.63 2.74 2.16 5.44 100
2 Siddhicharan-5 Barnalu No. 0 708 12 0 31 0 166 44 0 51 27 353 105 1268 81 2846
% 0 25 0 0 1 0 6 2 0 2 1 12 4 45 3 100
3 Siddhicharan-4 Rumjatar No. 223 325 36 311 133 135 232 134 0 132 731 206 0 0 109 2707
% 8 12 1 11 5 5 9 5 0 5 27 8 0 0 4 100
Total No. 1493 1367 430 459 445 288 1374 263 103 205 827 1186 241 1375 460 10516
% 14.20 13.00 4.09 4.36 4.23 2.74 13.07 2.50 0.98 1.95 7.86 11.28 2.29 13.08 4.37 100
(Source: Population and Housing Census 2011, CBS GoN, 2017)
IEE of Okhaldhunga – Rumjatar Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Okhaldhunga Page 37
Language
106. Nepali and Sherpa are the major languages of the sub-project affected wards, the former being spoken by 62.84% of the total
population and the latter by 11.01% of the total population. Bahing (8.83%) and Rai (3.93%) were the other frequently spoken
languages within the area, please refer Table 34 for detail.
Table 34: Major Languages of Sub-project Affected Wards
S.N. Municipality Nepali Tamang Bahing Magar Sherpa Rai Newar Bhujel Other Total
1 Siddhicharan-11 3419 301 517 89 108 84 48 14 383 4963
2 Siddhicharan-5 1088 0 412 0 1050 147 56 0 93 2846
3 Siddhicharan-4 2101 26 0 65 0 182 14 0 319 2707
Total 6608 327 929 154 1158 413 118 14 795 10516
% 62.8 3.11 8.83 1.5 11 3.93 1.12 0.1 7.56 100
(Source: Population and Housing Census 2011, CBS GoN, 2017)
Drinking Water
107. Majority of the households (94.05%) within the sub-project affected area utilize tap/ piped water for drinking purposes, with
some households relying on uncovered well (kuwa) (4.22%) for the same purpose, please refer Table 35 for detail.
Table 35: Drinking Water Usage in Sub-project Affected Wards
S.N Municipality Households Utilizing Drinking Water Sources
Tap/Piped Uncovered
well/Kuwa
Spout River/
Stream
Covered
well/Kuwa
Tubewell Other Total
No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % No. %
1 Siddhicharan-11 1009 74.30 54 3.98 163 12.00 47 3.46 15 1.10 3 0.22 67 4.93 1358 100
2 Siddhicharan-5 657 94.67 18 2.59 2 0.29 11 1.59 4 0.58 1 0.14 1 0.14 694 100
3 Siddhicharan-4 702 93.48 43 5.73 3 0.40 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 3 0.40 751 100
Total 2368 84.48 115 4.10 168 5.99 58 2.07 19 0.68 4 0.14 71 2.53 2803 100
(Source: Population and Housing Census 2011, CBS GoN, 2017)
IEE of Okhaldhunga – Rumjatar Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Okhaldhunga Page 38
Sanitation
108. 92.26% of the total affected households have access to latrines, with 39.24% of these households having flush toilets and
50.59% having ordinary toilets. 7.74% of the affected households have no access to toilets, please refer Table 36 for detail.
Table 36: Sanitation Status in Sub-project Affected Wards
S. N Municipality Merging
VDC
HHs
without
Toilet
HHs with Toilet Total
Ordinary Flush Others Total
No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % No. %
1 Siddhicharan-11 Okhaldhunga 80 5.89 463 34.09 750 55.23 65 4.79 1278 94.11 1358 100
2 Siddhicharan-5 Barnalu 91 13.11 396 57.06 206 29.68 1 0.14 603 86.89 694 100
3 Siddhicharan-4 Rumjatar 46 6.13 559 74.43 144 19.17 2 0.27 705 93.87 751 100
Total 217 7.74 1418 50.59 1100 39.24 68 2.43 2586 92.26 2803 100
(Source: Population and Housing Census 2011, CBS GoN, 2017)
Energy Used for Cooking
109. 81.56% of the sub-project affected households use firewood as their main fuel source for cooking, while 14.38% of
households use LPG as their main fuel for cooking, please refer Table 37for detail.
Table 37: Fuel Source for Cooking in Sub-project Affected Wards
S.N Municipality Merging
VDC
Households Utilizing Cooking Fuel
Wood/Firewood LP Gas Kerosene Cow Dung Bio Gas Electricity Other Total
No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % No. %
1 Siddhicharan-11 Okhaldhunga 872 64 382 28 26 2 0 0 1 0 0 0 77 6 1358 100
2 Siddhicharan-5 Barnalu 685 99 5 1 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 694 100
3 Siddhicharan-4 Rumjatar 729 97 16 2 3 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 2 0 751 100
Total 2286 81.56 403 14.38 32 1.14 0 0.00 2 0.07 0 0.00 80 2.85 2803 100
(Source: Population and Housing Census 2011, CBS GoN, 2017)
IEE of Okhaldhunga – Rumjatar Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Okhaldhunga Page 39
Energy Used for Lighting
110. Of the entire sub-project affected households, 45.52% rely on electrical energy to fulfil their lighting necessities, while 38.64%
use kerosene, 8.88% use solar panels, and 6.96% use other lighting sources, please refer Table 38 for detail.
Table 38: Energy Source for Lighting in Sub-project Affected Wards
S.N Municipality Merging VDC Households Utilizing Lighting Sources
Electricity Kerosene Solar Bio gas Other Total
No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % No. %
1 Siddhicharan-11 Okhaldhunga 432 31.81 552 40.65 207 15.24 4 0.29 163 12.00 1358 100
2 Siddhicharan-5 Barnalu 278 40.06 384 55.33 29 4.18 2 0.29 1 0.14 694 100
3 Siddhicharan-4 Rumjatar 566 75.37 147 19.57 13 1.73 2 0.27 23 3.06 751 100
Total 1276 45.52 1083 38.64 249 8.88 8 0.29 187 6.67 2803 100
(Source: Population and Housing Census 2011, CBS GoN, 2017)
Literacy
111. 72.92% of the affected population has the ability to read and write, while 1.56% have the ability to only read. On the other
hand, 25.52% of the population is illiterate, please refer Table 39 for detail.
Table 39: Literacy Status in Sub-project Affected Wards
S. N Municipality Can read and write Can read only Can't read and write Literacy not stated Total
Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Total
1 Siddhicharan-11 1961 1692 3653 23 23 46 187 610 797 0 0 0 2171 2325 4496
2 Siddhicharan-5 864 777 1641 32 36 68 248 608 856 0 0 0 1144 1421 2565
3 Siddhicharan-4 853 811 1664 15 20 35 228 554 782 0 0 0 1096 1385 2481
Total 3678 3280 6958 70 79 149 663 1772 2435 0 0 0 4411 5131 9542
Total (%) 38.55 34.37 72.92 0.73 0.83 1.56 6.95 18.57 25.52 0.00 0.00 0.00 46.23 53.77 100
Source: Population and Housing Census 2011, CBS GoN, 2017)
IEE of Okhaldhunga – Rumjatar Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Okhaldhunga Page 40
Educational Attainment
112. Of the population that is literate, 39.82% have attained primary level education, 16.52% have attained lower secondary level
education, 12.11% have attained secondary level education, and 11.60% are SLC graduates. 9.91% have higher secondary
education, while 3.72% and 1.09% have attained graduate and post-graduate level education respectively, please refer Figure 7.
(Source: Population and Housing Census 2011, CBS GoN, 2017)
Figure 7: Educational Attainment Level in sub-project Affected Wards
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
16000
Ma
le
Fe
ma
le
To
tal
Ma
le
Fe
ma
le
To
tal
Ma
le
Fe
ma
le
To
tal
Ma
le
Fe
ma
le
To
tal
Ma
le
Fe
ma
le
To
tal
Ma
le
Fe
ma
le
To
tal
Ma
le
Fe
ma
le
To
tal
Ma
le
Fe
ma
le
To
tal
Ma
le
Fe
ma
le
To
tal
Ma
le
Fe
ma
le
To
tal
Beginner Primary (1-5) Lower Secondary SLC & Equiv. Intermediate Graduate Post Graduate Other Total
Siddhicharan-11 Siddhicharan-5 Siddhicharan-4 Total
IEE of Okhaldhunga – Rumjatar Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Okhaldhunga Page 41
Market Survey
113. Market Survey was conducted in major settlements of the proposed road alignment.
The price list of commodity and other goods were recorded during the survey. The detail of
market survey is presented in Appendix X.
4.3.3.1 Core Project Area
114. The settlements located along the road alignment i.e. sub-project affected
settlements (PAS) are mostly rural, non-uniform and dispersed. Most of the section of road
alignment completely lack settlements.
115. The major settlements located along the road alignment of Okhaldhunga District are
presented in the Table 40 below:
Table 40: Major Settlement located in the Proposed Road of Okhaldhunga District
S.N Name of Settlement District Name of VDC/Municipality and Ward
Number
1 Barnalu Okhaldhunga Siddhicharan-5
2 Sanitar Okhaldhunga Siddhicharan-5
3 Rumjatar Okhaldhunga Siddhicharan-4
(Source: Socioeconomic Field Survey; August, 2017)
Demographic Information
116. The total households and population of PAS(s) of Okhaldhunga District is 1180 and
5650 respectively. The representations of male and female population are 49.29% male and
50.71% female. The average household size of PAS(s) is 4.83, please refer Table 41 for
detail.
Table 41: Household and Population of PAS(s) in Okhaldhunga District
S.N Name of Settlement Households Population HH Size
Male Female Total
No. % No. % No. %
1 Barnalu 150 500 50.00 500 50.00 1000 100.00 6.67
2 Sanitar 230 325 50.00 325 50.00 650 100.00 2.83
3 Rumjatar 800 1960 49.00 2040 51.00 4000 100.00 5.00
Total 1180 2785 49.29 2865 50.71 5650 100.00
Average Household Size 4.83
(Source: Socioeconomic Field Survey; August, 2017)
Caste/Ethnicity
117. In PAS(s) of Okhaldhunga district, the major ethnic/caste groups are Gurung
(41.10%), Brahmin (23.14%) and Damai (10.08%), please refer Table 42 for detail.
IEE of Okhaldhunga – Rumjatar Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Okhaldhunga Page 42
Table 42: Caste and Ethnicity of PAS(s) in Okhaldhunga District S
.N
Nam
e o
f
Sett
lem
en
t Caste and Ethnicity
Ch
hetr
i
Bra
hm
in
Sh
erp
a
Kaam
i
New
ar
Rai
Dam
ai
Gu
run
g
To
tal
No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % No. %
1 Barnalu 0 0.00 0 0.00 105 70.0 4 2.67 30 20.0 8 5.33 3 2.00 0 0.0 150 100
2 Sanitar 0 0.00 210 91.30 4 1.74 8 3.48 0 0.00 2 0.87 6 2.61 0 0.0 230 100
3 Rumjatar 7 0.88 63 7.88 0 0.00 90 11.25 35 4.38 10 1.25 110 13.75 485 60.63 800 100
Total 7 0.59 273 23.14 109 9.24 102 8.64 65 5.51 20 1.69 119 10.08 485 41.10 1180 100
(Source: Socioeconomic Field Survey; August, 2017)
Religion
118. In Okhaldhunga district, majority of households of PAS(s) follow Hinduism (84.79%).
Moreover, the households following Buddhism religion is also significant (13.50%). Few
people (1.71%) follow kirat religion; please refer Table 43 for detail.
Table 43: Religion Followed in PAS(s) in Okhaldhunga District
S.N Name of
Settlement
Religion By Household (Nos.)
Hindu Kirat Buddism Total
1 Barnalu 37 8 105 150
2 Sanitar 214 2 4 220
3 Rumjatar 741 10 49 800
Total (No.) 992 20 158 1170
Total (%) 84.79 1.71 13.50 100
(Source: Socioeconomic Field Survey; August, 2017)
Migration
119. In Okhaldhunga district, majority of households (83.64%) of PAS(s) are living since
generation, 9.75% households are living from last 20-30 years and 5.51% of households
were living from last 20 years. However, 1.10% households have temporarily out-migrated
from village in past few years; please refer Table 44 for detail.
Table 44: Migration Trend in PAS in Okhaldhunga District
S.N Name of
Settlement
Household (No.)
Living from
generation
Living
from 20-30
years
Living
From Last
20 Years
Temporarily
out-migrated in
past few years
Total
1 Barnalu 150 0 0 0 150
2 Sanitar 100 110 15 5 230
3 Rumjatar 737 5 50 8 800
Total 987 115 65 13 1180
Total (%) 83.64 9.75 5.51 1.10 100.00
(Source: Socioeconomic Field Survey; August, 2017)
IEE of Okhaldhunga – Rumjatar Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Okhaldhunga Page 43
Occupation
120. The major occupation of PAS(s) in Okhaldhunga District is agriculture (26.09%).
However majority of (37.43%) of them are student. The other occupations are wage labor
(19.08%), foreign employment (9.88%), service (5.50%), and business (2.02%), please refer
Table 45 for detail.
Table 45: Occupation in Sub-project Affected Settlement of Okhaldhunga District
S.N Name of
Settlement
Occupation of Population (%)
Agriculture Business Service Wage
Labor
Student Foreign
Employment
Total
1 Barnalu 20.00 1.50 4.10 18.60 51.50 4.30 100.00
2 Sanitar 63.69 1.38 3.08 14.15 15.38 2.31 100.00
3 Rumjatar 21.50 2.25 6.25 20.00 37.50 12.50 100.00
Total 26.09 2.02 5.50 19.08 37.43 9.88 100.00
Source: Socioeconomic Field Survey; August, 2017
Note: Infant (Age 0 to 5 years) are not considered for occupation
Livelihood
121. In Okhaldhunga district, majority of households (46.69%) in PAS(s) have sufficient
earning without surplus to fulfill their livelihood. While few households (11.27%) have
sufficient earning with surplus. However, significant households (42.03%) do not have
sufficient earning to fulfill their livelihood; please refer Table 46 for detail.
Table 46: Livelihood Status in PAS of Okhaldhunga District
S.N Name of
Settlement
Earning of Household
Sufficient with
Surplus
Sufficient
without Surplus
Inadequate to meet
Livelihood
Total
Nos. % Nos. % Nos. % Nos. %
1 Barnalu 30 20.00 105 70.00 15 10.00 150 100.00
2 Sanitar 23 10.00 46 20.00 161 70.00 230 100.00
3 Rumjatar 80 10.00 400 50.00 320 40.00 800 100.00
Total 133 11.27 551 46.69 496 42.03 1180 100.00
Source: Socioeconomic Field Survey; August, 2017
Health
122. In Okhaldhunga district, people of PAS(s) visit health post located in their ward of
Municipality for general health treatment. However, in major health treatment, they visit the
district hospital Rumjatar which lies near the sub-project area. Majority of them walk for 5 to
20 minutes to reach the health institutions. Most of the clinics and health posts have average
of 10-20 patient visit every day. Primary level of treatment is conducted in all of the available
IEE of Okhaldhunga – Rumjatar Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Okhaldhunga Page 44
health institution. Medical and District hospital in Rumjatar also provide X-ray and Laboratory
services; please refer Table 47 for detail.
Table 47: Available Health Service in PAS of Okhaldhunga District
S.N Name of
Settlement
Name of
Nearest Health
Institution
Location Distance
or
Duration
No. of
Staff
Members
Available
Services
Incoming
Patients
per day
1 Barnalu Barnalu Sub-
Health Post
Barnalu 5 minutes 8 Primary Level
Treatment
10-15
2 Sanitar Barnalu Sub-
Health Post
Barnalu 15
minutes
8 Primary Level
Treatment
10-15
3 Rumjatar District Hospital Rumjatar 1 km 33 X-Ray,
Laboratory
Services etc.
100
Medical Facility Rumjatar 1 km 2 X-Ray,
Laboratory
Services etc.
20
Source: Socioeconomic Field Survey; August, 2017
123. In Okhaldhunga district, the major diseases reported are fever, common cold &
cough. Most of them also suffer from seasonal illness and minor injuries; please refer Table
48 for detail.
Table 48: Major Disease of PAS of Okhaldhunga District
S.N Name of Settlement Major Disease
1 Barnalu Seasonal iIllnesses and minor injuries
2 Sanitar Seasonal illnesses and minor injuries
3 Rumjatar Fever, cough, cold
Fever, cough, cold
Source: Socioeconomic Field Survey; August, 2017
Solid Waste Management Techniques
124. All the households in the PAS(s) practice composting to the organic waste generated
from their day to day activities. All of the inorganic wastes are burned; please refer Table 49
for detail.
IEE of Okhaldhunga – Rumjatar Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Okhaldhunga Page 45
Table 49: Solid Waste Management Techniques S
.N.
Se
ttle
me
nt
Na
me
Solid Waste Management Techniques
Organic Waste Total Inorganic Waste Total
Co
mp
os
tin
g
Oth
er
Incin
era
tio
n
Op
en
Du
mp
ing
Mu
nic
ipal
Co
lle
cti
on
HH
No
.
%
HH
No
.
%
HH
No
.
%
HH
No
.
%
HH
No
.
%
HH
No
.
%
HH
No
.
%
1 Barnalu 150 100 0 0 150 100 150 100 0 0 0 0 150 100
2 Sanitar 230 100 0 0 230 100 230 100 0 0 0 0 230 100
3 Rumjatar 800 100 0 0 800 100 800 100 0 0 0 0 800 100
Total 1180 100 0 0 1180 100 100 100 0 0 0 0 1180 100
Source: Socioeconomic Field Survey; August, 2017
Education
125. In Okhaldhunga district, the educational standing in PAS(s) comprises of illiterate
(1.9%), Basic (70.86%), Secondary (20.65%) and graduate and above (6.456%); please
refer Table 50 for detail.
Table 50: Educational Status in PAS of Okhaldhunga District
S.N Settlement
Name
No. of Education Level Total
Illiterate Basic (Up
to class 8)
Secondary
(Up to 12)
Graduate
and higher
No. % No. % No. % No. % No. %
1
Barnalu
Males 3 4.6 56 86.15 6 9.23 0 0.00 65 100.0
Females 4 6.2 56 86.15 5 7.69 0 0.00 65 100.0
2
Sanitar
Males 0 0.0 172 85.15 26 12.87 4 1.98 202 100.0
Females 0 0.0 192 77.42 53 21.37 3 1.21 248 100.0
3
Rumjatar
Males 6 3.3 93 51.10 53 29.12 30 16.48 182 100.0
Females 5 3.0 90 53.57 49 29.17 24 14.29 168 100.0
Total 18 1.9 659 70.86 192 20.65 61 6.56 930 100.0
Source: Socioeconomic Field Survey; August, 2017
Note: Infant (Age 0 to 5 years) are not considered for educational status
126. In Okhaldhunga district, the available educational institutions of PAS(s) are from
Basic Level to higher secondary level. Majority of educational institutions are of Basic level.
Students need to walk from 300 meters to 1.5 Kilometers to reach their school; please refer
Table 51 for detail.
IEE of Okhaldhunga – Rumjatar Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Okhaldhunga Page 46
Table 51: Availability and Access to Educational Institutions in PAS(s)
S.N Name of
Settlement
Available
Educational
Institution (Private
/ Government)
Educational
Level
Number
of
Students
Average
Distance in
Km or Time
Taken
(Minute)
Location
1 Barnalu Kalika School Primary 120 1Km
2 Sanitar Rajyalakshmi
Secondary School
Primary and
Secondary
270 300 m Barnalu
Everest English
School
Secondary 190 250 m Barnalu
3 Rumjatar Rumjatar Secondary
School
Secondary 250 1.5 km Rumjatar
Rumjatar Campus Undergarduate 300 1.5 km Rumjatar
Sunrise English
School
Primary 400 1.5 km Rumjatar
Lincoln English
School
Primary 250 1.5 km Rumjatar
Source: Socioeconomic Field Survey; August, 2017
Drinking Water
127. In PAS(s) of Okhaldhunga district, Pipe water supply (82.46%) is the main source of
drinking water. However, majority of households (17.54%) also rely on communal tap for the
purpose of drinking water; please refer Table 52 for detail.
Table 52: Status of Drinking Water in PAS of Okhaldhunga District
SN Name of
Settlement
Household Benefited Total
Communal Tap Pipeline
No. % No. % No. %
1 Barnalu 0 0.00 150 100.00 150 100.00
2 Sanitar 207 90.00 23 10.00 230 100.00
3 Rumjatar 0 0.00 800 100.00 800 100.00
Total 207 17.54 973 82.46 1180 100.00
Source: Socioeconomic Field Survey; August, 2017
Energy Used for Cooking
128. In Okhaldhunga district, majority of households of PAS(s) use firewood (84.15%) for
cooking purpose. Households using LPG for cooking purpose is also significant (13.81%).
Very few of the households (2.03%) also use biogas for the cooking purpose; please refer
Table 53 for detail.
IEE of Okhaldhunga – Rumjatar Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Okhaldhunga Page 47
Table 53: Status of Energy Used for Cooking in PAS of Okhaldhunga District
S.N Name of
Settlement
Household Utilization
Firewood Biogas LPG Total
No. % No. % No. % No. %
1 Barnalu 135 90.00 0 0.00 15 10.00 150 100.00
2 Sanitar 218 94.78 0 0.00 12 5.22 230 100.00
3 Rumjatar 640 80.00 24 3.00 136 17.00 800 100.00
Total 993 84.15 24 2.03 163 13.81 324 100.00
Source: Socioeconomic Field Survey; August, 2017
Energy Used for Lighting
129. In Okhaldhunga district, all (100%) of households of PAS(s) use Electricity for the
lighting purpose; please refer Table 54 for detail.
Table 54: Status of Energy Used for Lighting in PAS of Okhaldhunga District
S.N Name of Settlement Electricity Total
No. % No. %
1 Barnalu 150 100.00 150 100.00
2 Sanitar 230 100.00 230 100.00
3 Rumjatar 800 100.00 800 100.00
Total 1180 100.00 1180 100.00
Source: Socioeconomic Field Survey; August, 2017
Toilets
130. In Okhaldhunga district, the overall households of PAS(s) possess toilet outside their
houses (95.68%); please refer Table 55 for detail.
Table 55: Status of Sanitation Condition in PAS of Okhaldhunga District
S.N Name of Settlement Household with Toilet Type Total
In-house Toilet Out-House
No. % No. % No. %
1 Barnalu 0 0.00 150 100.00 150 100.00
2 Sanitar 0 0.00 230 100.00 230 100.00
3 Rumjatar 0 0.00 800 100.00 800 100.00
Total 0 0.00 1180 100.00 1180 100.00
Source: Socioeconomic Field Survey; August, 2017
Telecommunication
131. In PAS(s) of Okhaldhunga district, there are few (3.98%) landline telecommunication
facilities in PAS of Okhaldhunga district. NTC is the major telecom facility (677.71%) along
with Ncell (17.29%), and very few Sky mobile services, please refer Table 56 for detail.
IEE of Okhaldhunga – Rumjatar Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Okhaldhunga Page 48
Table 56: Status of Telecommunication Facility in PAS of Okhaldhunga District
S.N Name of
Settlement
Telecommunications
Landline NTC N-Cell Sky Total
No. % No. % No. % No. % No. %
1 Barnalu 0 0.00 85 56.67 65 43.33 0 0.00 150 100.00
2 Sanitar 7 3.04 112 48.70 99 43.04 12 5.22 230 100.00
3 Rumjatar 40 5.00 720 90.00 40 5.00 0 0.00 800 100.00
Total 47 3.98 917 77.71 204 17.29 12 1.02 1180
Source: Socioeconomic Field Survey; August, 2017
Economic Activities
132. There are various markets in PAS(s) of Okhaldhunga district. Majority of them are
small markets in Barnalu and Sanitar while one of them are temporary weekly market (Haat
Bazaar) and one are big markets in Rumjatar. Most of the small markets are 300 to 500
meters from the settlement center. While the markets in Rumjatar are 1 to 1.5 kilometers
from the settlement center, please refer Table 57 for detail.
Table 57: Major Market in PAS of Okhaldhunga District
S.N Name of
Settlement
Name of
Bazaars
Type of Bazaar Distance or duration from the
settlement center
1 Barnalu 1 Small 500m
2 Sanitar 1 Small 300m
3 Rumjatar 2 Haat Bazaar (weekly fair) 1.5 km
Big 1 Km
Source: Socioeconomic Field Survey; August, 2017
Industry
133. In PAS(s) of Okhaldhunga district, there are no major industries. The only industry is
of medium scale in Rumjatar, please refer Table 58 for detail.
Table 58: Status of Industry in PAS of Okhaldhunga District
S.N Name of
Settlement
Industry Type
Large Industry (No.) Medium Industry (No.) Small Scale Other
1 Barnalu 0 0 0 0
2 Sanitar 0 0 0 0
3 Rumjatar 0 2 0 0
Total 0 2 0 0
Source: Socioeconomic Field Survey; August, 2017
Refreshment and shops
134. There are 5 hotel and lodges, 35 teashops and 95 ration stores in PAS(s) of
Okhaldhunga district. Other shops include 2 stationery, 8 cosmetics shop, 2 pharmacy, 3
hardware shop, 5 meat-shop and 2 clothing stores; please refer Table 59 for detail.
IEE of Okhaldhunga – Rumjatar Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Okhaldhunga Page 49
Table 59: Status of Refreshment and Shops Facility in PAS of Okhaldhunga District S
.N
Na
me
of
Se
ttle
me
nt
Amenities Type (Nos.)
Ho
tels
an
d
Lo
dg
es
Tea
Sh
op
s
Ra
tio
n S
tore
Sta
tio
nery
Co
sm
eti
cs
Ph
arm
acy
Clo
thin
g
Sto
re
Ha
rdw
are
Me
at
Sh
op
s
To
tal
1 Barnalu 1 5 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 11
2 Sanitar 0 10 10 0 2 0 0 0 0 22
3 Rumjatar 4 20 80 2 6 2 2 3 5 124
Total 5 35 95 2 8 2 2 3 5 157
Source: Socioeconomic Field Survey; August, 2017
Land Value
135. The land price of various PAS(s) varies in PAS(s) of Okhaldhunga district. The land
price is high nearby district capital 'Salleri'. The detail of land price of PAS(s) is presented in
Table 60.
Table 60: Land Price in PAS of Okhaldhunga District
S.N
Name of
Settlement
Land Price (Rs.)
Irrigated
Land (Khet)
in Ropani
Non-
Irrigated
Land in aana
Ghaderi
(Residential
Plot) in aana
Khar
Bari in
aana
Pakha/
Bari in
aana
1 Barnalu - - - - -
2 Sanitar 600,000 45,000 375000 50,000 4,500
3 Rumjatar 600,000 45,000 375000 50,000 4,500
Source: Socioeconomic Field Survey; August, 2017
Financial Institutions
136. All of the financial institutions in the PAS(s) are Shahakari which is 4 in number.
While there are no banks or Laghubitta in the PAS(s) of Okhaldhunga district, please refer
Table 61 for detail.
Table 61: Financial Institutions in PAs
S.N. Settlement
Name
Financial Institutions
Banks Laghubitta Sahakari Total
No. % No. % No. % No. %
1 Barnalu 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 -
2 Sanitar 0 0.00 0 0.00 1 100.00 1 100.00
3 Rumjatar 0 0.00 0 0.00 3 100.00 3 100.00
Total 0 0.00 0 0.00 4 100.00 4 100.00
Source: Socioeconomic Field Survey; August, 2017
IEE of Okhaldhunga – Rumjatar Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Okhaldhunga Page 50
Land Ownership
137. Majority of the households (31.27%) in PAS(s) owe more than 20 ropanis of land.
30.17% HH have 10-20 ropanis of land, 24.49% have 5-10 ropanis while 13.31% have less
than 5 ropanis of land. Very few (0.76%) are landless, please refer Table 62 for detail.
Table 62: Land Ownership Pattern in PAs
S.N. Settlement
Name
Land Ownership Total
> 20
Ropanis
10-20
Ropanis
5-10
Ropanis
Upto 5
Ropanis
No Land
(Sukumbasi)
HH
No.
% HH
No.
% HH
No.
% HH
No.
% HH
No.
% HH
No.
%
1 Barnalu 17 11.33 37 24.67 65 43.33 31 20.67 0 0.00 150 100.00
2 Sanitar 32 13.91 79 34.35 64 27.83 46 20.00 9 3.91 230 100.00
3 Rumjatar 320 40.00 240 30.00 160 20.00 80 10.00 0 0.00 800 100.00
Total 369 31.27 356 30.17 289 24.49 157 13.31 9 0.76 1180 100.00
Source: Socioeconomic Field Survey; August, 2017
Irrigation
138. 5% of the agriculture areas in Rumjatar of PAS(s) has been linked to the irrigation
systems. Rest of all the agricultural areas has not been linked to any of the irrigation system,
please refer Table 63 for detail.
Table 63: Irrigation Facilities in PAs
S.N. Settlement
Name
Irrigation Status
Land with Access to
Irrigation
Land without Access to
Irrigation
% %
1 Barnalu 0 100
2 Sanitar 0 100
3 Rumjatar 5 95
Source: Socioeconomic Field Survey; August, 2017
Crops graph
139. Major Crop species in the PAS(s) are paddy, millet and maize. Wheat. Buckwheat
and Barley are also cultivated in Barnalu village; please refer Table 64 for detail.
Table 64: Cultivation Pattern in PAs
S.N. Settlement Name Major Crops
1 Barnalu Maize, Millet, Paddy, Wheat, Buckwheat, Barley
2 Sanitar Paddy, Millet, Maize
3 Rumjatar Maize, Millet, Paddy
Source: Socioeconomic Field Survey; August, 2017
IEE of Okhaldhunga – Rumjatar Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Okhaldhunga Page 51
Livestock
140. Major livestock in the PAS(s) are cow, goat and buffalo. Chicken and Sheep are also
some of the minor livestock of the PAS(s); please refer Table 65 for detail.
Table 65: Livestock Rearing Practices in PAS
S.N. Settlement Name Major Livestock
1 Barnalu Buffalo, Sheep, Goat, Chicken
2 Sanitar Goat, Buffalo, Cow, Chicken
3 Rumjatar Cow, Goat, Buffalo, Sheep
Source: Socioeconomic Field Survey; August, 2017
Economic Activities
141. Majority of people of PAS(s) of Okhaldhunga District believe that the proposed road
sub-project will enhance business and trade in the district through the export of local
agricultural production and increment of business activities. However Livestock rearing and
Agriculture are other major economic activities; please refer Table 66 for detail.
Table 66: Potential Economic Activities by Road Upgrading in PAS
S.N Name of Settlement Description
1 Barnalu Livestock Rearing
2 Sanitar None
3 Rumjatar Business Growth
Source: Socioeconomic Field Survey; August, 2017
Sites of Historical, Cultural, Archaeological, Religious and Tourism Importance
142. The various sites of historical, cultural, archaeological, religious and tourism
importance in PAS(s) of Okhaldhunga District is presented in Table 67.
Table 67: Historical, Cultural, Archaeological, Religious and Tourism Sites
S.N Name of Settlement Description
1 Barnalu Ganeshkunda, Kalika Devi
2 Sanitar Januka-Jalawa Mandir, Kunjara Mandir, Kalika Mandir
3 Rumjatar Bhagawati Mandir, Kalika Devi, Jalpa, Krishna Mandir,
Mahadev Mandir, Rumjatar Gumba
(Source: Socioeconomic Field Survey; August, 2017)
Social Centers
143. During the road rehabilitation except for the Local School in Sanitar none of the other
social centers were recorded to be affected in the PAS(s), please refer Table 68 for detail.
IEE of Okhaldhunga – Rumjatar Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Okhaldhunga Page 52
Table 68: Social Centers in PAS
S.N. Settlement
Name
No. of
Social
Centres
Name of Social Centre Physical
Status
Affected due to Road
Rehabilitation (Y/N)
1 Barnalu 1 Mahila Samudayik Bhawan Fair N
2
Sanitar
2 Local School Fair Y
Samudayik Ban Bhawan Fair N
3 Rumjatar 0 - - -
Source: Socioeconomic Field Survey; August, 2017
4.3.4. Project Affected Families
144. A detailed socio-economic survey was conducted to investigate affected households
income, food sufficiency, livelihood options, loss of land, structures, trees and other assets.
Of the total 355 affected households, socio-economic survey was carried for 160 households
consisting of 850 populations. The Table 69 provides summary of the affected households.
Table 69: Summary of Affected Households by the Sub-project
SN Variable Count
1 Total Affected HHs 355
2 Absentee HHs 195
3 Interviewed HHs 160
4 Interviewed Population 850
4.1 Male 421
4.2 Female 429
4.3 Average HHs Size 5.3
4.4 Dalit HHs 8
4.5 Janjati HHs 84
4.6 Brahmin/Chettri/ Sanyasi HHs 68
4.7 Women Headed HHs 16
Source: Household Survey, September, 2016
145. 84 janajati households are found as Aps. Out of 46 janajati households Gurungare of
highest proportion 30.95 followed by Rai (22.62), Sherpa (20.24), Newar (15.48), Tamang
(7.48) and Bhujel (7.14). Table 70 shows the details of the Janajati households residing
along the road alignment.
Table 70: Detail of Janajati Households
S. N. Description No of HHs Percentage
1 Gurung 26 30.95
2 Rai 19 22.62
3 Sherpa 17 20.24
4 Newar 13 15.48
5 Tamang 6 7.14
6 Bhujel 3 3.57
Total 84 100.00
Source: Household Survey, September, 2016
IEE of Okhaldhunga – Rumjatar Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Okhaldhunga Page 53
146. Agriculture is the main occupation of the population residing along the road
alignment but it does not contribute much to their total income and food sufficiency. People
in the area grow mostly paddy, potato, millet, barley, wheat and buckwheat. The average
agricultural income of the 355 affected families is NRs 27,740.00 annually and the non-
africultural income of the affected households is NRs 348,650.00 annually. Please refer
Table 71 for detail.
Table 71: Average Income of APs
Annual
Income
(NRs.)
HHs
(No.)
Average
Annual
Agriculture
Income (NRs.)
HHs
(No.)
Average
Annual Non-
agriculture
Income (NRs.)
HHs
(No.)
Average
Annual
Income
(NRs.)
<=12,000 90 27,740.00 0 348,650.00 1 376,390.00
12,000-
25,000
21 12 2
>25,000 49 148 157
Total
Source: Household survey, 2016
147. Similarly, the average food sufficiency of the Aps from their agricultural production is
9.03 months. However, the Aps major income source is the non-agricultural sector which
remains unaffected by the sub-project. The Aps are involved in small business activities like
tea shop, restaurants etc. The other non-agricultural incomes of the interviewed HHs are
foreign jobs, non-agricultural labor etc., please refer Table 72 for detail. The average
landholding of APs is 1.450 ha, detail is given in Table 73.
Table 72: Food Sufficiency of APs
S.N Food Sufficiency Months HHs (No.) Remarks
1 < 3 months 10
2 3-6 months 33
3 6-9 months 21
4 9-12 months 60
5 >12 months 36
Average (months) 9.03
Source: Household survey, 2016
Table 73: Landholding of APs
S.N Food Sufficiency Months HHs (No.) Remarks
1 < 0.5 ha 68
IEE of Okhaldhunga – Rumjatar Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Okhaldhunga Page 54
2 0.5-1 ha 48
3 >0.5 ha 44
Average Land Holding (ha) 1.45
Source: Household survey, 2016
IEE of Okhaldhunga – Rumjatar Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Okhaldhunga Page 55
5. Impacts of Reconstruction Plan Implementation on
Environment
148. The identification and assessment of impacts has been carried out by considering the
proposed proposal activities examined in terms of the construction and operation stage.
Impacts from the proposed road sub-project can be both beneficial as well as adverse. Most
of the identified impacts have been quantified as far as possible. The identified impacts have
been predicted in terms of their magnitude (minor, moderate and high), extent (site specific,
local and regional) and duration (short, medium and long term) and appropriate benefit
enhancement and mitigation measures are given in Chapter 7.
5.1. Beneficial Impacts
5.1.1. Construction Phase
Employment Generation
149. The construction works offers a wide range of works for unskilled, skilled labors.. The
road construction will create of 12,142 skilled and 43,661 unskilled person day’s work. There
will be positive impacts in other economic activities in a chained manner creating other
income generating activities. This is one of the direct, high, short-term and local in nature.
Economic Increment of Local People
150. The amount of money that is injected in the rural economy in the form of wage
earnings and various commercial & economic activities will directly enhance the economic
increment in the sub-project area. The local people of the sub-project area will have
opportunity to sell their agro products (such as milk, eggs, meat, vegetables, fruits, etc) on
better price to the contractors, construction workforce as well as the personnel of sub-project
office. Besides to meet the daily demands of the contractors and construction workforce,
there are possibilities of opening of new tea stalls, restaurants, and consumer good shops.
This impact is direct, low, local and long-term in nature.
Skill Enhancement
151. Although many people in the sub-project area are unskilled at present, the
construction of road is likely to enhance their skills in construction, and large number of
people will get practical or hands on training. This impact is indirect, moderate, local and
long-term in nature.
5.1.2. Operation Phase
152. The construction of road will offer easy, comfortable and quick access to the people
of the sub-project areas to markets and social services. Travelling time will be reduced and
the cost of transportation will be cheaper than present. This is the direct, high, regional
impacts and will have long-term benefits.
Improve Access
153. Construction of road will enhance the access of people to social services, and quick
transportation of goods. Travelling time will be reduced by three times and the cost of
IEE of Okhaldhunga – Rumjatar Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Okhaldhunga Page 56
transportation will be cheaper by around three times. This is the direct, high, regional
impacts and will have long-term impact.
Possible Market Development and Business Promotion
154. New market areas and settlements will develop resulting urbanization and
industrialization of the sub-project area, which will lead to the regional development of the
area. There is increased economic opportunitities and significant growth and extension of
the minor local markets along the road. There will be many non-farm employment
opportunities for the growing urban population especially for occupational caste groups due
to extension of market centre and development of towns. The sub-project will have indirect,
long term, local and high benefits.
Increase in Land Value
155. Upgrading of the road with bituminous standard leads to urbanization growth that
appreciation of land values, particularly near the market and settlement areas. People from
the different village will migrate near the road because of facilities and commercial purpose
which increase the demand of plot land near the road alignment. Increase in the demand will
increase the land value. The impact is indirect, high, local and longterm in nature.
Development of Cottage Industries
156. Majority of the people depend upon agriculture and horticulture. During the time of
the field visit it is observed that there is the practice of traditional cultivation practices
because of the lack of the market. Similarly, Rumjatar being pocket area of orange
production, people of the area has been selling orange to orange contractors in low value
(selling the whole tree randomly) and NRs. 5-10 per piece to individual, which is more
profitable. After completion of upgrading, their economic standard will also grow due to
increase in the commercial farming because of enhanced transportation and market facilities
in district headquater and Rumjatar. The sub-project will have indirect, long term, local and
high benefits.
Increase in Crop Productivity
157. Once the road is in operation, people should have cheaper and improved access to
many inputs such as seeds, chemical fertilizer and technology, leading to increased
agricultural production and diversification. The farmers will be more interested to increase
agricultural production due to market accessibility. Similarly, there will be diversification in
occupational pattern of local people, who are till now mainly dependent on subsistence
farming. The transportation cost is expected to come down heavily for many of the inputs
that are used by farmers in farm and other goods. This is the direct, moderate, regional and
will have long term benefits.
Increase in Sale of Local Products
158. The local product like vegetable, fruits, cashcrops, fruits and livestock products will
be increased almost all the settlement along the road corrider. Due to market accessibility
the local product also take place in local market in reasonable price which preserve time and
money is the motivational factor to the local people. The increase in the product increases in
the sale. This is the direct, moderate, local and will have long term benefits.
IEE of Okhaldhunga – Rumjatar Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Okhaldhunga Page 57
5.2. Adverse Impacts
5.2.1. Construction Phase
Physical Aspects
Change in Land Use
159. The land acquired for the implementation of the sub-project can undergo a long-term
permanent change in the land use. In total 6.940 ha land is needed for upgrading the road,
where as the existing road alignment is found to be 5.450 ha (average 5 to 5.25 m width)
and further 1.490 ha land will be needed. The changes of land use due to the construction
of road are mainly conversion of 0.931 ha agricultural land, 0.026 ha Community Forest
area, 0.127 ha private forest area, 0.395 ha settlement area and 0.010 ha River /Stream
landwill be converted in to the built up area of road changing the total 1.490 ha land.
Similarly, there will be some change in land use due to expansion of roadside settlements.
The impact from changes in land use will be high, direct, local and long term in nature.
Hazards due to Spoil Disposal
160. There is the possibility of landslides and erosion from cutting the road section during
the upgrading process, particularly during monsoon. The common likely problems from
inappropriate disposal of spoils are: gullying and erosion of spoil tips especially when
combined with unmanaged surface water runoff, damage to farm lands, and destruction of
vegetation, crops and property at downhill. The impact from spoil disposal will be direct,
moderate, site specific and long term in nature.
Slope Instability
161. The construction of road on hill slope and terraces will open the new surface may
create land instability and increase the soil erosion. Similarly, the road cut through the
unstable area may lead to the landslide. The baseline study under this study has identified
the problematic areas from the geological point (Table 9). The stability of slopes along the
road corridor depends upon slope angle, the material constituting the slope, rock
discontinuities and hydrological conditions. The likely impact of slope instability and soil
erosion is indirect, moderate, site specific and long term in nature.
Disruption of Natural Water Flow due to Drainage and Cross Drainage Works
162. Roads usually generate large volumes of concentrated surface runoff. The
concentrated water from the road outlet causes erosion and landslide eventually affecting
the stability of the road. The impact will be indirect, moderate, site specific and medium term.
Air Pollution
163. Although the air quality of the sub-project area is not measured, the air does not
appear to be polluted. However, during construction of road, there is a strong possibility of
dust pollution. The dust emission is likely to be intense along the construction site. This may
affect the local people and workers, as well as agricultural crops. Dust may create nuisance
to markets, schools and health posts. Impact on air quality will be direct, low, local and short
term in nature.
IEE of Okhaldhunga – Rumjatar Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Okhaldhunga Page 58
Noise Pollution
164. The sub-project area at present does not experience high level of noise. However,
excavator, bull dozzer and rollers may cause air dust and noise pollution to the workers and
people living in nearby areas. The impact of noise will be direct, low, local and short term in
nature.
Water Pollution
165. The water quality within the sub-project area is not tested. Nevertheless, quality of
water in the water bodies within the sub-project area appears to be fairly good as they are
widely used by households for consumption. The haphazard disposal of various types of
waste generated from construction activities might degrade the water sources. If the proper
sanitary condition is not maintained in the labour camps and work camps, water may be
contaminated resulting in the occurrence of water borne diseases may increase. The impact
will be direct, low, local, short term in nature.
Impact due to Quarrying
166. Construction of the road requires boulders and other types of construction materials.
The extraction of materials from inappropriate places or in excessive amounts can damage
the local environment. The potential adverse impacts of quarrying are accelerated erosion,
landslides, disturbance in natural drainage patterns, water logging and water pollution. The
likely impact from the operation of quarry sites will be direct, low in magnitude, local nature
and short term duration.
Impact due to Camp Sites
167. Domestic wastes (both solid and liquid) will be generated from the construction
camps. The haphazard disposal of such domestic waste in the open land will contaminate
the land, generate foul smell and reduce aesthetic attractiveness of the locality. Moreover,
such haphazard disposal of waste can contaminate water sources. Siting of camp may
cause encroachment of forest, agriculture land, and alteration of drainage and waste water
problems. Impact will be direct, moderate significance, site specific and for short-term.
Construction Equipment Vehicles
168. The contractor based construction will use heavy machineries and tools. The related
negative impacts are increase in air pollution due to emission of smoke and dust, and
increase in vibration due to vehicular movement. The likely impact from the operation of
vehicle and equipment will be direct, high in magnitude, local nature and short term duration.
Use of Bitumen
169. Bitumen is required for black topping which needs heating before using. Contractors
tend to use local fuel wood collected from nearby forest to heat bitumen. Spillage of bitumen
also damage soil productivity. The impact will be direct, high, local and long term.
IEE of Okhaldhunga – Rumjatar Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Okhaldhunga Page 59
Biological Aspects
Loss or Degradation of Forest and Vegetation
170. In total, 0.154 ha of forest (ie. 0.026 ha from CFs &0.127 ha from Private forest) will
be affected due to this sub-project. 78 no. of trees from community forest (56 from Megapata
CF and 22 from Simdhara Pakha CF) and 348 no. of trees from private forest (all total 426
trees) will be necessary to be cut down to clear the formation of the road (Appendix
XII) .The impact on vegetation/forest resources have been considered to be Moderate in
magnitude, site specific in extent and long term in duration.
Pressure in Forest Product
171. Local people and labors and/or their dependents may be involved in collecting, using
and selling the forest products particularly the timber and firewood to meet the cooking
demand of construction camp. As the economic activities increases, the number of tea stall,
restaurants, and lodges will also increase to provide the services to the construction workers
and sub-project staffs. These may require additional quantity of fuel wood and timber.
Moreover, large and small sized timber may be needed for establishment of temporary huts
such that the construction workers might utilize the forest nearby the construction site for
such purpose resulting in the loss of natural forest and vegetation resources. The impact will
be indirect, low, local and long term in nature.
Habitat Fragmentation
172. The forest resources of sub-project area have already been in a degraded and
disturbed condition due to track way opening, settlement development/expansion and
human intervention. The major portion of the road alignment passed through cultivated land.
In case of the forest, majority of forest areas of the road section is private forest comprising
less floral species of the biodiversity significance. However, the construction of the road may
disturb wildlife and bird species present along the road corridor. The movement of labor, use
of construction equipments, and noise during construction may affect the home range of the
fauna. The impact will be indirect, low, local and long term in nature.
Impacts on Endangered, Threatened and Protected Species of Fauna
173. The proposed area is not significant habitat for wildlife and bird species. However,
the construction of road may disturb wildlife and bird species present along the road corridor
due to increased noise level. Some protected wild fauna are in protected list of IUCN and
CITES (Table 12). The impact will be indirect, low, local and short term in nature.
Socio-economic Aspects
Loss or Degradation of Farm Land and Productivity
174. In total 1.326 ha of agricultural land will be acquired for the sub-project. Moreover,
spoil on farm land will also affect the production of agricultural crops. The landholdings of
APs will decrese to 1.44 ha from 1.45 ha, decreasing food sufficiency from 9.03 to 8.8
months. This will also decrease agricultural income of APs from NRs. 27,740.00 to NRs.
27,081.00. The impact is expected to be direct, high in magnitude, local in extent and of long
term in duration.
IEE of Okhaldhunga – Rumjatar Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Okhaldhunga Page 60
Impact on Private Properties
175. Eignt private residence (seven houses and one Hut) along the road corridor will be
affected as given in Appendix XIIIa. The impact will be direct, low, site specific and long
term in nature, please refer Table 74 also.
Table 74: List of APs with Affected Structure
S.N Chainage Name of Owner Address Structure Type
1 0+210 Bhim Kumar
Karki
Siddhicharan Municipality -
11,Ramailo Danda
House
2 0+250 Bhim Kumar
Karki
Siddhicharan Municipality,Ward
No.11,Ramailo Danda
Hut
3 9+563 Khem Prasad
Dahal
Siddhicharan Municipality,Ward
No.13,Kafalbot
House
4 9+430 Hom Kumari
Dahal
Siddhicharan Municipality,Ward
No.13,Kafalbot
House
5 10+280 Mina Dahal Siddhicharan Municipality,Ward
No.13,Kafalbot
House
6 10+345 Saraswoti
Pradhan
Tinkune-4,Rumjatar House
7 10+380 Pudki Shrestha Tinkune-4,Rumjatar House
8 10+700 Lakhman tamang Tinkune-4,Rumjatar House
Source: Household survey, 2016
Impact on Community Infrastructure
176. There is no any Community Infrastructure that will be affected due to this sub-project
along the road alignment.
Impacts on Cultural, Religious and Archeological Sites
177. There are no any cultural, religious and archeological sites that will be affected due to
this sub-project along the road alignment.
Impacts on Occupational Health and Safety
178. During construction phase, the work personnel will be exposed to various health risks
and hazards. The hazards will be notable due to injuries to workers while working in the sub-
project without adequate safety measures and equipment. Typical health hazards can be
encountered during rock cutting, slope cutting, equipment handling, side casting, slope
stabilization etc. Other potential impacts to health are respiratory disease and eye disease
due to exposure to dust.
179. Unsafe water sources and unhygienic conditions (lack of latrines and washing
facilities) bear the risk of additional and often endemic diseases, such as dysentery, diarrhea
and cholera. The impacts are direct, low, short term and local.
IEE of Okhaldhunga – Rumjatar Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Okhaldhunga Page 61
Impact on Public Health and Safety
180. For the sub-project construction works, people from various parts of the sub-project
affected municipalities as well as country will temporarily migrate in the sub-project area.
Moreover, other people looking for business opportunity will also migrate in sub-project area
in various settlements of the road. Both work force and migrating people might be suffering
from several communicable diseases such that their disease could be transmitted to local
people arising threat to community health.
181. The sanitation condition of sub-project area is good with entire households of sub-
project affected settlements possess toilets. However, the environmental degradation in and
around the project site can occur due to poor sanitation practice of construction camp. The
impacts are indirect, low, short term and local.
5.2.2. Operation Phase
Physical Aspects
Road Slope Stability and Management
182. The road follows hilly terrain such that the road construction is executed by making
the cut slopes on hillside. The hill slope along the Road alignment and nearby areas may be
destabilized due to inadequate road cutting, inadequate drainage works, faulty construction,
de-vegetation of the area and monsoon effect. The destabilization of slope may also be
expedited due to human activities in the road neighborhood such as quarrying stones or soil,
build up new houses, animal grazing and irrigated cultivation. The impact will be direct,
moderate, local and long term in nature.
Impact due to Air Pollution
183. During operation period, a number of vehicles will carry out along the road and will
produce air pollutants. This will increase the pollution level of ambient air along the road
corridor. The vehicular movement is not expected to be very high, the overall impact of will
be direct, low, local and long term.
Impact due to Noise Pollution
184. During operation period, a number of vehicles will carry out along the road and will
produce Noise pollutants. This will increase the Noise level along the road corridor. The
impact is not expected to be very high, the overall impact of will be direct, low, local and long
term.
Impact due to Water Pollution
185. Washing of vehicles in natural streams may cause contamination in drinking water
sources. The vehicular movement is not expected to be very high, the overall impact of will
be direct, low, local and long term.
IEE of Okhaldhunga – Rumjatar Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Okhaldhunga Page 62
Biological Aspects
Pressure in Forest Resource
186. Due to easy access, forest areas on the roadside may suffer from human
interference such as trampling; grazing of domestic animals and collection of NTFPs may
hinder natural regeneration and growth of plants. Moreover, there is a possibility of
smuggling of forest products due to easy access and easy transportation facilities. The
impact will be indirect, moderate, local and long term in nature.
Forest Fire
187. With increase human influence in forest area there is the chances of increase forest
fire intensionly and unknownly. The impact will be indirect, low, local and long term in nature.
Disturbance to Wildlife
188. Although the wildlife population is reported low, they may be disturbed due to the
frequent movement of the vehicles. Vehicular flow, horn blowing in the forest area will have
impact on the wildlife and bird species. The impact will be indirect, low, local and long term in
nature.
Illegal Hunting
189. There may occur illegal hunting during operation period by the people from market
areas due to easy accessibility. The impact will be indirect, low, local and long term in
nature.
Impact on Protected Species
190. Protected plants are not reported in this area. But some protected fauna is reported
detail as in (Table 12). The impact will be indirect, low, local and long term in nature.
Socio-economic Aspects
Public Land Encroachment and Ribbon Settlement Development
191. There is possibilityof linear ribbon like settlement growth along the road.Since the
road passes through 2 CF, chances of encroachment of forest land as well as public land is
high. In addition, the settlement growth along the roadside is also likely to increase the
volume of household wastes as well as wastes water on the road. The roadside surface
water may turn into wastewater drain. This may block the drain, which may damage and/or
degrade the road condition thereby demanding high cost for the maintenance and repair.
The impact will be direct, moderate, local and medium term in nature.
Increased Traffic Congestion
192. After the upgrading of road with bituminous standard road, there will be increase in
vehicular movements. The local community will lose their working concentration and can get
disturbed by the high vehicular transportation and traffic jam. Moreover, the community will
get disturbed by the air pollution through vehicular emission as well as by noise pollution due
to vehicular movement and blowing of pressure horns. The impact will be direct, moderate,
local and long term in nature.
IEE of Okhaldhunga – Rumjatar Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Okhaldhunga Page 63
Road Safety
193. Inadequate provisions of road safety measures like road signals, lack of
enforcement of traffic rules, houses built adjoining road within the RoW etc. may invite road
accident, particularly involving children. The impact will be direct, moderate, local and long
term in nature.
5.3. Climate Change Impacts
194. Climate change is an inevitable fact which needs to be considered for future
planning, construction and maintenance of roads located in hilly and mountainous areas.
The need to limit deterioration effects from adverse weather conditions (e.g. prolonged
precipitation, heat stress, freeze-thaw cycle) and damages consequences in case of extreme
events (e.g. embankment failure) is a key factor influencing construction designs Weather
contribution to the ordinary wear & tear of infrastructure and weather disaster risks are
indeed intrinsic parameters for transport system design. Transport conditions are also highly
affected by extreme weather events such as winter storms, ice, and heavy rainfalls.
195. In general, transport can be vulnerable to many different types of weather conditions,
of which, some of them could be exacerbated with climate change. Many of them relate to
extreme weather conditions (e.g. storms, extreme precipitations, and extreme temperatures)
which on their turn may result in severe consequences for the physical environment (e.g.
Floods, landslides, soil erosion) and represent risks for transport infrastructures and
operations.
196. Based on field survey, the study started with an exhaustive list of potential future
impacts for transport (infrastructures/activities), linked to key weather stressors. All modes
and components of the transport system (infrastructures, transport fleet, transportation
operation and transport users) will, to a certain degree, be affected by extreme weather
events. Some of such extreme weather conditions could be exacerbated under future
climate change, thus increasing risks for transport and negatively affecting transport
performance (safety, reliability, cost efficiency). Only few of the potential consequences
could reveal positive (e.g. higher winter temperatures) for more detail refer Appendix II.
IEE of Okhaldhunga – Rumjatar Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Okhaldhunga Page 64
6. Analysis of Alternatives
197. Alternative analysis has been considered as an integral part of IEE study, which
involves an examination of alternative ways of achieving objectives of the proposed sub-
project. The aim of alternative analysis is to reach at a development option, which maximizes
the benefits while minimizing the adverse impacts. The various alternatives to achieve the
sub-project objectives with minimum environmental degradation are discussed in following
sub-sections:
6.1. No Action Alternative
198. This alternative does not allow for the implementation of the Proposal. This
alternative has both beneficial and adverse impacts on the environment. If the proposal is
not implemented, the transportation time and cost for the local people to the district
headquarter and markets and vice versa will continue to remain at present rate and hardship
of people will continue. The no action option will conserve some of the environmental
adverse impacts at the cost of poverty and in accessibility of the people.
6.2. Project Alternatives
199. DLPIU has selected Oakhaldhunga-Rumjatar road sub-project as it provides access
to east part of district. It will be upgrad road constructed by EEAP and through this road it will
be connected eastern part of Okhaldhunga to district headquater and national highway.
There is an airport in Rumjatar but it is not in operating right now. The condition of the airport
is good but the condition of proposed road that link airport site to district headquater
oakhaldhunga is not good. It is necessary to upgrade, hence there is no alternative to
upgrade of the sub-project.
6.3. Alternative Alignment
200. The existing road alignment was finalized and road was opened from a long time with
vehicular operation. Various factors related to geology, hydrology, topography and other
socioeconomic conditions were considered while selecting the existing route in the past.
Thus, considering environmental impact, survey, design and construction cost, serviceability,
etc, the analysis of alternative route only for upgrading purposes is not relevant at the
current context.
6.4. Alternative Design and Construction Approach
201. There are two types of road design approach-conventional and green road approach.
In conventional method, heavy machineries and equipment, explosives, heavy concrete
structures with the application of bituminous surfacing, side drains, bridges and culverts etc.
are extensively involved. On the other hand, labour based, environment friendly and
participatory (LEP) approach or the green road approach focuses to conserve the delicate
mountain ecology through the protection of vegetation cover as means of soil conservation.
202. The road sub-project is proposed for construction through NCB approach by using
local labour and spoil disposal is balanced with cutting and filling as far as possible. There
will be use of excavator, rock breaker, compacter, roller and truck for road construction.
Simple dry stone walls, gabion walls and stone causeways are also used.
IEE of Okhaldhunga – Rumjatar Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Okhaldhunga Page 65
6.5. Alternative Schedule and Process
203. The schedule for construction works will be arranged such that the rainy season as
well as agricultural seasons will be avoided. Working during the agricultural off-season would
be most appropriate, as the local people be involved as constriction workers. The
construction schedule could also be sensitive to the period of utilization of natural drainages
and waterways during irrigation period.
6.6. Alternative Resources
204. The construction materials to be used for the sub-project are boulder for gabion & dry
walls, coarse aggregates of different sizes and fine aggregates for sub-base, base course
and concreting. These materials will be sourced from nearby streams and local hill slopes. In
addition, the reinforcement bars and cement will be used. There are no cost effective
alternatives for the above materials in road construction work. The pavement construction is
intended to be carried out by conventional method, whereas earthwork, construction of
simple structure such as drains, gabion walls etc will be carried out manually. Alternatives of
the selected material will not be carried out manually.
6.7. No Forest Alternative
205. This is an existing road and proposed for rehabilitation and reconstruction passing
through 2 Community Forest. The 6.25 m as formation width of the road is needed, only few
land is necessary for upgrade and few vegetation will be needed to clear. The alignment of
road to avoid forest area is expected to affect larger parcel of private land that increase
compensation and resettlement cost. Additional forest to be affected by the sub-project is
only about 0.154 ha Therefore, no forest alternative has been considered for this road Sub-
project. .
IEE of Okhaldhunga – Rumjatar Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Okhaldhunga Page 66
7. Environmental Impact Augmentation, Mitigation and
Minimization Measures
206. Mitigation refers to the measures that are designed to cope with adverse
consequences and to enhance the positive impacts on the environment as a result of the
sub-project implementation. An effective implementation of benefit maximization measures
and adverse impacts mitigation measures would optimize the benefits expected from the
sub-project and avoid/minimize the adverse impact. The impacts that have been identified,
predicted and evaluated in Chapter 5 have following benefit enhancement and mitigation
measures.
7.1. Mitigation Measures during Pre-construction Phase
207. The mitigation measures adopted during design or pre-construction phases are
preventive in nature and have two basic objectives.
Avoiding costly mitigation measures, and
Increasing awareness amongst the stakeholders for environmental management of road
construction and operation.
7.1.1. Detailed Survey and Design
208. The road design has followed the rural road standards developed by DoLIDAR. The
works will be executed through National Competitive Bidding (NCB) package by the
contractors. Bio-engineering techniques will be applied for stabilization of slopes, which is
sustainable, environmental friendly and can be done by using local resources and
manpower. To improve the transport services for the people living along the road and link
local areas with the main market, acquisition of land would be required.
7.2. Beneficial Impacts and Benefit Augmentation Measures
7.2.1. Construction Phase
Employment Generation
209. Following benefit augmentation measures will be implemented.
Uplifting the socioeconomic condition of the affected people through the life skill training
NRs. 47,070,800.00 will be injected in local economy during the road construction.
Economic Increment of Local People
210. Following benefit augmentation measures will be implemented.
Awareness raising**4 to local entrepreneurs for promoting linkage with cooperatives and
other financial institutions.
Increase in market demand and opportunity
Awareness raising** refers one or two awareness program with budget of 150,000.00 in total and will cover all the topic proposed of awareness as mentioned in mitigation or augmentation activities.
IEE of Okhaldhunga – Rumjatar Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Okhaldhunga Page 67
Skill Enhancement
211. Following benefit augmentation measures will be implemented:
Providing skill training in construction techniques, small engineering structures (masonry
wall construction, netting wires and construction of gabion wall, slope cutting etc.) and
bio-engineering works.
7.2.2. Operation Phase
Improve Access
212. No benefit augmentation measures are planned for this.
Possible Market Development and Business Promotion
213. No benefit augmentation measures are planned for this.
Increase in Land Value
214. No benefit augmentation measures are planned for this.
Development of Cottage Industries
215. No benefit augmentation measures are planned for this.
Increase in Crop Productivity
216. No benefit augmentation measures are planned for this.
Increase in Sale of Local Products
217. No benefit augmentation measures are planned for this.Adverse Impacts and
Mitigation Measures
7.3. Adverse Impacts and Mitigation Measures
7.3.1. Construction Phase
Physical Aspects
Change in Land Use
218. There will be no mitigation measures for the permanent loss of agricultural, forest
land. However, following mitigation measures will be adopted to compensate the loss of land
into built up area.
219. The following mitigation measures will be adopted
Applying additional protective measures (like bio-engineering, toe-wall) that the
remaining land will not be lost due to erosion.
Roadside plantation of trees will be done within corridor of impact to discourage
encroachment of land for settlement to encourage greenery.
IEE of Okhaldhunga – Rumjatar Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Okhaldhunga Page 68
Hazards due to Spoil Disposal
220. The following mitigation measures will be adopted.
Adopting cut and fill balance.
Wherever possible, surplus spoil will be used to fill eroded gullies, quarries and
depressed areas etc.
Top soil will be stored and utilized in farm land
Remaining excess spoils will be disposed in specified tipping sites in a controlled manner
and the tipping sites will be covered by vegetation through bio-engineering techniques
after surplus material is tipped.
Spoils will be disposed on proper location (Ch 8+100 - 9+400).
After the disposal, the site will be provided with proper drainage, vegetation and
adequate protection against erosion.
Necessary toe walls and retaining walls will be provided to protect the disposal of soil.
Spoil management plan will be prepared with strict implementation
Slope Instability
221. Retaining wall will be built to protect slopes from landslide and bioengineering will be
adopted for stabilizing them. Following mitigation measures will be adopted during the
construction of the proposed road and the cost has been included in the sub-project cost.
222. The following mitigation measures will be adopted.
Ensuring minimum cut slope
Selecting cut and fill slope at the correct angle, depending upon the soil type
Re-vegetation of cut and fill slope or exposed areas as soon as possible, by using native
plant species
Adoption of bio-engineering techniques
Ensuring minimum damage of vegetation during construction
No construction work during rainy season
Mass balancing in cut and fill volume
Use of check dams and toe walls before disposing spoils on hill slopes
In case of landslide at Ch 3+325, 3+620, following engineering measure is proposed.
RCC shear wall
Netting with Geo textile
Diversion of Natural Water Flow due to Drainage and Cross Drainage Works
223. The following mitigation measures will be adopted.
Provide adequate and appropriate numbers of drainage structures in order to have
minimum interference with and impact on natural drainage pattern of the area,
Avoid surface water discharge into farmland or risky locations,
Avoid blockage or diversion of natural channels due to construction of road and disposal
of spoils.
IEE of Okhaldhunga – Rumjatar Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Okhaldhunga Page 69
224. Stone Masonry causeways will be constructed at following chainage required to
mitigate the water induced adverse impacts: Nakshari Khola (Ch 1+470) & Pani khane Khola
(7+130), culvert will be constructed in Sisne Khola (Ch 4+380). Besides that drainage and
effective engineering structure will be constructed in proper site.
Air Pollution
225. The following mitigation measures will be adopted.
Use of face masks by workers to minimize impact from dust generation, covering of dust
source.
Plantation of tree along the roadside to act as dust barrier
Noise Pollution
226. The following mitigation measures will be adopted.
Use of ear muffles to lessen noise pollution during rock breaking
Restrict horn near school, Hospital and settlement
Water Pollution
227. The following mitigation measures will be adopted.
Avoiding the disposal of excavated materials in or near water bodies
Construction of toilets in camp sites.
Proper spoil management and restriction in urination and defecation in open areas and
water bodies
Impact due to Quarrying Activities
228. The following mitigation measures will be adopted.
Quarry operation plan will be prepared.
Quarry sites should be legally recognized by the government, confirmation will be made
before any quarry related activites.
After the extraction is completed, the quarry site will be rehabilitated to suit the local
landscape.
Impact due to Camp Site
229. The mitigation measures will be use of local labors; rent local house instead of camp
to keep labors; sitting camp away from productive lands and forest areas. Appropriate camp
sites have been identified at Ch 2+880 and Ch 9+400.
The following mitigation measures will be adopted
Pay compensation for using private farm or lands for storage or camp.
Toilet, water and other basic facilities will be provided to workers.
Waste water and solid waste will be properly managed. Construction material will be
properly stored.
IEE of Okhaldhunga – Rumjatar Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Okhaldhunga Page 70
Construction Equipment Vehicles
230. The following mitigation measures will be adopted.
All equipment/vehicles deployed for construction activities shall be regularly maintained.
All the vehicles deployed for material movement shall be spill proof to the extent
possible.
In any case all material movement routes shall be inspected daily twice to clear off any
accidental spills.
Materials under transportation shall be covered.
Use of Bitumen
231. The following mitigation measures will be adopted.
Appropriate storage of material.
Use of appropriate safety gears to ensure safe health of workers such as masks, boot,
gloves, hat.
Biological Aspects
Loss or Degradation of Forest and Vegetation
232. The following activities are proposed to cut the trees from the forest area during the
road construction.
Forest clearance approval will be obtained from the DFO and MoFSC.
Government procedures such as counting the number of trees to be felled, marking and
measuring wood quantity etc. will be followed.
After approval of tree cutting plan, trees will be felled by CFUG or DFO (for NF)
Forest site clearance for construction will be limited to minimum width of road.
233. According to the Working Procedure to Use National Forest area for National
Priority Projects, 2074 B.S (2017 A.D), the sub-project has to carry out plantation (with
protection for five years) or pay for the plantation and protection cost to the District Forest
Office. Total 78 trees need to be cut down from community forest. So, in total 1,950
seedlings have to be planted for compensatory plantation with estimated cost of NRs.
299,715.00 as given in Appendix XIIa and Table 75. This cost will be provided to CFUGs
through DFO. Location and type of species for the plantation will be selected by the
CFUGs/DFO. However, emphasis will be given to local, multiple use, rare, endangered and
protected species. The forest products from the forest will be used by CFUGs. Likewise, for
the 348 trees to be cut down from the private land plantation at the ratio of 1:1 trees will be
done by the sub-project or the seedling and plantation cost will be provided by the sub-
project . For the plantation, total estimated cost is NRs. 22251.12 as given in Appendix XIIb.
Computation of per plant plantation cost in private land and compensatory
plantation/Community forest is given in Appendix XIIc & d. For the compensatory plantation
in CF, compensatory plantation cost, sample agreement between DFO and DCC/DTO has
been attached in Appendix XIIe. Similalry plantation plan has been given in Appendix XIIf.
Ornamental Plants with minimum height of 5 feet will be planted along the roadside in
IEE of Okhaldhunga – Rumjatar Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Okhaldhunga Page 71
consultation with local people, please refer Appendix XIIf for roadside plantation plan. NRs.
235,000.00 has been allocated for roadside plantation.
Table 75: Compensatory Plantation in Affected CFs
SN Name of the Forest No. of
Trees
Compensatory
Plantation (1:25)
Total Cost
(NRs)
1 Megapatal Community Forest 56 1400
215,180.00
2
SimdharaPakha Community
Forest
22 550 84,535.00
78 1950 299,715.00
Pressure in Forest Product
234. The following mitigation measures will be adopted to reduce the pressure in
Simdhara pakha and Megapatal Community Forest
Awareness programme allocates NRs. 150,000.00 for the construction workers before
the implementation of sub-project.
Prohibit collecting forest product inside the forest area by the workers.
Habitat Fragmentation
235. The following mitigation measures will be adopted.
Construction activities near the forest areas will be done only in day time.
Prohibit to wildlife harassment and poaching by the workers.
Coordination with DFO to control activities like poaching of wild lives by enforcing acts
and regulations strictly.
Awareness programme allocates NRs. 150,000.00 for the construction workers before
the implementation of sub-project
Impacts on Endangered, Threatened and Protected Species of Fauna
236. Following mitigation measures will be adopted inside the Community forest area.
Workers will be actively prohibited from hunting of birds or animals.
Coordination with DFO and Megapatal and Simdhara Pakha CFUG to control the
activities like illegal hunting and poaching by enforcing acts and regulations strictly.
Socio-economic Aspects
Loss or Degradation of Farm Land and Productivity
237. Mitigation measures will be as follows.
NRs. 311,515.00 alloocated fr loss of standing rops and compensation for loss of land
equivalent to NRs. 56,690,222.9 will be provided to AP
IEE of Okhaldhunga – Rumjatar Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Okhaldhunga Page 72
Impact on Private Properties
238. Compensation equivalent to NRs. 20,321,874.16 will be provided to the affected
person for the displacement of houses.
Impact on Community Infrastructure
239. Regarding community structure, no any structures will be affected. Therefore, no
mitigation is required.
Impact on Cultural, Religious and Archeological Sites
240. Regarding community structure, no any structures will be affected. Therefore, no
mitigation is required.
Occupational Health and Safety
241. The following mitigation measures will be adopted.
The workers will be provided with helmets, masks, muffles, vests and goggles and boots
depending on the nature of the construction work.
Drinking water facility and temporary pit latrine will be established to control open
defecation and pollution of water bodies by the workers
First aid box will be kept at work sites.
Group accidental insurance will be done for the workers.
First aid training will be provided to field staff.
Labor camp will have room with proper ventilation and natural light, safe drinkable water,
mosquito net, sanitary facility, and solid waste management.
Kerosene or gas stoves will be supplied to labor camps and use of firewood will be
strictly prohibited.
Public Health and Safety
242. The following mitigation measures will be adopted.
First aid facility will be provided.
Provision of information of signboards, cautionary ribbons and barricades
NRs. 150,000.00 is allocated for awareness raising** training on Public health and safety
7.3.2. Operation Phase
Physical Aspects
Road Slope Stability and Management
243. The following mitigation measures will be adopted.
Rill and gully formations will be regularly monitored and immediately fixed at critical
areas.
Repair and maintenance of the slope protection measures and drainage works.
Minor landslide and mass wasting will be immediately cleared and slope restored with
appropriate technology (bioengineering).
IEE of Okhaldhunga – Rumjatar Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Okhaldhunga Page 73
Impact due to Air Pollution
244. Following mitigation measures will be adopted.
Community and road user awareness programmes will be organized
Plantation will be done near the settlement around school and health post to act as dust
barrier.
Impact due to Noise Pollution
245. Following mitigation measures will be adopted.
Community and road user awareness programmes will be organized
Signboards restricting the use of horns will be erected near health posts, schools and
settlements.
Plantation will be done near the settlement around school and health post to act as noise
barrier.
Impact due to Water Pollution
246. Following mitigation measures will be adopted.
Community and road user awareness programmes will be organized
Vehicle washing in natural streams will be discouraged.
Biological Aspects
Pressure in Forest Resource
247. The following mitigation measures will be adopted to minimize pressure in Simdhara
pakha and Megapatal Community Forest
248. .NRs. 150,000.00 allocated for awareness raising** programmes to educate local
people for conservation of forest resources.
Enforcement of law along with community participation
Forest Fire
249. The following mitigation measures will be adopted.
NRs. 150,000.00 allocated for awareness raising** programmes.
Disturbance to Wildlife
250. Following mitigation measures will be adopted to minimize the above-mentioned
impacts.
Appropriate sign boards will be erected near Megapatal CF and Simdhara Pakha CF,
informing drivers.
Prohibition of blowing horns in the dense forest areas
Potential areas for wildlife crossing
IEE of Okhaldhunga – Rumjatar Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Okhaldhunga Page 74
Maintenance workers will be briefed regularly about the importance of rules and
regulation of DFO in order to make them comply with.
NRs. 150,000.00 allocated for awareness raising** programmes about importance of
biodiversity to the local people, students, and vehicle operators will be conducted to limit
the speed and horn.
Illegal Hunting
251. Following mitigation measures will be adopted to minimize the above-mentioned
impacts.
Strictly implemented rules and regulation to control Illegal Hunting.
Awareness raising** programmes (NRS 150,000.00) about importance of biodiversity to
the local people, student, and Forest user groups.
Impact on Protected Species
252. Following mitigation measures will be adopted to minimize the above-mentioned
impacts.
NRs. 150,000.00 allocated for awareness raising** programmes about importance of
biodiversity and protected species to the local people, students and vehicle operators will
be conducted.
Socio-economic Aspects
Public Land Encroachment and Ribbon Settlement Development
253. The mitigation measures to be adopted include.
NRs. 150,000.00 allocated for awareness raising** programs to regulate settlements
Signboards will be erected notifying about legal prosecution for encroachment within
RoW.
NRs. 235,000.00 is allocated for plantations of trees will be done in the RoW so that it is
not encroached
Increase Traffic Congestion
254. The mitigation measures adopted will be
Required traffic signs will be used along the road.
Applying appropriate traffic rules.
Road Safety Measures
255. The mitigation measures adopted will be
Applying appropriate road safety measures with the help of 3-Es i.e. Engineering,
Enforcement and Education.
Required safety signs will be used along the road such as schools, wildlife crossing area.
NRs. 150,000.00 allocated for awareness raising** on road safety for school student
IEE of Okhaldhunga – Rumjatar Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Okhaldhunga Page 75
7.4. Climate Change Impacts
256. Following climate change adaptation measures will be considered during the
construction and operation of the road.
Likely local effects of climate change will be assessed through observation and
regular monitoring of drainage system, erosion etc.
Adequate and timely maintenance and early warning system will be done.
NRs. 150,000.00 allocated for awareness raising** activities will be conducted about
climate change issues and adaptation and mitigation measures.
IEE of Okhaldhunga – Rumjatar Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Okhaldhunga Page 76
8. Legal Framework and Regulatory Requirements for the
Project
257. GoN has adopted various policies, acts, rules, regulations and guidelines to ensure
the integration of the development and conservation of environment. The policies and
legislative provisions of Nepal that have a direct relevance to proposed sub-project are given
in Table 76. These laws and policies provisions have been duly followed in the IEE process
and proposed mitigation measures.
Table 76: Review of Relevant Acts, Rules, Regulations and Guidelines
A Constitution
The Constitution of Nepal: It has guaranteed every person the right to live in a clean
environment as a fundamental right. As per the constitution, it is also a matter of State
policy to adopt appropriate measures to abolish or mitigate existing or possible adverse
environmental impacts on the nature, environment or biological diversity.
B Plans and Policies
National Reconstruction and Rehabilitation Policy, 2072 B.S (2016 A.D): It has
identified restoration and improvement of access to service and improve environmental
resilience as one of its strategic recovery objectives.
Forest Policy, 2071 B.S (2015 A.D): Plantation is mandatory for environmental friendly
physical infrastructure development along settlement area, road and irrigation canal.
Land Acquisition, Resettlement and Rehabilitation Policy, 2071 B.S (2014 A.D):
This policy has been formulated to strengthen socioeconomic condition of project
affected families with the provision of necessary land acquisition, justifiable
compensation, appropriate resettlement and rehabilitation for the public welfare and
implementation of infrastructure development projects.
Fourteenth Plan, 2073/74-2075/76 B.S: Aimed for economic growth through
infrastructure development, commercialization of agriculture and social development.
Regarding the road transportation, it has aimed to rehabilitate and reconstruct the road
damaged by earthquake. The concept of greenery on either side of road has been
introduced and environmental consideration during construction and maintenance of
road is pointed.
ADB Safeguard Policy Statement, 2009 A.D: ADB’s Safeguard Policy Framework
consists of three operational policies on the Environment, Indigenous people and
Involuntary resettlement. It requires that (i) impacts are identified and assessed early in
the project cycle, (ii) plans to avoid, minimize, mitigate or compensate for the potential
adverse impacts are developed and implemented and (iii) affected people are informed
and consulted during project preparation and implementation.
20 Year Road Plan, 2059 –2079 B.S (2002-2022 A.D): With main objectives of
development of Strategic Road Networks (SRN), the implementation strategies include
all weather road connection to the District Headquarters (DHQ) and provision of road
IEE of Okhaldhunga – Rumjatar Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Okhaldhunga Page 77
linkages from the DHQ to the adjacent road network of the neighboring districts and
countries
Policy Document, Environmental Assessment in the Road Sector of Nepal, 2056
B.S (2000 A.D): It proposes to adopt measures to improve the way of life of the affected
people and safeguard natural surroundings. In case damage is inevitable environmental
assessment should find ways of reducing or compensating for such damage. It
suggested five types of environmental assessment activities like Screening, IEE, EIA
and Monitoring.
National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan, 2014-2020 FY: It is prepared to
provide guiding framework for the management of Nepal’s biodiversity. It has focused on national needs of biodiversity management and conservation, fulfillment of the
international obligations, sustainable use of its components and equitable sharing of
benefits accrued from conservation and utilization of genetic resources. It has a long
term (i.e. 35 years) vision, and includes specific short term (up to 2020) strategies and
priorities for action.
C Acts
Act Relating to Reconstruction of the Earthquake Affected Structures 2072 B.S
(2015 A.D): This act provides for the creation of the NRA for a period of five years
(which may be extended) and defines its functions, duties and powers. It has mandated
NRA for leading and managing the earthquake recovery and reconstruction in Nepal. It
has delegated the NRA the authority to frame rules (Section 30), may make and enforce
necessary guidelines or procedures in order to conduct its business (Section 31).
Solid Waste Management Act, 2068 B.S (2011 A.D): It outlines the duties of local
government to take action to control haphazard waste generation, disposal or collection
and has provisions for various punitive measures against those engaged in activities
detrimental to the intentions of the Act.
Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act, 2057 B.S (2000 A.D): Engaging
children including those who has not attained the age of 14 in risky activities against
his/her will by any means is prohibited. In case any enterprise has to engage a child in
works, an approval has to be obtained from concerned body.
Local Self Governance Act 2055 B.S (1999 A.D): Empowers the local bodies for the
conservation of soil, forest and other natural resources and implements environmental
conservation activities
Forest Act, 2049 B.S (1993 A.D): Requires decision makers to take account of all forest
values, including environmental services and biodiversity, not just the production of
timber and other commodities.
Water Resources Act, 2049 B.S (1992 A.D): It has legal arrangements for determining
beneficial uses of water resources, preventing environment and other hazardous effects
thereof and also keeping water resources free from pollution. It has clearly mentioned
that no one shall pollute water resource by way of using or putting any litter, industrial
wastes, poison, chemical or toxicant to the effect that the pollution tolerance limit of the
IEE of Okhaldhunga – Rumjatar Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Okhaldhunga Page 78
water resource as prescribed.
The Labor Act, 2048 B.S (1992 A.D): Regulates the working environment, deals with
occupational health and safety.
Soil and Watershed Conservation Act (SWCA), 2039 B.S (1982 A.D); It empowers
GoN to declare any area of Nepal as a conserved watershed area, specifying the
borders thereof. The Watershed Conservation Officer (WCO) has the authority to
implement protective infrastructure, vegetation program and regulate agricultural
practices pertinent to soil and watershed conservation. It empowers WCO to prohibit the
commission of any acts that may cause soil-erosion or soil cutting in a land where any of
the acts has been done
Public Roads Act, 2031 B.S (1974 A.D): Act mandates requirement of permission from
the DoR to carry out activities within the limits of the road boundaries and also provision
of notifying the DoR by local governmental offices prior to the start of activities in the
limits of the public roads.
National Park and Wildlife Conservation Act, 2029 B.S (1972 A.D): This act provides
protection to 27 species of mammals, 9 species of birds and three species of reptiles.
Road Board Act, 2058 B.S: It is expedient to make necessary provisions on having the
roads repaired and maintained, making cost effective the expenditures to be incurred in
repairing and maintaining the roads and making transparent and effective the repairing
and maintenance works of the roads.
D Rules and Regulations
Rule Relating to Reconstruction of the Earthquake Affected Structures 2072 B.S
(2016 A.D): It provides the basis for prioritization of reconstruction. More importantly, it
defines functions, duties and rights of the Chief Executive Officer and Secretary of NRA
and District Coordination Committee.
Local Self Governance Rules 2056 B.S (2000 A.D): It provides procedural guidelines
for implementation of the Local Self Governance Act.
Forest Rules, 2051 B.S (1995 A.D): It elaborates legal measures for the conservation
of forests and wildlife and provides procedural guidelines for implementation of the
Forest Act. It stipulates that in case the execution of any project having national priority
in any forest area causes any loss or harm to any local individual or community, the
proponent of the project itself shall bear the amount of compensation to be paid.
Road Board Rule, 2060 B.S: Maintenance of road from routine to emergency, DCC is
responsible for district road. DCC will prepare annual road maintenance plan and
forward it to road board through DoLIDAR and board will prepare annual plan.
Solid Waste Management Act, 2070 B.S: It outlines that every waste generator shall
segregate waste and store separately and hand over to Municipal workers or authorized
waste pickers.
IEE of Okhaldhunga – Rumjatar Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Okhaldhunga Page 79
E Work Procedures, Guidelines, Standards and others
Local Body Restructuring Notice, MoFALD, GON, 2017 A.D: Declaration of the
name, number, boundary, ward’s boundary of 744 Rural Municipality and Municipality
with 481 rural municipalities, 246 municipalities, 13 sub-metropolitan cities, 4
metropolitan cities and dissolve of VDC/DDC.
Working Procedure Related with Environmental Impact Assessment for
Rehabilitation of Earthquake Affected Structures 2072 B.S (2016 A.D) and Second
Amendment, 2074 B.S (2017 A.D): These provide procedural guidelines for
undertaking reconstruction and rehabilitation projects. These include a comprehensive
suite of procedures for different activities like environmental impact assessment, land
acquisition, and public procurement for reconstruction projects (2072 B.S) and grievance
management (2073 B.S). It determines the format of IEE and EIA.
The first amendment has revised the threshold for projects to undergo IEE or EIA. It
prescribes (under Clause 2 of Schedule 1) that upgrading, rehabilitation and
reconstruction and new construction of district, urban and rural road should follow IEE
study and approval.
The Second Amendment has also revised the threshold for projects to undergo IEE or
EIA. It prescribes (under Clause 1 of Schedule 1) 7.5 ha as threshold for screening the
project. Project requiring vegetation clearance for more than 7.5 ha will need to carry
EIA and equal to or less than 7.5 ha need IEE study.
Working Procedure to Use National Forest area for National Priority Projects, 2074
B.S (2017 A.D): Following are the main features:
• EMP/IEE/EIA study is mandatory for obtaining forestry clearance. • Alternative analysis has to be done during feasibility study for avoiding forest area
or if not having minimal loss of vegetation.
• Concerned Ministry has to obtain concurrence from Ministry of Forest and Soil Conservation before approving IEE/EIA
• Provision of compensatory plantation (with protection for five years) at the ratio of
1:25 plants by the project or provide plantation and protection cost to concerned DFO.
Community forest development program guideline (third revision 2071 B.S):
Sustainable and scientific management of forest by the local users including
environment services and facilities for the mitigation of natural calamities, wildlife's and
forest fire
ADB Environmental Assessment and Review Framework (EARF), 2015 A.D for
EEAP: It elaborates environmental legal requirements and procedures according to the
Government of Nepal and Safeguard Policy Statement, 2009 of ADB and guides the
preparation of environmental assessments and environmental management plans.
ADB Resettlement Framework (RF), 2015 A.D for EEAP: It guides the preparation of
resettlement plans by elaborating legal and procedural guidelines according to GoN and
ADP SPS.
IEE of Okhaldhunga – Rumjatar Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Okhaldhunga Page 80
Batabaran Parichhyan - Resource Booklet - 2070 B.S (2013): It provides guidance for
local body to prepare environmental assessment reports of different projects;
construction materials extraction and local roads, on their own.
Environment Friendly Local Governance Framework (EFLG) 2070 B.S (2013 A.D):
This framework is prepared to promote environmental conservation through local
institutions to materialize environment friendly local development concept. There are
different level of environment friendly indicators like basic, advanced and special
indicators at household, tole/settlement, ward, VDC, Municipality and District level. Main
objectives of this framework are as follows:
Mainstreaming the environment, climate change, disaster management issues in
local development planning process.
Making environment friendly local governance mechanism.
Strengthening basic level to make environment friendly sustainable development.
Promoting coordination and cooperation within environment and development.
Strengthening local organization to enhance local ownership for the sustainable
development of environment.
Nepal Rural Road Standard, 2012 A.D: Sets the classification and geometric design
standards for the Local Road Network to be followed by all those involved in the
development of the network, including Users, User Committees, VDCs, DDCs, DTOs,
DoLIDAR and its development partners.
National Adaptation Program of Action, 2068 B.S (2010 A.D): The NAPA has been
instrumental in mainstreaming climate change in development planning. The NAPA has
developed a framework for adaptation programme, and has identified key adaptation
needs, existing adaptation practices and options for developed projects including
infrastructure.
Reference Manual for Environmental and Social Aspects of Integrated Road
Development, 2060 B.S (2003 A.D): Suggests stepwise process of addressing
environmental and social issues alongside the technical, financial and other issues.
Batabaraniya Nirdesika (Nepali), 2057 B.S (2000 A.D): Focuses in the practical
implementation of small rural infrastructures through the minimization of environmental
impacts and outlines simple methods of environmental management in the different
phases of the project cycle. More emphasis is given to prevention rather than cure.
APPROACH for the Development of Agricultural and Rural Roads, 2055 B.S (1999
A.D): Emphasizes labor based technology and environmental friendly, local resource
oriented construction methods to be incorporated actively in rural infrastructure process.
Green Roads in Nepal, Best Practices Report – An Innovative Approach for Rural
Infrastructure Development in the Himalayas and Other Mountainous Regions.
GIZ, 1999 A.D: It focuses on participatory, labor based and environment friendly
technology with proper alignment selection, mass balancing, proper water management,
bioengineering and phased construction.
Environmental Management Guidelines, Geo Environmental and Social Unit, DoR,
IEE of Okhaldhunga – Rumjatar Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Okhaldhunga Page 81
2054 B.S (1997 A.D): It consists of environmental mitigation measures to be
incorporated into DoR projects, procedures for public participation, and socio-economic
consideration. The Environmental Mitigation Measures are broken down into 12
categories or activities and a method for implementation is given for each mitigation
measures including implementation strategies. These environmental mitigation
measures should be used in conjunction with good engineering design, construction and
operation practices. It also suggests considering the various socio-economic issues like
land acquisition and compensation, economic impacts and cultural heritage.
Community forest development program guideline (third revision 2071 B.S):
Sustainable and scientific management of forest by the local users including
environment services and facilities for the mitigation of natural calamities, wildlifes and
forest fire
National Environmental Impact Assessment Guidelines, 2050 B.S (1993 A.D):
Provides guidance to project proponent on integrating environmental mitigation
measures, particularly on the management of quarries, borrow pits and stockpiling of
materials, operation of the work camps, earthworks and slope stabilization, location of
stone crushing plants etc.
F International Conventions
Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora
(CITES), 2053 B.S, amended, 2059 B.S (1973 A.D, amended 1979 A.D): It regulates
international trade in endangered wild flora and fauna with the aim of reducing or
eliminating trade in species whose numbers or conditions suggest that further removal
from their natural habitat would lead to their extinction. It urges parties not to allow trade
in specimen of species included in the CITES Appendices I, II and III with some
exception. As the area holds some CITES listed species, this convention is attracted in
case of their trade.
Convention on Biological Diversity, 2049 B.S (1992): It focuses on the conservation
of biological diversity, the sustainable use of its components and the fair and equitable
sharing of the benefits. It urges parties to introduce appropriate procedures requiring EIA
of the proposed projects that are likely to have significant adverse effects on biological
diversity.
Convention (No. 169) Concerning Indigenous and Tribal People in Independent
Countries, 2046 B.S (1989A.D): The convention provides right to the indigenous and
tribal people to decide their own priorities for the process of development. It mandates
participation in formulations of the plan and programs, decision making regarding
national development. It safeguards rights of the indigenous people in territories
traditionally occupied by them.
IEE of Okhaldhunga – Rumjatar Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Okhaldhunga Page 82
9. Environmental Management Plan
258. The environmental management plan (EMP) is prepared to guide the implementation
of mitigation measures and monitoring requirements. It includes institutions and their roles,
environmental management activities, environmental management organizational structure
and budget for mitigation measures.
9.1. Institutions and Their Roles
259. Different institutions involved in the IEEs and EMP implementation and roles of these
institutions are given in Table 77. The environmental management organizational structure
is given in Figure 8.
Table 77: Institutions and Their Roles
Institution Role Responsibility in the Sub-project
National
Reconstruction
Authority
Executive agency and
concerned IEE approval
authority as per Act Relating to
Reconstruction of the
Earthquake Affected Structure
2015, Rule Relating to
Reconstruction of the
Earthquake Affected Structure
2016 and Working Procedure
Relating to Environemntal
Impact Aassessment for
Reconstruction of Earthquake
Affected Structures, Second
Amendment 2017.
To review and approve IEE Report
Conduct environmental monitoring
from central level.
MoFALD Co-ordination of project
activities with EEAP
Representation in IEE review team
constituted by NRA
Conduct environmental monitoring
from district level.
CLPIU - EEAP Co-ordinationof project activities
from center
Technical Unit to support and
coordinate all activities for
implementation of EEAP.
Review, comment and forward
ToR for IEE and IEE report to ADB
for concurrence and to NRA for
approval.
CISC Support consultant at Central
Level. Technical and management
support to CLPIU-EEAP
Supervises and monitors project
IEE of Okhaldhunga – Rumjatar Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Okhaldhunga Page 83
Institution Role Responsibility in the Sub-project
consultants and contractors.
Implements and monitor
resettlement plans and
IEEs for the relevant sub-project s
and prepares consolidated reports
on these.
Ensures timely and effective
implementation of the
activities set out in the Gender
Equality and Social Inclusion
(GESI) Action Plan.
Prepares progress reports, as
outlined in PAM
DLPIU DLPIU is sub-project
implementing
agency in district
Prepare ToR for IEE and submit
for approval to NRA through
CLPIU
Conduct IEE study, public
consultation and prepare draft IEE
and public disclosure and then
submit for concurrence from ADB
and approval from NRA through
CLPIU
Implement IEE and EMP of sub-
projects and conduct
environmental monitoring and
reporting.
DISC Supporting consultants at
district level Technical and management
support to DLPIU for the
implementation of sub-project
activities in the districts.
Responsible for supervision and
monitoring at field level.
Grievance
Redress
Committee
Support in addressing
grievances caused due to road
construction related to
environment.
Responsible for addressing
grievances due to road
construction which affects their
livelihood.
260. To support for smooth implementation of the sub-project, there are various district
level committees and groups including DLPIU, DISC to support the sub-project.
IEE of Okhaldhunga – Rumjatar Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Okhaldhunga Page 84
Figure 8: Environmental Management Organisation Structure
9.2. Implementation of Benefit Augmentation and Mitigation
Measures
261. The DLPIU will be responsible for the implementation of benefit augmentation and
mitigation measures proposed in IEE report. Various agencies including DISC, local bodies
and concerned governmental line agencies will support DLPIU/CLPIU for the implementation
of mitigation measures. The detail action plan for activities to be carried out to augment
beneficial impacts and reduce/mitigate adverse impact produced from the implementation of
the proposal, and the responsible implementing and supporting agencies are provided in
environmental management plan is presented in Table 78 and 79.
CLPIU-EEAP Environment safeguard focal person
+ GRM-II
CISC Environment Safeguard Unit
(Environment Specialist)
DLPIU CDE Engineers Accountant
+ GRM-I
DISC
Contractor + GRM-I
Government of Nepal
National Reconstruction Authority (NRA) + GRC
Ministry of Federal Affairs & Local/ PCC
ADB, SDC
DFO/ CFUGs
IEE of Okhaldhunga – Rumjatar Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Okhaldhunga Page 85
Table 78: Likely Beneficial Impacts and Augmentation Measures
Activity Effect Related
Beneficial
Impacts
Type of Impact Benefit Augmentation
Measures
Responsible Agencies
Nat Mag Ext Dur Significance Executing Agency Supporting
Agency
Construction Phase
Construction
of road (Earth
excavation,
spoil
disposal, site
clearance)
Employment
Generation
(12,142 skilled
and 43,661
unskilled person
days) and
increase in
income level
Increase in
income level
D H
(60)
LC
(20)
ST
(5)
VS (85) Life skill training for
income generation
activities to improve their
livelihood of the affected
peoples.
NRs. 47,070,800.00 will
be injected as local
economy during the road
construction.
DLPIU CL-PIU
/DISC/CISC
Construction
work & on the
job trainings
Economic
Increment
Increase in
income level
D L
(10)
LC
(20)
LT
(20)
S(50) Awareness rising to local
entrepreneurs for
promoting linkage with
cooperatives and other
financial institutions.
Increase in market
demand and opportunity
DLPIU CL-PIU/
DISC/CISC
Construction
of road & on
the job
trainings
Skill
Enhancement
Increase in
income
generating
activities,
employment
opportunities
IN M
(20)
LC
(20)
LT
(20)
S
(60)
Providing skill training in
construction techniques,
small engineering
structures (masonry wall
construction, netting
wires and construction of
gabion wall, slope
cutting etc.) and bio-
engineering works.
DLPIU DISC
IEE of Okhaldhunga – Rumjatar Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Okhaldhunga Page 86
Activity Effect Related
Beneficial
Impacts
Type of Impact Benefit Augmentation
Measures
Responsible Agencies
Nat Mag Ext Dur Significance Executing Agency Supporting
Agency
Operation Phase
Operation of
Road
Improve Access Saving in travel
time and travel
cost
D H
(60)
R
(60)
LT
(20)
VS
(140)
No benefit augmentation
measures are planned
Municipality Municipality
Operation of
Road
Possible Market
Development
and Business
Promotion
Shifts towards
improved
commercial
agriculture and
increase in non-
agricultural
occupation
IN H
(60)
LC
(20)
LT
(20)
VS
(100)
No benefit augmentation
measures are planned
Municipality Municipality
Operation of
Road
Increase in Land
Value
Improvement in
local economic
condition and
related facilities
IN H
(60)
LC
(20)
LT
(20)
VS
(100)
No benefit augmentation
measures are planned
Municipality Municipality
Operation of
Road
Industrial
Development
Employment
opportunities and
self employee
IN H
(60)
LC
(20)
LT
(20)
VS
(100)
No benefit augmentation
measures are planned
Municipality Municipality
Operation of
Road
Increase in Crop
Productivity
Enhancement in
local economy
D M
(20)
R
(20)
LT
(20)
S
(60)
No benefit augmentation
measures are planned
Municipality DADO
Operation of
Road
Increase in sale
of local products
Shifts towards
improved
agriculture
farming and local
goods production
D M
(20)
LC
(20)
LT
(20)
S
(60)
No benefit augmentation
measures are planned
Municipality DADO
IEE of Okhaldhunga – Rumjatar Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Okhaldhunga Page 87
Table 79 : Likely Adverse Impacts and Proposed Mitigation Measures
Activity Potential Negative
Effects
Related Adverse
Impacts
Type of Impact Mitigation Measures Responsibility for Mitigation
Measure
Nat Mag Ext Dur Executing
Agency
Supporting
Agency
Construction Stage
Physical Environment
Earth
Excavation
Change in land use
0.931 ha cultivated
land & 0.395 ha built
up area
Loss of agricultural
land, production,
loss of property
D H
(60)
LC
(20)
LT
(20)
VS
(100)
Applying additional protective
measures (bio-engineering and toe-
wall) that the remaining land will not
be lost due to erosion.
Contractor
/DLPIU
DISC/CLPIU/ CISC
Hazard due
to Spoil
Disposal
Spoil disposal and
imposed weight of
spoil on fragile slopes
Gully erosion,
landslide, disruption
of road, damage to
farmland, water
pollution etc.
D M
(20)
SS
(10)
LT
(20)
S
(50)
Separation and utilization of top soil
and proper management of spoils
and waste, provision of proper
drainages, toe walls.
The Spoil will be disposed in proper
location(8+100 – 9+400)
Contractor/D
LPIU
DISC/CLPIU/ CISC
Site
clearance,
earth
excavation
Slope Instability at ch
3+325 to 3+365, 3+
620
Erosion, landslide,
loss of property
IN M
(20)
SS
(10)
LT
(20)
S
(50)
Bio-engineering application will be
used to stabilize the slopes.
Necessary slope stabilization
structures will be constructed
DLPIU/
Contactor
DISC/CLPIU /CISC
Construction
of Road
Disruption of natural
water flow due to
drainage and cross
drainage works
Erosion, landslide,
damage to farmland
due to increase in
surface runoff
IN M
(20)
SS
(10)
MT
(10)
S
(50)
Proper drainage structures
(causeways drain) will be
constructed. No blockage or
diversion of natural channels due to
construction of road and spoil
disposal.
DLPIU/
Contactor
DISC/CLPIU/ CISC
Construction
works, spoil
and waste
Air pollution due to
dust from exposed
surface, from
Effect on local
people and workers
health and effect on
D L
(10)
LC
(20)
ST
(5)
INS
(35)
Proper drainage structures
(causeways drain) will be
constructed. No blockage or
DLPIU/
Contactor
DISC/CLPIU/ CISC
IEE of Okhaldhunga – Rumjatar Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Okhaldhunga Page 88
Activity Potential Negative
Effects
Related Adverse
Impacts
Type of Impact Mitigation Measures Responsibility for Mitigation
Measure
Nat Mag Ext Dur Executing
Agency
Supporting
Agency
disposal construction
equipment
agriculture diversion of natural channels due to
construction of road and spoil
disposal.
Noise pollution Disturbance and
annoyance around
school, health posts
and people living in
nearby areas.
D L
(10)
LC
(20)
ST
(5)
INS
(35)
Restrict horn near school, health
posts and settlement area etc.
DLPIU/
Contactor/
Municipality
DISC/CLPIU/ CISC
Water pollution due to
sediment level
Risk of water borne
diseases
D L
(10)
LC
(20)
ST
(5)
INS
(35)
Proper spoil management and
restriction in urination and
defecation in open areas and water
bodies.
DLPIU/
Contactor/
Municipality
DISC/CLPIU /CISC
Quarrying Quarry operation and
its potential effect on
instability, landslide
Water pollution,
damage to farmland,
disturbance in
natural drainage
D L
(10)
LC
(20)
ST
(5)
INS
(35)
Quarry operation plant.
Rehabilitation of quarry sites after
completion of work.
DLPIU/
Contactor
DISC/CLPIU/
CISC
Establish
labor camp
and storage
deposit
Pollution and impact
due to location of
camp sites at the
chainage 2+880 and
9+400
Encroachment of
forest, agriculture
land, solid waste,
and waste water
may cause pollution
D M
(20)
SS
(10)
ST
(5)
INS
(35)
Camp site will be located away from
productive land and forest area.
Local houses will be used as labour
camp rent/compensation will be paid
to land owner of camping area.
DLPIU/
Contactor
DISC/CLPIU/ CISC
Operation of
construction
equipment
Construction
machineries and
tools (Rollers, tippers,
spreader,
water tanker etc.)
Air pollution due to
emission of
smoke, increase in
vibration and
noise pollution
D H
(60)
LC
(20)
ST
(5)
VS
(85)
Equipment/vehicles deployed for
construction
activities shall be regularly
maintained. All the vehicles
deployed for material movement
shall be spill proof to the extent
Contractor
DLPIU/DISC
IEE of Okhaldhunga – Rumjatar Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Okhaldhunga Page 89
Activity Potential Negative
Effects
Related Adverse
Impacts
Type of Impact Mitigation Measures Responsibility for Mitigation
Measure
Nat Mag Ext Dur Executing
Agency
Supporting
Agency
possible.
Bitumen
heating
Spillage of Bitumen decrease in soil
productivity
D H
(60)
LC
(20)
LT
(20)
VS
(100)
Appropriate storage of material Contractor CLPIU/DLPIU
Biological Environment
Clearance of
vegetation
necessary for
road
formation
Loss or Degradation
of Forests and
Vegetation-(0.026 ha
land and 78 trees from
CFs & 0.127 ha and
348 trees from private
forest/land).
N/A D M
(20)
SS
(10)
LT
(10)
S (40) Compensatory plantation of trees
will be done. (348 in private land
and 1950 in CFs), allocated budget
is NRs. 321.966.12 CFUGs/
DLPIU
DFO/DISC/CLPI
U/CISC
Clearance of
vegetation
necessary for
road
formation
Pressure in Forest
Product
Loss of vegetation, IN L
(10)
LC
(20)
LT
(20)
INS
(50)
Use kerosene for heating fuel wood
is prohibited.
NRs. 150,000.00 for Awareness
raising** to the workers.
Contractor/
DLPIU
DFO//DISC/
CLPIU/CISC
Construction
activity
Habitat Fragmentation Disturbance to
wildlife including
birds
IN L
(10)
LC
(20)
LT
(20)
INS
(50)
Work only in day time; no
disturbance to wildlife
NRs. 150,000.00 for Awareness
raising** to the workers.
Contractor/
DLPIU
DFO/CFUGs/
DISC/ CISC
Construction
activity
Impact on Fauna as
listed in CITES, IUCN
and GoN.
Loss of biodiversity IN L
(10)
LC
(20)
ST
(5)
INS
(35)
Prohibiting workers for
hunting/harassing wildlife
DLPIU/
Contractor
DFO/ DLPIU
/CFUGs/DISC
IEE of Okhaldhunga – Rumjatar Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Okhaldhunga Page 90
Activity Potential Negative
Effects
Related Adverse
Impacts
Type of Impact Mitigation Measures Responsibility for Mitigation
Measure
Nat Mag Ext Dur Executing
Agency
Supporting
Agency
Socioeconomic Environment
Acquisition of
land for
maintaining
road width
Loss or Degradation
of Farm Land and
Productivity
Reduced production,
loss of income
D H
(60)
LC
(20)
LT
(20)
VS
(100)
Minimize productive land acquisition
through selection, compensation of
NRs. 56,690,222.90 will be provided
to affected people
DTO/DLPIU CDC5/DISC
CLPIU
Demolition of
structures
along road
Eight Private
residence at ch
0+210, 0+250, 9+563,
9+430, 10+280,
10+345, 10+380 and
10+700 along the road
corridor will be
affected.
Loss of services
provided by these
structures
D L
(10)
SS
(10)
LT
(20)
INS
(40)
Compensation of NRs. 20321874.16
is allocated for affected private
structures and Rehabilitation of
public infrastructure will be done
according to the Resettlement Plan.
DLPIU DISC / CLPIU/
Municipality
Construction
activity
Impact on
Occupational Health
and Safety
Injury, fatal
accidents, outbreak
of epidemics and
diseases, decline in
capacity to work
D L
(10)
SS
(10)
LT
(20)
INS
(40)
First aid facility at sites with health
treatment arrangements, proper
drinking water and toilet facility for
construction workers, safety gears
(helmet, face masks, goggles,
gloves, boots) and accidental
insurance of workers
DLPIU/
Contractor
DLPIU/DISC
Construction
activity
Impact on Public
Health and Safety
Work force and
migrating people
D L
(10)
LC
(20)
ST
(5)
INS
(35)
First aid facility at sites with health
treatment arrangements.
DLPIU/
Contractor
DLPIU/DISC
5The Land Acquisition Guidelines, 1991 specify the establishment of an Acquisition and Construction Committee (also known as Compensation Determination
Committee, “CDC”) for fixing the rate of compensation of private properties to be acquired, consisting of the concerned Chief District Officer (Chair), Land Revenue Officer, representative of the DCC and the Project Manager and others as deemed necessary.
IEE of Okhaldhunga – Rumjatar Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Okhaldhunga Page 91
Activity Potential Negative
Effects
Related Adverse
Impacts
Type of Impact Mitigation Measures Responsibility for Mitigation
Measure
Nat Mag Ext Dur Executing
Agency
Supporting
Agency
might be suffering
from several
communicable
diseases such that
their disease could
be transmitted to
local people arising
threat to community
health
NRs. 150,000.00 is allocated for
Awareness raising** training on
public health and safety
Operation Stage
Physical Environment
Operation of
road
Road Slope Stability
and Management
Slides and slope
failure, Disturbance
to traffic flow,
pollution of water
bodies, impacts on
agriculture land, loss
of vegetation.
D M
(20)
LC
(20)
LT
(20)
S
(60)
Regular maintenance of slope
protection structures and
bioengineering techniques on
slopes.
Municipality Municipality
Operation of
vehicles
Air Pollution
Disturbance to
students, patients,
local people effect to
nearby agriculture
land and settlement
D L
(10)
LC
(20)
LT
(20)
S
(50)
Plantation will be done near the
settlement around school and
health post to act as dust barrier.
Community and road user
awareness programmes will be
organized
Municipality Municipality
IEE of Okhaldhunga – Rumjatar Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Okhaldhunga Page 92
Activity Potential Negative
Effects
Related Adverse
Impacts
Type of Impact Mitigation Measures Responsibility for Mitigation
Measure
Nat Mag Ext Dur Executing
Agency
Supporting
Agency
Operation of
vehicles
Noise Pollution Disturbance to
students, patients,
local people effect to
nearby agriculture
land and settlement
D L
(10)
LC
(20)
LT
(20)
S
(50)
Community awareness, no horn
signs near schools, health posts
Plantation will be done near the
settlement around school and
health post to act as dust barrier.
Water Pollution Community and road user
awareness programmes will be
organized
Restriction on washing of
vehicles in local streams.
Biological Environment
Road
operation
Depletion of Forest
Resources
Loss of timber,
forest resources and
benefits
IN M
(20)
LC
(20)
LT
(20)
S
(60)
NRs. 150,000.00 allocated for
Awareness raising** programmes
for conservation of forest resources,
enforcement of law along with
community participation
Municipality/
CFUGs
DFO/CFUGs
Road
operation
Forest Fire Loss of forest IN L
(10)
LC
(20)
LT
(20)
S
(50)
NRs. 150.000.00 is allocated for
Awareness raising** programmes
Municipality/
CFUGs
DFO/CFUGs
Road
operation
Disturbance to the
Wildlife
Collision of wildlife
with vehicles,
disturbance in their
normal activities
IN L
(10)
LC
(20)
LT
(20)
S
(50)
Warning traffic signal, NRs.
150,000.00 allocated for Awareness
raising** training to drivers to limit
speed and horn use
Municipality/
CFUGs
DFO/CFUGs
Road
operation
Illegal Hunting Depletion of faunal
diversity
IN L
(10)
LC
(20)
LT
(20)
S
(50)
Strictly implemented rules and
regulation to control Illegal Hunting
Awareness raising** programmes
(NRS 150,000.00) about importance
Municipality
/local NGOs
DFO/ CFUGs/
LHFUG
IEE of Okhaldhunga – Rumjatar Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Okhaldhunga Page 93
Activity Potential Negative
Effects
Related Adverse
Impacts
Type of Impact Mitigation Measures Responsibility for Mitigation
Measure
Nat Mag Ext Dur Executing
Agency
Supporting
Agency
of biodiversity to the local people,
student and forest user groups.
Road
operation
Impact on Protected
Species
Possibilities to
impact in protected
fauna due to
increase in human
influence
IN L
(10)
LC
(20)
LT
(20)
S
(50)
Conduct Awareness raising**
programmes(NRs. 150,000.00
allocated), strictly prohibited to enter
the forest area, enforcement of law
Municipality/
CFUGs
DFO/CFUGs
Socioeconomic Environment
Road
operation
Ribbon Settlement
Development along
the road alignment
Encroachment of
RoW, increased
accidents, depletion
of local resources,
water pollution
D M
(20)
LC
(20)
MT
(10)
S
(50)
NRs. 150,000.00 allocated for
Awareness raising** programmes,
enforcement of law, planning of land
development, plantation of trees in
RoW
Municipality DFO/CFUG
Operation of
Road
Increase Traffic
Congestion
delay in traffic
movement, noise
pollution
D M
(20)
LC
(20)
LT
(20)
S
(60)
Manage traffic congestion by
applying appropriate traffic rule
Municipality Municipality
Operation of
Road
Road Safety Increase in
accidents
D M
(20)
LC
(20)
LT
(20)
S
(60)
Appropriate road safety measures,
safety sign boards along the road.
NRs. 150,000.00 for Awareness
raising** program for students.
Municipality Municipality
Note:
Magnitude H= High M= Moderate L= Low (depending on the scale or severity of change.)
Extent R= Regional LC= Local SS= Site specific
Duration LT= Long term (more than 20 years) MT= Medium term (3-20 years) ST= Short term (less than 3 years)
Nature D= Direct; IN= Indirect
Impact upto 44; insignificance (INS) 45-74; significance(S) 75 or greater; very significance (VS)
IEE of Okhaldhunga – Rumjatar Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Okhaldhunga Page 94
9.3. Mitigation Cost for Executing the Environmental
Management Plan
262. The estimated cost for beneficial augmentation measures like awareness raising
program, skill training, promotion of small scale industries, and income generation activities
will be covered by the improved community development and rural livelihood restoration
component of the sub-project. Costs for income generation and awareness programme
activities for Affected Persons (APs) are included in Resettlement Plan. The design and cost
estimate for most of the suggested mitigation measures such as slope stabilization, spoil
disposal, landslide construction will be incorporated in the design and cost estimates.
However clear BoQ will be prepared for supply of face masks, helmets, muffles, accidental
insurance, bioengineering measures, plantation and environmental protection awareness
trainings. Therefore, most of the mitigation measures suggested would be a part of road
design and construction without additional cost. All proposed mitigation measures will be
integrated in the sub-project design so that these measures may automatically form part of
the construction and operational phases of the sub-project.
9.3.1. Environmental Monitoring and Reporting Activities
263. The CLPIU, with the DLPIU will monitor and measure the progress of EMP
implementation. The monitoring activities will be corresponding with the sub-project’s risks and impacts and will be identified in the IEE. In addition to recording information of the work,
deviation of work components from original scope, the CLPIU with the DLPIU will undertake
site inspections and document review to verify compliance with the EMP and progress
toward the final outcome.
264. DSC will submit monthly monitoring and implementation reports to the CLPIU, who
will take follow-up actions, if necessary. CLPIU will submit the quarterly monitoring and semi-
annual monitoring reports to ADB. Sub-project budgets will reflect the costs of monitoring
and reporting requirements. Monitoring reports will be posted in a location accessible to the
public.
265. The CLPIU will document monitoring results, identify the necessary corrective
actions, and reflect them in a corrective action plan. Compliance with loan covenants will be
screened by the executing agency.
266. ADB will review project performance against the executing agency’s commitments as
agreed in the legal documents. The extent of ADB's monitoring and supervision activities will
be commensurate with the project’s risks and impacts. Monitoring and supervising of
environmental safeguards will be integrated into the project performance management
system. ADB will monitor projects on an ongoing basis until a project completion report is
issued. ADB will carry out the following monitoring actions to supervise project
implementation:
Conduct periodic site visits for projects with adverse environmental impacts;
Review the periodic monitoring reports submitted by the executing agency to
ensure that adverse impacts and risks are mitigated as planned and as agreed
with ADB.
IEE of Okhaldhunga – Rumjatar Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Okhaldhunga Page 95
Work with executing agency to rectify to the extent possible any failures to comply
with their safeguard commitments, as covenanted in the legal agreements, and
exercise remedies to re-establish compliance as appropriate; and
Prepare a project completion report that assesses whether the objective and
desired outcomes of the safeguard plans have been achieved, taking into
account the baseline conditions and the results of monitoring.
267. Total cost of environmental monitoring (field visits, observation, review of reports and
report preparation) is estimated NRs. 150,000 as given in Table 80.
Table 80: Environemntal Monitoring Cost
Manpower requirement Duration (days) Rate (NRs) Amount (NRs)
Team Leader/Environmental Specialist 4 4,000 16,000.00
Engineer 2 3,000 6,000.00
Forestry expert 2 3,000 6,000.00
Socio-economist 2 3,000 6,000.00
0Support staff 1 1000 1,000.00
Transportation cost LS 15,000.00
Report preparation LS 15,000.00
Central level monitoring LS 85,000.00
Total 150,000.00
9.3.2. Major Costs for Environmental Safeguard Measures
268. The environmental management cost of this sub-project is 2,430,762.48 and is
summarized in Table 81.
Table 81: Estimate for Environmental Enhancement and Mitigation Measures
SN Particulars Amount
(NRs.)
1.1 Environmental Management Cost
1.1.1 Environmental awareness raising** training 150,000.00
1.1.2 Compensatory plantation & protection cost for trees on CF and
private land
321.966.12
1.1.3 Road side plantation 235,000.00
1.1.4 Road safety and informative signboard 100,000.00
1.1.5 Environmental monitoring cost 150,000.00
Sub-total (i) 635,000.00
1.2 Other environmental cost( included in civil works cost also)
1.2.2 Occupational health and safety (GPA insurance) 887,358.73
1.2.3 Bioengineering works 908,403.75
Sub-total (ii) 1,795,762.48
Total (i+ii) (A) 2,430,762.48
IEE of Okhaldhunga – Rumjatar Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Okhaldhunga Page 96
9.4. Matters to be Monitored while Implementing the Proposal
269. Monitoring of the implementation of environmental protection measures provides a
basis for logical comparison for the predicted and actual impacts of a proposal.
Environmental monitoring will involve the systematic collection of data to determine the
actual environmental impacts of the sub-project, compliance of the sub-project with
regulatory standards, and the degree of implementation and effectiveness of the
environmental protection. Monitoring will be an integral part of the implementation of the
mitigation measures during sub-project construction, and will generate important information.
It will improve the quality of sub-project implementation.
270. The Working Procedure Relating to Environemntal Impact Aassessment for
Reconstruction of Earthquake Affected Structures, Second Amendment 2017 requires a
monitoring plan and indicators, schedules and responsibility be identified in the IEE report.
The National EIA Guidelines for the Forestry sector, 1995 has proposed three stages of the
monitoring i.e. baseline monitoring, compliance monitoring and impact monitoring.
9.4.1. Baseline Monitoring
271. Baseline monitoring helps to update the baseline information collected during
IEE/EIA study when there is a significant time gap between IEE/EIA approval and proposal
implementation. In general, it is carried out if there is a significant time lapse between the
preparation of the IEE report and the construction stage or a change in environmental quality
is noticeable. This sub-project will proceed for construction immediately after the approval of
this IEE report and hence, baseline monitoring is not required for this sub-project.
9.4.2. Compliance Monitoring
272. Compliance monitoring is essential in order to ensure that environmental protection
measures recommended by this study and other requirements set forth during the approval
of the sub-project are complied with. This monitoring is not concerned with determining the
actual effect of the sub-project activities on the environment.
273. The proponent will ensure compliance of activities such as; inclusion of mitigation
measures in the design and tender documents, budget allocation for mitigation measures
and monitoring, compensation arrangements and other compliances spoil disposal, storage
sites, arrangement of construction activities etc.
9.4.3. Impact Monitoring
274. Impact monitoring is generally carried out to assess the effectiveness of the
environmental mitigation measures and provides actual levels of impacts in the field. Hence
an impact monitoring evaluation study is proposed by the end of the sub-project construction
phase or within two years of sub-project implementation. Impact monitoring will focus on
each predicted impact and effectiveness of environmental protection measures. This will
also focus on the stability of slopes; spoil disposal sites, work camps and labour camps,
wastes on the local environment. The utilization of cash compensation to the extent possible,
condition of the forest in the vicinity of the sub-project area, water management, damage to
human facilities, incremental change in production of high value commodities, increase in
IEE of Okhaldhunga – Rumjatar Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Okhaldhunga Page 97
other sources of income, employment generation, road side plantation, social status,
impediment to wildlife movement, etc.
9.5. Monitoring Parameters
275. These would be based on the level of site-specific information or existing data series
and impacts prediction. Efforts will be made to make the indicators measurable and
diagnostic with low natural variability and broad applicability. In this context, the following
physical, biological and social indicators will be monitored during the construction and
operational stages of the sub-project.
9.5.1. Pre-Construction Phase
276. During this phase the Consultant (DISC) bear the main responsibility in ensuring that
the environmental and social safeguard considerations are adequately incorporated in the
Project design and that the respective clauses to address the identified impacts are
sufficiently included in the specifications and work contracts.
9.5.2. Construction Phase
277. In this phase the monitoring focuses on impacts on the environmental and social
setting caused by the ongoing sub-project. This monitoring checks compliance with the
practices, norms, standards and technical solutions prescribed in the design and in the EMP.
The specific monitoring tasks will include
Verify and quantify the ongoing slope protection measures, and propose rectifying
measures as needed;
Verify and quantify the ongoing activities in propose rectifying measures as needed;
Verify and quantify the ongoing/completed tree felling actions;
Verify and quantify the course of any environmental degradation caused, their likely
consequences, and propose corrective measures, including the identification of
responsibilities and costs;
Verify and quantify the effects of disposal of spoil and construction wastes and their
consequences;
Verify and quantify the effects of disruption of natural water courses, drainage work, and
their consequences;
Monitor by utilizing structured checklists and questionnaires, the contractor’s full compliance with the occupational health and safety regulations for the work staff;
Verify and make scheduled proposals for improving the contractor’s and VWRCC efforts in awareness training both for the work forces and the public general in the affected
communities;
Verify and quantify the effects of losses in wildlife, degradation of forests, illegal
extraction of forest products, hunting, wildlife trade and disturbance to wildlife;
Identify and assess the environmental implications on the people’s status of knowledge
and awareness in relation to ongoing education campaigns;
Verify and quantify losses/damage to private property and community facilities;
Verify and quantify losses/damage to cultural properties;
Explore mechanisms to stipulate strict application of the EMP and identify consequences
to be borne by the contractors/BGs in case of non-compliance.
IEE of Okhaldhunga – Rumjatar Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Okhaldhunga Page 98
9.5.3. Operation Phase
278. The specific monitoring tasks in this phase will include:
Assess changes in land-use patterns, development of cottage industries, services and
demographic composition that may be caused by the road development;
Verify and quantify the occurrence of ribbon development, resulting in encroachment and
hindrance of traffic on the road;
Verify all activities for decommissioning work sites and construction to their former
functional stage, as applicable. This refers also propose rectifying measures as needed.
Verify and quantify the adequacy of the executed bio-engineering works for slope
protection and erosion control;
Verify and quantify the adequacy of the drainage structures, functionality of these
structures, shortcomings in maintenance, and possible effects on private and communal
lands, as well as on aquatic resources;
Verify and quantify the course of any environmental degradation caused by sub-project
activities, their likely consequences, and propose corrective measures, including the
identification of responsibilities and costs;
Verify and quantify the effects of disruption of natural water courses, drainage work, and
their consequences;
Verify the success/failure of skill development and job opportunities’ training carried out ; Verify and quantify the effects of losses in wildlife, degradation of forests, illegal
extraction of forest products, hunting, wildlife trade and disturbance to wildlife.
9.6. Monitoring Indicators
279. The monitoring will include specific cause-effect analyses for the impacts observed.
Following Table 82 specifies the set of verifiable indicators that will be used for monitoring.
Table 82: Monitoring Indicators of Okhaldhunga-Rumjatar Road
Monitored Sector Parameters Selected for Monitoring
Soils, Landslides, Erosion, Waste
management Sites
Number, location and extent of slope failures
Cause analysis for slope failure natural/man-made
Area (ha ) of land, forest and properties affected
Number and extent of gully erosions and
pavement failures
Suitability of corrective/bio-engineering measures
Sites and suitability for safe disposal of wastes and
garbage
Bio-engineering Number and plant species selected for bio-
engineering, disaggregated by protective function
Water Pollution, Water
Resources and their uses
Blockage of waterways - extent and secondary
impacts
Water pollution incidents due to unsafe disposal of
waste and spoil
Damage to farm lands
IEE of Okhaldhunga – Rumjatar Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Okhaldhunga Page 99
Monitored Sector Parameters Selected for Monitoring
Air and Noise Level in relation to
traffic volume
Assessment of noise level in site by direct
observation and interview with stakeholders
Visual assessment of dust development at
selected sites/sensitive spots and interview with
local stakeholders
Traffic volume measurements
Road Safety Number and type of road accidents recorded in the
Traffic Police and in local health service centers
Suitability of local road signs
Wildlife/ Habitat Disturbance
Impacts on Forest Resources
Nos and extent of road accidents inflicting wildlife
DFO records of illegal timber extraction and wildlife
trade
Observations and handling of invasive species.
Socio-economic Development
near Road
Number and extent of new settlements /types and
ethnic groups
Number and extent of new businesses
Number and extent of new services and utilities
Resettled Households and
livelihood restoration
Number of HHs resettled
Income situation and opportunities for the
resettlers
Verification of compensation and assistance to
resettlers
Community awareness
programmes relating to
environment protection and
avoidance of social conflicts
Number /schedule of campaigns and number of
beneficiaries
Revision of training agenda & information material
Number of beneficiaries having received
awareness training
280. The following Table 83 identifies the specific compliance monitoring activities.
Phase-wise/chronological details are provided for the methods, schedules, responsible
implementing agency and the responsible monitoring agency. The compliance monitoring
refers primarily to the pre-construction and construction stage of the sub-project. Table 84
details the impact and effect monitoring activities envisaged for this sub-project.
IEE of Okhaldhunga – Rumjatar Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Okhaldhunga Page 100
Table 83: Compliance Monitoring for Okhaldhunga-Rumjatar Road Sub-project
Parameters
/Indicator
Responsible
Implementing
Agency
Verifiable
Indicators
Verification
Methods
Schedule Responsible
Monitoring Agency
Final alignment
selection
DLPIU Incorporation of walkover
recommendations into
alignment selection
process and design
document
Walkthrough along
final road
alignment, verifying
sensitive areas
Initial stage of
preconstruction
phase
DLPIU
Land and property
acquisition and
compensation
DLPIU and CDC
with assistance of
DISC
Cadastral records, land
and properties
acquisition procedures;
verification report
Public consultation,
photos; geo-
referencing
Initial stage pre-
construction phase
DLPIU
Site selection and
preparation of
construction logistics
Contractor Sub-project’s arrangement for
materials storage, and
construction activities
Site observation,
geo-referencing
and photographic
documentation
Beginning of
construction period
DLPIU
Use of local labour,
particularly vulnerable
groups and women
Contractor Local labour, especially
vulnerable groups and
women, use of child
labour
Site observation,
interviews
During the entire
period where labour
work is contracted
DLPIU
Awareness and
orientation training on
road construction to
technicians, and
locally employed
labourers
DLPIU/DISC Training programmes for
skill development,
occupational safety and
environmental protection
associated with road
construction works
Specifications;
training records,
check training
programme
reports, assess
feedback from
participants
Beginning of
construction and
during construction
DLPIU/Municipality
/NGO
IEE of Okhaldhunga – Rumjatar Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Okhaldhunga Page 101
Parameters
/Indicator
Responsible
Implementing
Agency
Verifiable
Indicators
Verification
Methods
Schedule Responsible
Monitoring Agency
Compliance to
occupational health
and safety matters
DISC/Contractor/
DLPIU
Health and safety
regulations, first aid and
medical arrangements,
number and type of
safety equipments such
as mask, helmet, glove,
safety belt, accidental
insurance
Spot checks at
work sites, photos,
accident records,
interviews
Throughout
construction
activities
CLPIU/CISC
Grievance Redress
Mechanism
Contractor/DISC/D
LPIU/CLPIU/CISC
Sub-project
arrangements for the
affected people's
concerns and grievances
about the projects
environmental and social
performance
No of complaints
and grievances
record
During construction CLPIU/DLPIU
Measures to avoid
pressure on forest
and wildlife
DISC/DLPIU Use of firewood or fossil
fuel by construction
crew, events of hunting
and poaching of wildlife
Inspection,
interview with local
people
Once a month
during construction
DFO/CFUGs
Measures to protect
environment from air
& noise pollution
Contractor/
DLPIU/DISC
Dust level and noise
level at work sites, major
settlements and
sensitive spots like
health centres and
schools
Visual observation
and discussion with
residents and
workers
Once in a month
during construction
Municipality/DLPIU
IEE of Okhaldhunga – Rumjatar Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Okhaldhunga Page 102
Parameters
/Indicator
Responsible
Implementing
Agency
Verifiable
Indicators
Verification
Methods
Schedule Responsible
Monitoring Agency
Measures to protect
water bodies from
pollution
Contractor/
DLPIU/DISC
Visual observation,
observation of open
defecation and waste
disposal around water
sources near
construction sites
Site inspection,
interview with local
people
Once in a month
during construction;
upon demand for
testing with field kit
Municipality/DLPIU
Adequate technical
and environmental
supervision
DLPIU Adequate number of
technicians regularly at
site with ability to
implement labour based
road construction
concept
Check number and
type of technicians
available at site,
skill of work carried
out, discussion
Twice a month
during construction
NRA/Mnicipality
Clean up and
reinstatement of the
construction sites
(camps, quarries)
Contractor/DISC/
DLPIU
Decommissioned sites
indicate no
adverse/residual
environmental impacts,
and are rehabilitated to
the satisfaction of the
supervisor and land
owners
Site observation;
comparing photos;
consultation with
land owners and
community based
organizations
At the end of
construction period
Municipality
IEE of Okhaldhunga – Rumjatar Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Okhaldhunga Page 103
Table 84: Impact/Effect Monitoring for Okhaldhunga-Rumjatar Road Sub-project
Parameters
/Indicator
Verifiable Indicators Verification
Methods
Location Schedule Responsible
Implementation and
Monitoring Agency
Slope stability
and
erosion
Inclination, slope failures, causes;
drainage facilities such as catch
drain, side drains and functionality
of cross drainage structures; fresh
gullies and erosion;
success/failure of bio-engineering
solutions
Site observation,
photos
discussion with
people and
technicians
Near steep slopes
and at landslide
areas and sites
Continuously during
construction and
operation
DLPIU during
construction;
District Soil
Conservation Office
during operation
Bio-engineering
of disturbed
slopes
Re-vegetation through bio-
engineering application on
disturbed slope; establishment of
nursery
Site observation;
inspection of
nursery and its
production rate,
photos,
measurements
Cut slope area,
where vegetation
is cleared;
nursery sites
During and at the end
of sub-project
construction
DLPIU
Disposal of
spoils and
construction
wastes
Affected aesthetic value, affected
forest and agriculture land,
initiated land erosion by local
blocked drainage, hazard to
downhill slope residents and
agricultural lands
Site observation
and interviews,
photos, geo-
referencing sites
At specific
locations where
such sites occur
During construction DLPIU
Loss or
degradation of
farmland,
Status of road side land;
production/yield;
status of road side houses; status
Observation, data
collection and
analysis and
Road side land
and houses
During construction DLPIU
IEE of Okhaldhunga – Rumjatar Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Okhaldhunga Page 104
Parameters
/Indicator
Verifiable Indicators Verification
Methods
Location Schedule Responsible
Implementation and
Monitoring Agency
houses and
properties
of standing crop along alignment interview with
stakeholders
Water quality Observation of open defecation
and waste disposal around water
sources near construction sites
Visual observation Local streams During construction;
upon demand for
testing with field kit
DLPIU
Air quality Dust level in ambient air Visual inspection At construction
sites and at
sensitive spots
During construction DLPIU
Forest and
vegetation
Numbers of trees, presence of
ground vegetation, signs of illicit
logging and extraction of NTFPs
Observations,
DFO/CFUGs
records, photos
In and around the
construction sites,
markets
During construction
and
Operation
DLPIU/DFO during
construction;
CFUG's/DFO/Municip
ality during operation
Wildlife Wildlife hunting and poaching by
work force, trade of wildlife, road
accidents inflicting wildlife
Interview with local
people/CFUGs/DFO
and
observations
Forest areas at
roadside
Twice a year during
construction and
routine during
operation
DLPIU/DFO/CFUGs
during construction;
DFO/CFUGs/ during
operation
Change in
economy
Numbers of people employed by
the sub-project during
construction, numbers of women
in work forces
Records kept by the
sub-project
management,
discussion with
stakeholders
Sub-project area Trimester during
construction phase
DLPIU
IEE of Okhaldhunga – Rumjatar Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Okhaldhunga Page 105
Parameters
/Indicator
Verifiable Indicators Verification
Methods
Location Schedule Responsible
Implementation and
Monitoring Agency
Trade and
commerce
Numbers of shops increased or
decreased, rental of houses and
land spaces
Records, interviews,
observations,
photos
Throughout sub-
project area
Once in a year DLPIU/Municipality
Occupational
safety and
hazard
Type and number of accident
occurred during construction;
adequacy of occupational safety
measured provided; compensation
provided in case of fatal accidents
Observations,
photos, spot
checks,
contractors/BGs
and health centre
records interview
with workers
Throughout sub-
project area
During construction DLPIU
Change in socio-
economic
structure
Number and extent of new
settlements/types and ethnic
groups; nos. and extent of new
businesses; nos and extent of new
services and utilities, social
conflicts
Observations,
interview with local
people, DDC, Police
and VDC records
Throughout sub-
project area
During operation DLPIU/Municipality
Ribbon
settlement
Congestions to road users and
nos. of accidents, RoW
encroachment
Records,
observations
Throughout sub-
project area
During operation DLPIU/Municipality
IEE of Okhaldhunga – Rumjatar Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Okhaldhunga Page 106
9.7. Grievance Redress Mechanism
281. The objective the grievance redress mechanism (GRM) is to resolve complaints as
quickly as possible and at the local level through a process of conciliation; and, if that is not
possible, to provide clear and transparent procedures for appeal. A well-defined grievance
redress and resolution mechanism will be established to resolve grievances and complaints
in a timely and satisfactory manner. All affected persons will be made fully aware of their
rights, and the detailed grievance redress procedures will be publicized through an effective
public information campaign. The grievance redress process includes four levels:
282. First level of GRM: The first level and most accessible and immediate contact for
the fastest resolve of grievances are the contractors, and design and supervision consultants
on site. Prior to construction of any works, the CLPIU and DLPIU will ensure local
community meetings are held to notify local residents and businesses of any temporary
disturbances, and to inform them of the sub-project. If a local area committee (LAC) exists in
the area, they should also be informed. If any complaints arise, the contractors, consultants,
and DLPIU can immediately resolve the complaint on site. The CLPIU can also be involved
in grievance redress at this stage. The CLPIU and DLPIU office phone number will be
posted in public areas within the sub-project areas and construction sites. Any person with a
grievance related to the sub-project works can contact the sub-project to file a complaint.
The DLPIU offices will have a safeguards focal person to field and resolve complaints. The
safeguards (environment and resettlement) focal person will document the complaint, and
immediately address and resolve the issue with the contractor within 1-2 days, if the
complaint remains unresolved at the field level. The DLPIU may seek the assistance of the
consultant safeguards specialists (the environmental specialist or social safeguards
specialist) to resolve the issue. The DLPIU safeguards focal person will notify the CLPIU
safeguards focal person that a complaint was received, and whether it was resolved. The
DLPIU safeguards focal person will fully document the following information: (i) name of the
person; (ii) date complaint was received; (iii) nature of complaint; (iv) location, and (v) how
the complaint was resolved.
283. Second level of GRM: if the grievance remain unresolved; the DLPIU will forward
the complaint to the CLPIU safeguards focal person. The person filing the grievance will be
notified by DLPIU safeguards focal person that the grievance was forwarded to the CLPIU
safeguards focal person. The CLPIU will address the grievance. Grievances will be resolved
through continuous interactions with affected persons, and the CLPIU will answer queries
and resolve grievances regarding various issues including environmental or social impacts.
Corrective measures will be under taken at the field level by the CLPIU safeguards focal
person within 7 days. He/she will fully document the following information: (i) name of the
person; (ii) date complaint was received; (iii) nature of complaint; (iv) location and (v) how
the complaint was resolved.
284. Third level of GRM: if the grievance remain unresolved, the PIU’s project director will activate the third level of the GRM by referring the issue (with written documentation) to
a Grievance Redress Committee (GRC) constituted by the EA, which will, based on review
of the grievances, address them in consultation with CLPIU, DLPIU, and affected persons.
The GRC will consist of EA leadership, affected persons, and local area committee, among
others—determined to provide impartial, balanced views on any issues. The GRC should
IEE of Okhaldhunga – Rumjatar Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Okhaldhunga Page 107
consist of at least five persons. A hearing will be called with the GRC, if necessary, where
the affected person can present his/her concern and issues. The process will promote
conflict resolution through mediation. The GRC will meet as necessary when there are
grievances to be addressed. The GRC will suggest corrective measures at the field level and
assign clear responsibilities for implementing its decision within 15 days. The functions of the
GRC are as follows: (i) to provide support to affected persons on problems arising from
environmental or social disruption, asset acquisition (where required), and eligibility for
entitlements compensation, and assistance; (ii) to record grievances of affected persons,
categorize and prioritize them, and provide solutions within 15 days; and (iii) to report to the
aggrieved parties developments regarding their grievances and decisions of the GRC.
285. Fourth level of GRM: In the event that a grievance is not addressed by the
contractor, DISC, CLPIU, DLPIU or GRC, the affected person can seek legal redress of the
grievance in the appropriate courts, the fourth level of the GRM, which is the formal legal
court system. The GRM however does not prevent affected persons from seeking legal
redress at any time. The grievance redress mechanism and procedure is depicted in Figure
9 below.
Note: CLPIU- Central Level Project Implementation unit, DLPIU- District Level Project Implementation Unit, DSC-
Design and Supervision Consultant, CISC- Central Implementation Support Consultant, DISC- District
Implementation Support Consultant
Figure 9: Flow Diagram for Grievance Redress Mechanism
286. Safeguard monitoring reports will include the following aspects pertaining to progress
on grievances: (i) number of cases registered with the GRC, level of jurisdiction (first,
second, and third levels), number of hearings held, decisions made, and the status of
Grievance
2ndLevelGrievance
3rdLevelGrievance
1st Level Grievance
First Level: Contractor,
DISC, DLPIU
CLPIU, CISC
4thLevelGrievance
Grievance Redressed Committee
Grievance Redressed
Grievance Redressed
Grievance Redressed
Higher Authority/Court
of Law
Not redressed
Not redressed
Not redressed
1-2 days
7 days
15 days
IEE of Okhaldhunga – Rumjatar Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Okhaldhunga Page 108
pending cases; and (ii) lists of cases in process and already decided upon may be prepared
with details such as affected person, date of notice, date of application, date of hearing,
decisions, remarks, actions taken to resolve issues, and status of grievance (i.e. open,
closed, pending).
287. All costs involved in resolving the complaints (meetings, consultations,
communication and reporting / information dissemination) will be borne by the sub-project
288. ADB’s accountability mechanism will also be explained to affected households.
IEE of Okhaldhunga – Rumjatar Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Okhaldhunga Page 109
10. Conclusions and Recommendation
289. The IEE study of the proposed Okhaldhunga-Rumjatar sub-project does not pass
through any environmentally sensitive areas and has minimal adverse impacts. Most of the
adverse impacts predicted are of low significance and short term, as well as of reversible
nature. The beneficial impacts that come with the facility of access to market centers and the
location of social services will enhance the productivity of the area and improve the quality of
life of the people. In addition, local people will get direct employment as workers, which will
contribute significantly to improving their livelihood. These benefits from the implementation
of the proposed road sub-project are more significant and long term in nature compared to
the adverse impacts, most of which can be mitigated or avoided. Relevant issues raised
during public consultation have also been addressed in the mitigation measures.
290. The sub-project attracts clause 1 and 2 of schedule 1 pertaining to section 3 Working
Procedure Relating to Environemntal Impact Aassessment for Reconstruction of Earthquake
Affected Structures, 2016 (Second Amendment 2017). Also, the IEE has shown that none of
the anticipated environmental impacts of constructing the proposed road are significant
enough to need a detailed follow-up EIA.
291. The proposed road sub-project is recommended for implementation with
incorporation of mitigation measures and the environmental management plan.
IEE of Okhaldhunga – Rumjatar Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Okhaldhunga Page 110
References
Asian Development Bank. (2009). Safeguard Policy Statement. Manila: ADB.
Department of Road. (2007). Environmental and Social Management Framework, a
guideline to the environmental and social issues associated with new road
construction and upgrading. Kathmandu: Ministry of the Physical Planning and
Works.
Asian Development Bank. (2015). Earthquake Emergency Assistance Project: Resettlement
Framework:. Manila: ADB.
Asian Development Bank. (2015). Environmental Assessment and Review Framework:
Earthquake Emergency Assistant Project. Manila: ADB.
Central Bureau of Statistics. (2011). National Population and housing census. Kathmandu:
CBS.
Department of Road. (2003). Reference manual for the Environmental and Social aspects of
the Integrated Road Development. Kathmandu: Ministry of Physical Planning and
Works.
Dhital, MR. (2015). Geology of Nepal Himalaya, Regional Geology Reviews. Switzerland:
Springer International Publishing.
Dobremez, J. (1976). Nepal Ecologie et Biogeography. Paris, France: Editions du Centre
national de la Recherche Scientifique.
Ministry of Law, Justice and Parliamentary Affairs. (1992). Water Resources Act.
Kathmandu: Law Books Management Board.
Ministry of Law, Justice and Parliamentary Affairs. (1993). Water Resources Regulation.
Kathmandu: Law Books Management Board.
Ministry of Law, Justice and Parliamentary Affairs. (1999). Local Self Governance Act.
Kathmandu: Law Books Management Board.
Ministry of Law, Justice and Parliamentary Affairs. (2000). Local Self-Governance
Regulations. Kathmandu: Law Books Management Board.
Ministry of Law, Justice and Parliamentary Affairs. (2011). Solid Waste Management and
Resource Mobilization Act. Kathmandu: Law Books Management Board.
Ministry of Law, Justice and Parliamentary Affairs. (2012). Solid Waste Management and
Resource Mobilization Regulation. Kathmandu: Law Books Management Board.
Ministry of Law, Justice and Parliamentary Affairs. (2015). Constitution of Nepal 2072.
Kathmandu: Law Books Management Board.
NRA. (2016). Grievance Management Procedure for Reconstruction of Earthquake Affected
Structures. Kathmandu: National Reconstruction Authority.
Upreti, B. K. (2003). Safeguarding the resources Environmental Impact Assessment process
and Practice. Kathmandu.
IEE of Okhaldhunga – Rumjatar Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Okhaldhunga Page 111
APPENDICES
IEE of Okhaldhunga – Rumjatar Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Okhaldhunga Page 112
Appendix I: Approved ToR for IEE Study
IEE of Okhaldhunga – Rumjatar Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Okhaldhunga Page 113
IEE of Okhaldhunga – Rumjatar Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Okhaldhunga Page 114
IEE of Okhaldhunga – Rumjatar Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Okhaldhunga Page 115
IEE of Okhaldhunga – Rumjatar Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Okhaldhunga Page 116
IEE of Okhaldhunga – Rumjatar Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Okhaldhunga Page 117
IEE of Okhaldhunga – Rumjatar Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Okhaldhunga Page 118
IEE of Okhaldhunga – Rumjatar Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Okhaldhunga Page 119
IEE of Okhaldhunga – Rumjatar Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Okhaldhunga Page 120
IEE of Okhaldhunga – Rumjatar Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Okhaldhunga Page 121
IEE of Okhaldhunga – Rumjatar Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Okhaldhunga Page 122
IEE of Okhaldhunga – Rumjatar Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Okhaldhunga Page 123
IEE of Okhaldhunga – Rumjatar Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Okhaldhunga Page 124
IEE of Okhaldhunga – Rumjatar Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Okhaldhunga Page 125
Appendix II: Climate Change Checklist
Checklist for Preliminary Climate Risk Screening
Screening Questions Score Remarks
Location
and Design
of Project
Is siting and/or routing of the project
(or its components) likely to be
affected by climate conditions
including extreme weather-related
events such as floods, droughts,
storms, landslides?
1 There are landslide-
prone areas at specific
places along the entire
length of the road. These
slopes may be risky
during months of
incessant rainfall.
Would the project design (e.g. the
clearance for bridges) need to
consider any hydro-meteorological
parameters (e.g. sea-level, peak
river flow, reliable water level, peak
wind speed etc.)?
1 Even during months of
heavy downpour, the
rivers are unlikely to be
inundated, which
reduces the risk to some
extent.
Materials
and
Maintenance
Would weather, current and likely
future climate conditions (e.g.
prevailing humidity level,
temperature contrast between hot
summer days and cold winter days,
exposure to wind and humidity,
hydro-meteorological parameters)
likely affect the selection of project
inputs over the life of project outputs
(e.g. construction materials)?
0 Steel and RCC
structures will seldom be
used during construction.
Therefore, the
contraction and
expansion of such
materials can be
discounted. Even during
extreme conditions such
as thick fog and heavy
rainfall, construction
materials are not under
any major threat of
disintegration.
Would weather, current and likely
future climate conditions and related
extreme events likely affect the
maintenance (scheduling and cost)
of project output(s)?
1 Maintenance, being a
manual job, will be
difficult during weather
extremes such as
soaring mid-summer
temperatures and sub-
zero winter
temperatures.
Performance Would weather/climate conditions 1 Even if high quality
Project Title: Earthquake Emergency Response Program (EEAP) Sub-Project Sector: Sub-Sector: Division/Department:
IEE of Okhaldhunga – Rumjatar Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Okhaldhunga Page 126
of Project
Output(s)
and related extreme weather events
likely affect the performance (e.g.
annual power production) of project
output(s) (e.g. hydropower
generation facilities) throughout their
design lifetime?
control is achieved, the
performance of the road
will likely be affected due
to fluctuating weather
phenomena.
Options for answers and corresponding score are provided below:
Response Score
Likely Not 0
Likely 1
Very Likely 2
Responses when added that provide a score of 0 will be considered low risk project. If adding all responses will result to a score of 1-4 and that no score of 2 was given to any single response, the project will be assigned a medium risk category. A total score of 5 or more (which include providing a score of 1 in all responses) or a 2 in any single response will be categorized as high risk project.
Result of Initial Screening (Low, Medium, High):Medium
Other comments:
Prepared by: ______________________________________________
1
If possible, provide details on the sensitivity of project components to climate conditions, such as how
climate parameters are considered indesign standards for infrastructure components, how changes in
key climate parameters and sea level might affect the siting/routing of project, the selection of
construction material and/or scheduling, performances and/or the maintenance cost/scheduling of
project outputs.
IEE of Okhaldhunga – Rumjatar Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Okhaldhunga Page 127
Appendix III: Rapid Environmental Assessment (REA) Checklist Instructions:
(i) The CLPIU completes this checklist to support the environmental classification of a project. It is to be attached
to the environmental categorization form and submitted to ADB.
(ii) This checklist focuses on environmental issues and concerns. To ensure that social dimensions are adequately
considered, refer also to ADB's (a) checklists on involuntary resettlement and Indigenous Peoples; (b) poverty
reduction handbook; (c) staff guide to consultation and participation; and (d) gender checklists.
(iii) Answer the questions assuming the ―without mitigation‖ case. The purpose is to identify potential impacts. Use the ―remarks‖ section to discuss any anticipated mitigation measures.
Project Title:
Sub-project:
IA:
SCREENING QUESTIONS Yes No REMARKS
A. Project sitting
Is the project area adjacent to or within
any of the following environmentally
sensitive areas?
Cultural heritage site No cultural heritage sites.
Protected area No protected areas.
Wetland No wetlands.
Mangrove No mangroves.
Estuarine No estuaries.
Buffer zone of protected area Project site does not fall in any
buffer zone.
Special area for protecting biodiversity No special area for biodiversity
protection.
B. Potential environmental impacts
Will the project cause…
Encroachment on historical/cultural
areas; disfiguration of landscape by
road embankments, cuts, fills, and
quarries?
A Scripting Stone (माने) falls under
the right-of-way, which might have
to be demolished later on.
Encroachmenton precious ecology
(e.g. sensitive or protected areas)?
No encroachment.
Earthquake Emergency Assistance Project (EEAP)
Okhaldhunga - Rumjatar Road Rehabilitation & Reconstruction Sub-project, Okhaldhunga
IEE of Okhaldhunga – Rumjatar Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Okhaldhunga Page 128
SCREENING QUESTIONS Yes No REMARKS
Alteration of surface water hydrology
of waterways crossed by roads,
resulting in increased sediment in
streams affected by increased soil
erosion at construction site?
The existing road is muddy
throughout, which poses problems
as heavy rain causes erosion
along the hill slopes, which
consequently increases sediment
deposit in the existing water
sources.
Deterioration of surface water quality
due to silt runoff and sanitary wastes
from worker-based camps and
chemicals used in construction?
No haphazard waste dumping from
camping sites.
Increased local air pollution due to
rock crushing, cutting and filling works,
and chemicals from asphalt
processing?
Very insignificant level of air
pollution.
Risks and vulnerabilities related to
occupational health and safety due to
physical, chemical, biological, and
radiological hazards during project
construction and operation during
project construction and operation?
No such hazards are present.
Noise and vibration due to blasting
and other civil works?
Minor vibrations only on the road
during excavator usage;
insignificant effect on surrounding
households.
Dislocation or involuntary resettlement
of people?
Dislocation and compulsory
resettlement of people living in right-of-
way?
8 structures in total that are
affected directly, including 2
absentee owners.
Disproportionate impacts on the poor,
women and children, Indigenous
Peoples or other vulnerable groups?
No such discrimination.
Other social concerns relating to
inconveniences in living conditions in
the project areas that may trigger
cases of upper respiratory problems
and stress?
Absence of such conditions.
Hazardous driving conditions where
construction interferes with pre-
existing roads?
Road clearing has created a very
muddy landscape along certain
sections of the road, especially
during monsoon. Also, there are
landslide prone areas in certain
parts long the road that might prove
hazardous for commuters.
IEE of Okhaldhunga – Rumjatar Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Okhaldhunga Page 129
SCREENING QUESTIONS Yes No REMARKS
Poorsanitation and solid waste
disposal in construction camps and
work sites, and possible transmission
of communicable diseases (such as
STI's and HIV/AIDS) from workers to
local populations?
No such conditions are present.
Creationof temporary breeding
habitats for diseases such as those
transmitted by mosquitoes and
rodents?
No immediate problems but if
population influx increases
alongside the rehabilitation, then
the resulting density and pollution
might entail breeding sites for
mosquitoes and rodents.
Accident risks associated with
increased vehicular traffic, leading to
accidental spills of toxic materials?
Very less vehicle numbers, which
do not pose any problems with
traffic congestion.
Increased noise and air pollution
resulting from traffic volume?
No such conditions.
Increased risk of water pollution from
oil, grease and fuel spills, and other
materials from vehicles using the
road?
No such problems.
Social conflicts if workers from other
regions or countries are hired?
Unlikely, as all workers are hired
locally.
Large population influx during project
construction and operation that causes
increased burden on social
infrastructure and services (such as
water supply and sanitation systems)?
Very unlikely for the creation of
such circumstances.
Risks to community health and safety
due to the transport, storage, and use
and/or disposal of materials such as
explosives, fuel and other chemicals
during construction and operation?
No risks to community health as
no harmful and/or hazardous
chemicals will be used.
Community safety risks due to both
accidental and natural causes,
especially where the structural
elements or components of the project
are accessible to members of the
affected community or where their
failure could result in injury to the
community throughout project
construction, operation and
decommissioning.
No such safety risks as all existing
structures are well designed and
there are engineering measures in
place (gabion wall, breast wall) in
case of natural calamities such as
landslides.
IEE of Okhaldhunga – Rumjatar Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Okhaldhunga Page 130
Appendix IV: Checklist for Settlement Level Information of Affected
Area
a:tL :tl/o ;'rgf ;+sng ;f]n'v'Da' lhNnfsf] ufdf{—g]n]—af]un ;8ssf]]] k|f/lDes jftfj/0fLo kl/If0f
!= a:tLsf] hfgsf/L
s= a:tLsf] gfdM v= xfnsf] uf=kf=÷g=kf M u= xfnsf] jf8{ g+= M 3= ;flas ufla;÷ g=kf, jf8{ g+= ª = 3/w'/L ;+VofM r = hDdf hg;+Vof 5= dlxnf ÷k'?if hg;+VofM
@= ;fdflhs tYofÍ
s|=; laa/0f 3/w'/L ;+Vof wd{ s= d'Vo hfthftL
!=! !=@
!=# !=$
!=% !=^
!=& !=*
v= a;fO;/fO{ 3/w'/L ;+Vof s}lkmot @=! Ps k':tf cuf8L b]lv
@=@ @) – #) jif{ cufl8 b]lv @=# xfn} - ! b]lv @) jif{ cufl8 _
@=$ s]lx aif{ clu o; 7fFp 5f]8]sf kl/jf/ u= k]zf 3/w'/L ;+Vof s}lkmot
#=! s[lif #=@ Aofkf/
#=# gf]s/L #=$ Hofnf dhb'/L
#=% a}b]lzs /f]huf/
#=^ laBfyL{
#=& cGo 3 lhlasf]kfh{g 3/w'/L ;+Vof s}lkmot
$=! cfDbfgLn] vfg k'uL art ;d]t x'g] $@ h;f]t;f] vfg k'Ug] $=# Vffg gk'Ug]
ª 3/sf] ;+/rgf 3/w'/L ;+Vof s}lkmot %=! kSsL
%@ sRrL
IEE of Okhaldhunga – Rumjatar Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Okhaldhunga Page 131
#= :jf:Yo ;]jf
s|=; :jf:Yo ;:yfsf] gfd
:yfg b'/L sd{rf/L ;+Vof
pknAw ;]jfx?
cfuGt's la/fdL ;+Vof
b]lvg] d''Vo /f]ux?
!=
@=
#=
$=
$ lzIff ;]jf
$=! z}lIfs ca:yf
hg;+Vof -g+= jf Ü_ lg/If/ k|fyflds tx dfWoflds tx :gfts jf ToFxf eGbf dfly k'?if dlxnf
$=@ z}lIfs ;+:yfx?
s|= ;= :s'nsf] gfd k|sf/ -
;/sf/L÷gLlh_ tx
laBfyL{ ;+Vof
b'/L jf k'Ug nfUg] ;do
7]ufgf
!= @= #=
%= vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO{
s= Vffg]kfgLsf] cfk'lt{ nfeflGjt 3/w'/L -Ü_
;fd'bflos wf/f Vff]nfsf] kfgL d'n÷Ogf/÷s'jf kfO{k cGo v= rkL{ nfeflGjt 3/w'/L -Ü_
rkL{ gx'g] rkL{ x'g] :yfO{ c:yfO{ 3/ leq 3/ aflx/ vfN8] rkL{ cGo
u= kmf]xf]/ d}nfsf] Aoa:yfkg nfeflGjt 3/w'/L -Ü_
uNg] kmf]xf]/ guNg] kmf]xf]/ sDkf]l:6Ë cGo hnfpg] ;fa{hlgs
:yfgdf km\ofSg] gu/kflnsfnfO{ k7fpg]
cGo
IEE of Okhaldhunga – Rumjatar Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Okhaldhunga Page 132
^= cGo ;]jfx?
;]jfx? s=vfgf ksfpg] OGwg nfeflGjt 3/w'/L -Ü_ bfp/f u'O7f Affof] Uof; Pn=lk=lh cGo v= phf{÷ aQL nfeflGjt 3/w'/L -Ü_ dl§t]n lah'nL aQL ;f]nf/ cGo cGo u= ;+rf/ ;]jf n]g nfOg g]kfn 6]lnsd Pg ;]n x'nfs ;]jf cGo 3= ahf/ != :yfO{ ahf/ If]q ;+Vof gfd k|sf/ b'/L @= c:yfO{ ahf/ If]q ;+Vof gfd k|sf/ b'/L ª= sn sf/vfgf 7'nf] dWood ;fgf] cGo cGo r= xf]6n, nh÷k;n÷cGo -;+Vofdf_ xf]6n tyf nh
/]i6'/]G6 lrof k;n ls/fgf k;n cGo -:6];g/L, s:d]l6s, cf}iflw, km]G;L, xf8{jo/, :kf]6{ df;' k;n, cflb_
5=lalQo ;+:yfx? -;+Vof_ a}s nB'laQ ;xsf/L cGo
IEE of Okhaldhunga – Rumjatar Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Okhaldhunga Page 133
&= hUuf hdLgsf] ca:yf
hUuf hdLg
@) /f]kgL eGbf dfly
!) b]lv @) /f]kgL ;Dd
% b]lv !) /f]kgL ;Dd
% /f]kgL ;Dd hUuf hdLg gePsf] -;'s'Daf;L_
3/w'/L ;+Vof
l;+rfO{sf] ca:yf l;+rfO{sf] ;'lawf ePsf] hdLg -Ü_ l;+rfO{sf] ;'lawf gePsf] hdLg -Ü_
*= ;fd'bflos k|of]hgsf eagx?÷:yfgx?
;fd'bflos eag÷:yfgx?sf] gfd
ca:yf Aff6f] la:tf/n] c;/ kfg]{÷gkfg]{
(= o; If]qdf nufOg]] k|d'v afnLx?
!)= o; If]qdf u/Lg] k|d'v kz'kfngx?
!!= o; If]qdf kfOg] k|d'v af]6 la?jfx?
!@= o; If]qdf kfOg] k|d'v h+unL hgfj/x?
IEE of Okhaldhunga – Rumjatar Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Okhaldhunga Page 134
!#= o; If]qdf kfOg] k|d'v r/fr'?ËLx?
!$= o; If]qdf kfOg] k|d'v df5fsf k|hfltx?
!%=o; If]qdf kfOg] ;/L;[a k|hfltx?
!^= k|d'v d7dlGb/ tyf ;f:s[lts w/f]x/x? / To;sf] P]ltxfl;s dxTj !&= o; If]qdf /x]sf] jf ;DefAo cfly{s pGgtLsf If]qx? !*= cfof]hgfn] kfg]{ ;sf/fTds k|efj jf kmfObfx? !(= cfof]hgfn] kfg]{ gsf/fTds k|efj jf c;/x? @)= cfof]hgf k|lt hg;d'bfosf] wf/0ff @!= cfof]hgf k|lt tkfO{sf] ;Nnfxf ;'emax?
IEE of Okhaldhunga – Rumjatar Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Okhaldhunga Page 135
Appendix V: Project Cost a. Total Civil Work Cost
Item
No.
Description of Item Unit Quantity Rate (NRs) Amount (NRs)
PART 01: GENERAL
1.01 Establish, maintain and operate
labaratory at the site with
equipments furnishing required for
testing specified quality of the
materials as per DoR-SSRBW,
Section-511
LS 200,000.00
1.02 Carry out maintenance of the
existing road to keep the road
serviceable throughout the contract
period. Also provide and maintain
traffic safety, control measures and
temporary diversions during
construction including water
spraying thrice a week to avoid dust
pollution as per DoLIDAR-Tech.
Spec. for LBCWARR Clause No. G-
12.
month 18 38,000.00 684,000.00
1.03 Provide and installation of project
information board of size 1.80 mx1.2
m along with iron posts including
excavation, concreting, backfilling
etc all complete as per DoR
Standard Specification for Road and
Bridge Works (SSRBW) July
2001,Section-108
no 2 11,500.00 23,000.00
1.04 Insurance of works, plants,
materials, loss and damage to
equipments, Contractor's workmen
and employees and third party
insurance against damage to other
persons and property as per GCC
clause 13.
LS 887,358.73
1.05 Providing site office with
accomodation at appropriate
location acceptable to the project
manager of the Client
month 18 36,800.00 662,400.00
1.06 Supplying and providing rental four
wheel drive double cab pick-up
vehicle with full option including fuel,
driver's wages, maintenances etc for
the Engineer / Consultant
month 18 149,500.00 2,691,000.00
1.07 Provision and maintenance of labour
camps payable monthly in equal
month 18 23,000.00 414,000.00
IEE of Okhaldhunga – Rumjatar Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Okhaldhunga Page 136
Item
No.
Description of Item Unit Quantity Rate (NRs) Amount (NRs)
instalments as per DoR Standard
Specification for Road and Bridge
Works (SSRBW) July 2001,Section-
109 (3)
1.08 Environmental mitigation measures
(dust and noise mitigation
measures, personal protective
equipment, first aid facility etc)
PS 400,000.00
1.09 Relocation of the utilities (water
supply, telephone, etc,) and services
as instructed by the Engineer as per
DoLIDAR-Technical Specifications
for Labour Based Construction Work
of Agricultural & Rural Roads (Tech.
Spec. for LBCWARR Clause No. G-
10.
PS 300,000.00
1.10 Social complience and safe guards
as instructed by the Engineer
PS 200,000.00
1.11 Carry out additional tests for
material and works as required and
instructed by the Engineer.(GCC
Clause No. 33.1)
PS 200,000.00
Total Part 01 6,661,758.73
PART 02: SITE CLEARANCE
2.01 Clearing and grubbing including the
cutting of trees (only if necessary)
having girth of less than 30 cm when
measured at 1m above the ground.
m2 44,400.00 16.17 717,948.00
2.02 Dismantling of culverts, bridges,
pavements and other structures.The
operations covered are dismantling,
excavating, backfilling, stacking,
disposing, handling and haulage up
to a lead of 100 m along the lead
route. The activity includes safety
precautions and incidentals.
2.02 a) Stone masonry m3 90.00 1,220.04 109,803.60
2.02 b) Concrete (Plain and Reinforced) m3 3.00 1,830.05 5,490.15
2.02 c) Gabion work m3 432.50 692.93 299,692.23
2.02 d) Cobble stones m3 1,650.00 114.19 188,413.50
2.03 Clearing landslides, debris from
causeways, culverts and side drains
including haulage and disposal.
m3 280.00 116.05 32,494.00
Total Part 02 1,353,841.48
PART 03: EARTHWORK
IEE of Okhaldhunga – Rumjatar Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Okhaldhunga Page 137
Item
No.
Description of Item Unit Quantity Rate (NRs) Amount (NRs)
3.01 Excavation of soil and hard rock in
roadway and drain including removal
and satisfactory disposal of all
materials up to a lead of 50 m along
the lead route.This includes handling
and stacking or hauling (to sites of
embankment construction) of
suitable cut materials as required
and also the disposal of unsuitable
cut materials in specified manner.
This further covers trimming and
finishing of the road way.
m3 76,465.56 91.89 7,026,419.85
3.02 Excavation for structures including
cutting of slopes, shoring, shuttering,
planking, ordinary sealing and
disposal of materials up to a lead of
50 m along the lead route
m3 4,364.61 110.29 481,372.84
3.03 Formation of embankment with
excavated soil including haulage,
compaction in layers not exceeding
150 mm and watering.
m3 7,090.85 341.18 2,419,256.20
3.04 Backfilling in layers in foundation
pits, trenches, structures etc
including compaction and watering
m3 608.32 404.14 245,846.44
3.05 Transporting of surplus material
beyond initial lead within 1 km
distance with safe disposal sites
m3 54,848.25 47.59 2,610,228.04
Total Part 03 12,783,123.37
PART 04: STRUCTURES
(STABILITY, CROSS DRAINAGE
AND SIDE DRAINAGE)
4.01 Providing and placing machine
made gabion and mattresses of
hexagonal mesh size 100 mm x 120
mm with mesh wire 3 mm , selvedge
wire 3.9 mm and lacing wire 2.4 mm
including stone placing.
4.02 a) Using new stones m3 7,997.05 3,886.88 31,083,554.27
4.02 b) Using stones from dismantling item m3 163.21 2,128.09 347,314.93
4.02 Stone masonry work (un-coursed
rubble masonry in MM5) including
full compensation for all labour,
material and other incidentals
required to complete the work as per
the specification and drawings. It
includes full compensation for using
specially dressed stones of the face
m3 6,666.89 7,322.56 48,818,724.01
IEE of Okhaldhunga – Rumjatar Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Okhaldhunga Page 138
Item
No.
Description of Item Unit Quantity Rate (NRs) Amount (NRs)
of walls with batter and makes
provision for weep holes as
necessary.
4.03 Providing and placing cement
concrete M10/40 for foundation and
footing etc including compaction and
curing.
m3 204.33 9,957.94 2,034,705.88
4.04 Providing and placing cement
concrete M15/40 for foundation and
footing etc including compaction and
curing.
m3 71.54 10,708.15 766,061.05
4.05 Providing and placing cement
concrete M20/20 for foundation and
footing etc including compaction and
curing.
m3 162.65 12,301.06 2,000,767.41
4.06 Providing and placing cement
concrete M25/20 for foundation and
footing etc including compaction and
curing.
m3 202.47 13,296.21 2,692,083.64
4.07 Providing and placing cement
concrete M20/20 for precast slab
and other element including
compaction, curing and testing
m3 638.00 14,578.53 9,301,102.14
4.08 Reinforcement for RCC work. It
includes procuring steel, it's
bending, placing, binding and fixing
in position as shown on the
drawings and as directed by the
Engineer. It also includes all devices
for keeping reinforcement in
approved position and jointing as
per approved method with due
allowance for wastage, overlaps,
spacer bars and annealed steel wire
for binding.
mt 56.22 98,091.70 5,514,990.03
4.09 Formwork where it is provided as
separate item with timber as
material. It includes all labour,
materials and other incidentals
required for the construction and
removal of forms as described in the
specification. It further covers the
framing work that is required for
properly supporting the members
until the concrete is sufficiently
cured, set and hardened.
m2 4,509.03 850.70 3,835,831.82
IEE of Okhaldhunga – Rumjatar Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Okhaldhunga Page 139
Item
No.
Description of Item Unit Quantity Rate (NRs) Amount (NRs)
4.10 Laying, fitting and fixing of hume
pipe. It includes all operations
required to complete the works up to
a trench depth of 2.2 m below the
ground level and the jointing of pipes
with 1:2 cement sand mortar.
4.10 a) 900 mm dia (internal) m 22.50 12,288.84 276,498.90
4.10 b) 600 mm dia (internal) m 217.50 7,421.58 1,614,193.65
4.10 c) 300 mm dia (internal) m 37.50 4,651.99 174,449.63
4.11 Providing, laying and fixing geo-
textile (filter fabric)
m2 6,393.64 163.24 1,043,697.79
4.12 Providing and laying granular
bedding material including
compaction and watering
m3 1,532.46 1,556.46 2,385,214.25
4.13 Providing and laying PVC pipe of
100 mm dia (pressure 4kg/cm2) for
weep holes as instructed by the
Engineer
m 157.50 496.79 78,244.43
4.14 Providing and fixing in position 50
mm dia GI pipe railing.
m 10.00 1,017.34 10,173.40
4.15 Providing and laying filter material
adjacent to abutement and other
structures including all other
operations required to complete the
works as per the specification
m3 432.42 1,601.14 692,364.96
4.16 Providing, jointing and laying HDP
pipes with complete fittings as per
drawing and specification
4.16 a) 200 mm dia (4kg/cm2) m 75.00 1,588.10 119,107.50
4.16 b) 160 mm dia (4 kg/cm2) m 90.00 1,064.87 95,838.30
Total Part 04 112,884,917.98
PART 05: PAVEMENT WORKS
5.01 Preparation of subgrade in all types
of materials including compaction
and watering
m2 62,586.30 15.98 1,000,129.07
5.02 Providing, laying, spreading,
watering, levelling and compaction
of natural gravel subbase
m3 9,387.95 1,496.83 14,052,157.71
5.03 a) Providing, laying, spreading,
watering, levelling and compaction
of graded crushed stone base
course
m3 11,527.26 1,999.80 23,052,214.55
5.03 b) Providing, laying, spreading,
watering, levelling and compaction
m3 990.00 703.80 696,762.00
IEE of Okhaldhunga – Rumjatar Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Okhaldhunga Page 140
Item
No.
Description of Item Unit Quantity Rate (NRs) Amount (NRs)
of graded crushed stone base
course (Using existing cobblestones
from dismantling item)
5.04 Providing and spraying bituminous
prime coat MC30 / MC70 including
cleaning the road surface using wire,
brushes, broom etc
lit 62,586.30 201.06 12,583,601.48
5.05 Providing and laying sand spreading
over newly primed surface
m2 12,517.26 29.99 375,392.63
5.06 Providing and applying bitumen
binder for surface dressing
lit 135,186.41 180.76 24,436,295.11
5.07 Providing and applying cutter
(kerosene) for bitumen of surface
dressing
lit 5,632.77 81.68 460,084.41
5.08 Providing and applying chippings
(20 mm down) for surface dressing
sq.m 62,586.30 31.79 1,989,618.48
5.09 Providing and applying chippings
(10 mm down) for surface dressing
sq.m 62,586.30 21.69 1,357,496.85
5.10 Providing and applying anti stripping
agent
kg 704.10 517.75 364,545.64
Total Part 05 80,368,297.92
PART 06: ROAD FURNITURE AND
TRAFFIC SAFETY MEASURES
6.01 Supplying and erecting traffic sign in
place including steel tubes, steel
plates, cement concrete, painting,
writing and supporting steel angle,
nut and bolt etc as per the drawing.
6.01 a) Single post no 313.00 2,415.22 755,963.86
6.01 b) Double or more posts no 35.00 6,557.57 229,514.95
6.02 Supplying and placing RCC
kilometer post including excavation,
backfilling, painting and writing etc
as per the drawing.
6.02 a) Standard kilometer post (placed at
each km)
no 9.00 2,742.43 24,681.87
6.02 b) 5th kilometer post( placed at 5 km) no 2.00 6,386.11 12,772.22
6.03 Supplying and fixing in place RCC
delineator post with reflective
element including excavation,
backfilling, painting and erection etc
as per the drawing.
no 1,727.00 1,269.38 2,192,219.26
6.04 Providing and placing gabion safety
barriers / parapet wall
m3 535.00 3,886.88 2,079,480.80
IEE of Okhaldhunga – Rumjatar Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Okhaldhunga Page 141
Item
No.
Description of Item Unit Quantity Rate (NRs) Amount (NRs)
6.05 Providing and placing stone
masonry safety barriers / parapet
wall
m3 170.25 7,322.56 1,246,665.84
Total Part 06 6,541,298.80
PART 07: BIO-ENGINEERING
WORKS
7.01 Stripping of top soil for a minimum
depth of 150 mm including storing or
reapplication within a lead up to 100
m along the lead route.
m3 315.00 488.01 153,723.15
7.02 Stone pitching work on the prepared
granular bedding
m3 15.00 2,786.94 41,804.10
7.03 Planting grass cutting on site
(planting rooted grass slip)
m2 2,100.00 304.22 638,862.00
7.04 Planting shrub and tree seedlings
and cutting on site (planting
containerised tree and shrub
seedlings including pitting,
transplanting, composting and
mulching on slopes)
no 1,050.00 40.95 42,997.50
7.05 Planting shrub and tree seedlings
and cutting on site (planting rooted
tree stump cutting and bare root
seedlings including pitting,
transplanting, composting and
mulching on slopes)
no 1,050.00 29.54 31,017.00
Total Part 07 908,403.75
Part 08: DAY WORKS
8.01 Manpower
8.01 a) Unskilled labour pd 300.00 592.25 177,675.00
8.01 b) Skilled labour pd 100.00 805.00 80,500.00
8.02 Equipment
8.02 a) Excavator hr 500.00 1,380.00 690,000.00
8.02 b) Tipper hr 500.00 517.50 258,750.00
8.03 Provide Built up Drawing as
completed
L.S 75,000.00
Total Part 08 1,281,925.00
Total (Part 01 to Part 08) 222,783,567.03
IEE of Okhaldhunga – Rumjatar Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Okhaldhunga Page 142
b. Sub-project Cost
SN Particulars Amount (NRs.)
1.1 Environmental Management Cost
1.1.1 Environmental Awareness raising** training 150,000.00
1.1.2 Compensatory plantation & protection cost for trees on CF and
private land
321.966.12
1.1.3 Road side plantation 235,000.00
1.1.4 Road safety and informative signboard 100,000.00
1.1.5 Environmental monitoring cost 150,000.00
Sub-total (i) 635,000.00
1.2 Other environmental cost( included in civil works cost also)
1.2.2 Occupational health and safety (GPA insurance) 887,358.73
1.2.3 Bioengineering works 908,403.75
Sub-total (ii) 1,795,762.48
Total (i+ii) (A) 2,430,762.48
2 Civil Work Cost
2.1 Total civil work cost 280,707,294.45
2.2 Other environmental cost included in civil work cost (as given in
item 1.2 above) for occupational health & safety, bioengineering
works, toe wall for spoil management
1,795,762.48
2.3 Civil work cost excluding occupational health & safety,
bioengineering and toe wall for spoil management (B)
278,911,531.97
3 Resettlement Cost
3.1 Compensation cost (land, trees, relocation cost for private and
community structures within RoW)
78,517,491.64
3.2 Supporting cost for deed transfer, management cost for absentee
families
592,600.00
3.4 Contingency (20%) 15,703,498.33
3.5 Income generattion and livelihood improvement Program 4,000,000.00
Sub-total (C) 98,813,589.97
4 Gender Equality & Social Inclusion Cost
4.1 Disaster preparedness works session visual/ documentary show
on D & RM
100,000.00
4.2 Campaign program (Awareness program on CLS IT) 100,000.00
Sub-total (D) 200,000.00
Grand Total Sub-project Cost (A+B+C+D) 380,355,884.42
IEE of Okhaldhunga – Rumjatar Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Okhaldhunga Page 143
Appendix VI: Public Notice
IEE of Okhaldhunga – Rumjatar Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Okhaldhunga Page 144
English Translation of Public Notice
Government of Nepal
Ministry of Federal Affairs and Local Development
Earthquake Emergency Assistance Project (EEAP)
District Level Project Implementation Unit
Okhaldhunga
Public notice for comments and suggestion on the Initial Environmental Examination (IEE)
(Date of First Publication: 2017/09/02)
The Earthquake Emergency Assistance Project (EEAP) is a project being implemented by loan
assistance from Asian Development Bank (ADB) and technical assistance from Swiss Agency for
Development and Cooperation (SDC), counterpart funding from Government of Nepal (GoN) for
reconstruction and rehabilitation of local roads. District Level Project Implementation Unit,
Okhaldhunga, being the proponent of Okhaldhunga – Rumjatar Road, has prepared Draft Initial
Environmental Examination (IEE) report and this notice has been published for the implementation of
report as per the provision of the Section 12 (2) of the Working Procedure relating to Earthquake
Affected Structure 2016 (Second Amendment 2017).
Proponent: Earthquake Emergency Assistance Project, District Level Project Implementation Unit,
Okhaldhunga
Proposed Affected Rural Municipality and Municipality: Sidhicharan Municipality
Proposal Description: The proposed road sub-project starts from Ramailo danda of Sidhicharan
Municipality – 11 (then Sidhicharan Municipality – 3) and ends at Rumjatar of Sidhicharan Municipality
– 4 (then Sidhicharan Municipality – 13). The total length of road is 11.10 km and width is 6.25 m with
drainage.
As per Section 12 (3) of the working procedure, concerned rural municipality, municipality, school,
health post, forest user group, concerned stakeholders, organization and local people are requested
to present at Kamidanda, Barnalu on 2nd
September, 2017 for discussion environment impacts,
information on reconstruction, resettlement and relocation through the implementation of Sub-project .
The concerned people or organization can obtain the draft IEE report from District Level Project
Implementation Unit, Okhaldhunga and Earthquake Emergency Assistance Project (EEAP)- Central
Level Project Implementation Unit, Lalitpur as per section 12 (5) of the working procedure.
It is requested to send the comments and suggestions within 7 days of notice publication at national
daily newspaper. Accordingly, the comments and suggestions can also be sent to National
Reconstruction Authority, Ministry of Federal Affairs & Local Development, Singhadurbar, Kathmandu
Venue for Meeting: Sidhicharan Municipality ward no 5, Barnalu, Kamidanda
Date: 6th September, 2017
Address to send comments and suggestions:
Central project Implementation Unit,
Earthquake Emergency Assistance Project
(EEAP), Lalitpur
Telephone no: 01-5260565
Email: eeapdolidar@gmail.com
Earthquake Emergency Assistance Project
District Level project Implementation Unit,
Okhaldhunga
Telephone no: 037-520249
Email: eeapokhaldhunga@gmail.com
IEE of Okhaldhunga – Rumjatar Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Okhaldhunga Page 145
Appendix VII: Deed of Inquiry
IEE of Okhaldhunga – Rumjatar Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Okhaldhunga Page 146
IEE of Okhaldhunga – Rumjatar Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Okhaldhunga Page 147
IEE of Okhaldhunga – Rumjatar Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Okhaldhunga Page 148
IEE of Okhaldhunga – Rumjatar Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Okhaldhunga Page 149
IEE of Okhaldhunga – Rumjatar Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Okhaldhunga Page 150
IEE of Okhaldhunga – Rumjatar Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Okhaldhunga Page 151
Appendix VIII: Recommendation Letter
IEE of Okhaldhunga – Rumjatar Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Okhaldhunga Page 152
IEE of Okhaldhunga – Rumjatar Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Okhaldhunga Page 153
Appendix IX: Meeting Minutes and Public Disclosure
a. Meeting Minutes with Local People
IEE of Okhaldhunga – Rumjatar Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Okhaldhunga Page 154
IEE of Okhaldhunga – Rumjatar Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Okhaldhunga Page 155
b. Meeting Minutes of IEE Disclosure
IEE of Okhaldhunga – Rumjatar Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Okhaldhunga Page 156
c. Finding of Public Consultation and IEE Disclosure Meeting
Table: Summary of Meeting Minutes
Date Place for Public
Meeting
Participants Issues/ Queries/ Concerns/ Demands
2074/04/23 B.S
(2017/08/07 A.D)
Siddhicharan
Municipality-5
(then Barnalu-4)
5 The road that will be constructed
must have high quality control and
must not wear out easily.
Road should be constructed in such
a manner that the environmental and
social impacts are kept to a
minimum.
The local people are in complete
favor of the road rehabilitation and
reconstruction.
2074/04/23 B.S
(2017/08/07 A.D)
Siddhicharan
Municipality-5
(then Barnalu-
1,2,3)
9 The compensation for houses and
land must be done according to
prevalent practices.
During road rehabilitation, the local
people must also be given jobs that
fit their abilities.
Environmentally friendly methods
must be adopted during
reconstruction.
Social and religious sites, if any,
must be reconstructed without any
delay should any such site face
damage during road reconstruction.
Issues should be discussed and
resolved in public hearings.
Road reconstruction process should
be implemented as early as possible.
(Source: Field survey, 2017)
Similarly, the major issues, queries, concerns raised during the Public meeting at Barnalu of
Siddhicharan Municipality were as followed:
Effect on residence due to landslide
Retaining structure along the stream
Bio-engineering techniques in forest after cutting of plant species
Land compensation, quality control, no work during monsoon, working in systematic way,
gabion work near residence
Reconstruction of road as per geological condition
Management of agricultural land
IEE of Okhaldhunga – Rumjatar Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Okhaldhunga Page 157
Proper valuation of land and property, implementation of agreement made during
delegation visit
No construction before compensation determination
Issues with spoil management
Conservation of temple and Religious Chautara
Provision of plantation for ―Meghepatal and Simdharapakha CFs‖
IEE of Okhaldhunga – Rumjatar Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Okhaldhunga Page 158
Appendix X: Market Survey for Prices of Commodities and Other
Goods
Former VDC: Barnalu Former Ward No.: 4
Settlement Name: Barnalu Municipality: Siddhicharan-5
FOOD CROPS
S.N. Particulars Price in Rs. (Locally
Available)
Price in Rs.
(Imported)
Remarks
1 Rice 125 - Per pathi
2 Wheat 100 - Per pathi
3 Maize 120 - Per pathi
4 Millet 130 - Per pathi
5 Barley 250 - Per pathi
6 Lentils 250 - Per kg
CASH CROPS
S.N. Particulars Price in Rs. (Locally
Available)
Price in Rs.
(Imported)
Remarks
1 Potato 150 - Per pathi
2 Mustard 450 - Per pathi
Vegetables
1 Spinach 20 - Per mutha
2 Beans (Simi) 80 - Per kg
3 Pumpkin 60 - Per kg
4 Eggplant 80 - Per kg
5 Tomato 100 - Per kg
6 Cabbage 100 - Per kg
7 Cauliflower 120 - Per kg
FRUITS
S.N. Particulars Price in Rs. (Locally
Available)
Price in Rs.
(Imported)
Remarks
1 Orange 120 - Per kg
2 Lemon/ Lime 10 - Per lemon
3 Apricot 5 - Per apricot
4 Plum - -
5 Guava 10 - Per guava
6 Jackfruit -
7 Banana 15 - Per kosa
8 Mango 180 - Per kg
IEE of Okhaldhunga – Rumjatar Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Okhaldhunga Page 159
MEAT PRODUCTS
S.N. Particulars Price in Rs. (Locally
Available)
Price in Rs.
(Broiler/ Hybrid)
Remarks
1 Mutton 500 - Per kg
2 Chicken 600 360 Per kg
3 Fish 400 - Per kg
4 Pork 250 - Per kg
5 Buff 350 - Per kg
6 Eggs (Chicken) 20 - Per Egg
7 Yak - -
DAIRY AND OTHER COMMODITIES
S.N. Particulars Price in Rs. (Locally
Available)
Price in Rs.
(Imported)
Remarks
1 Milk 50 - Per mana
2 Yoghurt 80 - Per liter
3 Ghee 500 - Per mana
4 Vegetable Oil 170 - Per liter
5 Salt 35 - Per packet
(kg)
6 Sugar 95 - Per kg
7 Kerosene - -
8 LPG 1,700 - For refill only
4,000 - Per cylinder
CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS
S.N. Particulars Price in Rs. (Locally
Available)
Price in Rs.
(Imported)
Remarks
1 Cement 1,000 - Per bag (50
kg)
2 Bricks - - Per brick
3 Bamboo 200 - Per bamboo
stick
4 Stones/
Aggregates
5,000 - Per tractor
5 Iron rods 100 - Per kg
6 Wood 700 - Per plank
IEE of Okhaldhunga – Rumjatar Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Okhaldhunga Page 160
LAND PRICES
S.N. Particulars Price in Rs. Remarks
1 Irrigated Land (Khet) -
2 Non-Irrigated Land 40,000 Per aana
3 Ghaderi (Residential Plot) 3,00,000 Per aana
4 Khar Bari 30,000 Per aana
5 Pakha/ Bari 5000 Per aana
WAGES FOR DAILY LABOR
S.N. Particulars Price in Rs. Remarks
1 Agricultural Laborer (Male) 500 Per day
2 Agricultural Laborer (Female) 300 Per day
3 Carpenter 1,200 Per day
4 Mason 1,000 Per day
LIVESTOCK
S.N. Livestock Price in Rs.
(Locally
Available)
Price in Rs.
(Broiler/
Hybrid)
Remarks
1 Cow 10,000 - Per cow
2 Buffalo 80,000 - Per buffalo
3 Ox 15,000 - Per pair oxen
4 He-Buffalo 30,000 - Per buffalo
5 Goat (Castrated) and Goat
(Male)
15,000 - Per goat
6 Chicken 2,000 500 Per kg
IEE of Okhaldhunga – Rumjatar Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Okhaldhunga Page 161
Market Survey for Prices of Commodities and Other Goods
Former VDC: Barnalu Former Ward No.: 3
Settlement Name: Sanitar Municipality: Siddhicharan-5
FOOD CROPS
S.N. Particulars Price in Rs. (Locally
Available)
Price in Rs.
(Imported)
Remarks
1 Rice 150 - Per pathi
2 Wheat 160 - Per pathi
3 Maize 120 - Per pathi
4 Millet 140 - Per pathi
5 Barley - -
6 Lentils 250 - Per kg (Maas)
CASH CROPS
S.N. Particulars Price in Rs. (Locally
Available)
Price in Rs.
(Imported)
Remarks
1 Potato 50-70 - Per kg
2 Mustard 200 - Per pathi
Vegetables
1 Cabbage 80-100 - Per kg
2 Cauliflower 80-100 - Per kg
FRUITS
S.N. Particulars Price in Rs. (Locally
Available)
Price in Rs.
(Imported)
Remarks
1 Orange 10-25 - Per orange
2 Lemon/ Lime 10-25 - Per lemon
3 Apricot - -
4 Plum 25-40 - Per kg
5 Guava 15-35 - Per guava
6 Jackfruit -
7 Banana 10-15 - Per kosa
8 Mango - -
MEAT PRODUCTS
S.N. Particulars Price in Rs. (Locally
Available)
Price in Rs.
(Broiler/ Hybrid)
Remarks
1 Mutton 500 - Per kg
2 Chicken 700 340 Per kg
3 Fish - -
4 Pork 200 - Per kg
5 Buff 325 - Per kg
6 Eggs (Chicken) 20-25 - Per Egg
7 Yak - -
DAIRY AND OTHER COMMODITIES
IEE of Okhaldhunga – Rumjatar Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Okhaldhunga Page 162
S.N. Particulars Price in Rs. (Locally
Available)
Price in Rs.
(Imported)
Remarks
1 Milk 50 - Per mana
2 Yoghurt 80 - Per liter
3 Ghee 500 - Per mana
4 Vegetable Oil 170 - Per liter
5 Salt 35 - Per packet
(kg)
6 Sugar 95 - Per kg
7 Kerosene - -
8 LPG 1,700 - For refill only
4,000 - Per cylinder
CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS
S.N. Particulars Price in Rs. (Locally
Available)
Price in Rs.
(Imported)
Remarks
1 Cement 950 - Per bag (50
kg)
2 Bricks 10 - Per brick (h= 2
in., l= 4 in.)
3 Bamboo 90-100 - Per bamboo
stick
4 Stones/
Aggregates
5,000 - Per m3
5 Iron rods 95 - Per kg
6 Wood 115 - Per feet length
LAND PRICES
S.N. Particulars Price in Rs. Remarks
1 Irrigated Land (Khet) 600,000 Per ropani
2 Non-Irrigated Land 45,000 Per aana
3 Ghaderi (Residential Plot) 3,75,000 Per aana
4 Khar Bari 50,000 Per aana
5 Pakha/ Bari 45,00 Per aana
WAGES FOR DAILY LABOR
S.N. Particulars Price in Rs. Remarks
1 Agricultural Laborer (Male) - Per day
2 Agricultural Laborer (Female) - Per day
3 Carpenter 1,800 Per day (senior)
1,500 Per day (junior)
4 Mason 850 Per day
IEE of Okhaldhunga – Rumjatar Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Okhaldhunga Page 163
LIVESTOCK
S.N. Livestock Price in Rs.
(Locally
Available)
Price in Rs.
(Broiler/
Hybrid)
Remarks
1 Cow - 45,000 Per cow
2 Buffalo 75,000-90,000 - Per buffalo
3 Ox 55,000 - Per pair oxen
4 He-Buffalo 40,000-45,000 - Per buffalo
5 Goat (Castrated) and Goat
(Male)
10,000-15,000 - Per goat
6 Chicken 700 340 Per kg
IEE of Okhaldhunga – Rumjatar Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Okhaldhunga Page 164
Market Survey for Prices of Commodities and Other Goods
Former VDC: Rumjatar Former Ward No.: 9
Settlement Name: Rumjatar Municipality: Siddhicharan-4
FOOD CROPS
S.N. Particulars Price in Rs. (Locally
Available)
Price in Rs.
(Imported)
Remarks
1 Rice 150 - Per pathi
2 Wheat 160 - Per pathi
3 Maize 120 - Per pathi
4 Millet 140 - Per pathi
5 Barley - -
6 Lentils 250 - Per kg (Maas)
CASH CROPS
S.N. Particulars Price in Rs. (Locally
Available)
Price in Rs.
(Imported)
Remarks
1 Potato 50-70 - Per kg
2 Mustard 200 - Per pathi
Vegetables
1 Cabbage 80-100 - Per kg
2 Cauliflower 80-100 - Per kg
FRUITS
S.N. Particulars Price in Rs. (Locally
Available)
Price in Rs.
(Imported)
Remarks
1 Orange 10-25 - Per orange
2 Lemon/ Lime 10-25 - Per lemon
3 Apricot - -
4 Plum 25-40 - Per kg
5 Guava 15-35 - Per guava
6 Jackfruit -
7 Banana 10-15 - Per kosa
8 Mango - -
MEAT PRODUCTS
S.N. Particulars Price in Rs. (Locally
Available)
Price in Rs. (Broiler/
Hybrid)
Remarks
1 Mutton 500 - Per kg
2 Chicken 700 340 Per kg
3 Fish - -
4 Pork 200 - Per kg
5 Buff 325 - Per kg
6 Eggs (Chicken) 20-25 - Per Egg
7 Yak - -
DAIRY AND OTHER COMMODITIES
S.N. Particulars Price in Rs. (Locally
Available)
Price in Rs.
(Imported)
Remarks
1 Milk 50 - Per mana
2 Yoghurt 80 - Per liter
IEE of Okhaldhunga – Rumjatar Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Okhaldhunga Page 165
3 Ghee 500 - Per mana
4 Vegetable Oil 170 - Per liter
5 Salt 35 - Per packet (kg)
6 Sugar 95 - Per kg
7 Kerosene - -
8 LPG 1,700 - For refill only
4,000 - Per cylinder
CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS
S.N. Particulars Price in Rs. (Locally
Available)
Price in Rs.
(Imported)
Remarks
1 Cement 950 - Per bag (50 kg)
2 Bricks 10 - Per brick (h= 2 in., l=
4 in.)
3 Bamboo 90-100 - Per bamboo stick
4 Stones/ Aggregates 5,000 - Per m3
5 Iron rods 95 - Per kg
6 Wood 115 - Per feet length
LAND PRICES
S.N. Particulars Price in Rs. Remarks
1 Irrigated Land (Khet) 800,000 Per ropani
2 Non-Irrigated Land 45,000 Per aana
3 Ghaderi (Residential Plot) 3,75,000 Per aana
4 Khar Bari - -
5 Pakha/ Bari - -
WAGES FOR DAILY LABOR
S.N. Particulars Price in Rs. Remarks
1 Agricultural Laborer (Male) - Per day
2 Agricultural Laborer (Female) - Per day
3 Carpenter 1,800 Per day (senior)
1,500 Per day (junior)
4 Mason 850 Per day
LIVESTOCK
S.N. Livestock Price in Rs.
(Locally
Available)
Price in Rs.
(Broiler/
Hybrid)
Remarks
1 Cow - 45,000 Per cow
2 Buffalo 75,000-90,000 - Per buffalo
3 Ox 55,000 - Per pair oxen
4 He-Buffalo 40,000-45,000 - Per buffalo
5 Goat (Castrated) and Goat
(Male)
10,000-15,000 - Per goat
6 Chicken 700 340 Per kg
IEE of Okhaldhunga – Rumjatar Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Okhaldhunga Page 166
Appendix XI: List of Person Consulted
SN Name Designation Address
1. Bijaya mani Bajracharya Acting Project Manager DTO, Okhaldhunga
2. Ganga Ram Koirala District Team Leader DISC
3. Dilli Sher Rai Sub-Engineer DISC
4. Hom Kumari Gurung Social Safeguard Officer DISC
5. Bishnu B. Bhattarai Officer Sidhicharan Municipality
6. Kul Prasad Dahal President Sidhicharan Municipality Ward no 5
7. Cholendra Kumar Khatiwada Secretait Sidhicharan Municipality -4
8. Keshar B. Katwal Vice- Principal Rumjatar H.S, Rumjatar
9. Dan B. Gurung Principal Shree Bhagwati Adharbhut School
10. Nani Raj Gurung Teacher Shree Rajyalaxmi H.S., Sanitar
11. Bechat Thakur DFO District Forest Office
12 Khila Dahal AFO District Forest Office
13. Mohini Dahal President Simdhara Pakha women CFUG
14 Rajan Dahal Officer DoLR
15 Supriya Tharu HA Health post Barnalu
16 Khadga B. Shrestha President Meghepatal CFUG
IEE of Okhaldhunga – Rumjatar Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Okhaldhunga Page 167
Appendix XII: Detail of Vegetation species
a. Trees from Community Forest
SN Name of the
Forest
From To Species Scientific Name No.
of
Trees
Compensatory
Plantation
(1:25)
Rate/plant
(NRs)
Total Cost
(NRs) Ch Ch
1 Megapatal
Community
Forest
1+800 2+220 Angeri Lyonia ovalifolia 7 175 153.7 26,897.50
Bajh Quercus lanata 3 75 153.7 11,527.50
Chilaune Schima wallichii 9 225 153.7 34,582.50
Dudhilo Ficus nemoralis 3 75 153.7 11,527.50
Gurans Rhododendron arboretum 4 100 153.7 15,370.00
Kafal Myrica esculenta 2 50 153.7 7,685.00
Katus Castanopsis indica 19 475 153.7 73,007.50
Lakuri Fraxinus floribunda 1 25 153.7 3,842.50
Mauwa Madhuca longifolia 1 25 153.7 3,842.50
Nimaro Ficus roxburghii 1 25 153.7 3,842.50
Patle Castonopsis sps 4 100 153.7 15,370.00
Uttis Alnus nepalensis 2 50 153.7 7,685.00
Sub-total 56 1400 215,180.00
2
SimdharaPakha
Community
Forest
7+290 7+400 Chilaune Schima wallichii 5 125 153.7 19,212.50
Jhigane Eurya acuminata 1 25 153.7 3,842.50
Lakuri Fraxinus floribunda 1 25 153.7 3,842.50
Other 8 200 153.7 30,740.00
salla Pinus roxburghii 1 25 153.7 3,842.50
Uttis Alnus nepalensis 6 150 153.7 23,055.00
Sub-total 22 550 84,535.00
Total 78 1950 299,715.00
IEE of Okhaldhunga – Rumjatar Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Okhaldhunga Page 168
b. Trees from Private Land
SN Species Scientific name of trees No. of Trees Compensatory
Plantation (1:1)
Rate (NRs) Total Cost (NRs)
1 Uttis Alnus nepalensis 15 15 63.94 959.10
2 Chilaune Schima wallichii 10 10 63.94 639.40
3 Chilaune Schima wallichii 10 10 63.94 639.40
4 Uttis Alnus nepalensis 5 5 63.94 319.70
5 Uttis Alnus nepalensis 3 3 63.94 191.82
6 Uttis Alnus nepalensis 2 2 63.94 127.88
7 Uttis Alnus nepalensis 2 2 63.94 127.88
8 Uttis Alnus nepalensis 3 3 63.94 191.82
9 Uttis Alnus nepalensis 2 2 63.94 127.88
10 Uttis Alnus nepalensis 1 1 63.94 63.94
11 Uttis Alnus nepalensis 4 4 63.94 255.76
12 Salla Pinus roxburghii 1 1 63.94 63.94
13 Uttis Alnus nepalensis 2 2 63.94 127.88
14 Uttis Alnus nepalensis 2 2 63.94 127.88
15 Uttis Alnus nepalensis 4 4 63.94 255.76
16 Bamboo Bambusa arundinacea 63.94 -
17 Patle Castonopsis sps 1 1 63.94 63.94
18 Uttis Alnus nepalensis 2 2 63.94 127.88
19 Painyu Prunus cerasoides 10 10 63.94 639.40
20 Nimaro Ficus roxburghii 5 5 63.94 319.70
21 Uttis Alnus nepalensis 10 10 63.94 639.40
22 Others 5 5 63.94 319.70
23 Bhimsenpati Buddleja asiatica 2 2 63.94 127.88
24 Nimaro Ficus roxburghii 25 25 63.94 1,598.50
25 Uttis Alnus nepalensis 5 5 63.94 319.70
26 Uttis Alnus nepalensis 10 10 63.94 639.40
27 Malato Macaranga pustulata 63.94 -
28 Dudhilo Ficus nemoralis 63.94 -
29 Nigalo Drepanostachyum intermedium 63.94 -
IEE of Okhaldhunga – Rumjatar Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Okhaldhunga Page 169
SN Species Scientific name of trees No. of Trees Compensatory
Plantation (1:1)
Rate (NRs) Total Cost (NRs)
30 Gurans Rhododendron arboretum 1 1 63.94 63.94
31 Patle Castonopsis sps 3 3 63.94 191.82
32 Salla Pinus roxburghii 1 1 63.94 63.94
33 Patle Castonopsis sps 2 2 63.94 127.88
34 Patle Castonopsis sps 2 2 63.94 127.88
35 Patle Castonopsis sps 3 3 63.94 191.82
36 Patle Castonopsis sps 2 2 63.94 127.88
37 Timmur 1 1 63.94 63.94
38 Uttis Alnus nepalensis 3 3 63.94 191.82
39 Chilaune Schima wallichii 50 50 63.94 3,197.00
40 Uttis Alnus nepalensis 20 20 63.94 1,278.80
41 Chilaune Schima wallichii 20 20 63.94 1,278.80
42 Jhigane Eurya acuminata 10 10 63.94 639.40
43 Uttis Alnus nepalensis 30 30 63.94 1,918.20
44 Uttis Alnus nepalensis 20 20 63.94 1,278.80
45 Patle Castonopsis sps 1 1 63.94 63.94
46 Painyu Prunus cerasoides 1 1 63.94 63.94
47 Chilaune Schima wallichii 1 1 63.94 63.94
48 Dudhilo Ficus nemoralis 3 3 63.94 191.82
49 Uttis Alnus nepalensis 1 1 63.94 63.94
50 Painyu Prunus cerasoides 3 3 63.94 191.82
51 Painyu Prunus cerasoides 2 2 63.94 127.88
52 Painyu Prunus cerasoides 2 2 63.94 127.88
53 Uttis Alnus nepalensis 3 3 63.94 191.82
54 Malato Macaranga pustulata 2 2 63.94 127.88
Total 348 348 22251.12
IEE of Okhaldhunga – Rumjatar Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Okhaldhunga Page 170
c. Calculation of Plantation Cost in CF
Item No. Description Unit Total
quantity
Rate
(NRs.)
Amount (NRs.) Remarks
Seedling cost No 1760 20 35,200.00
20 Plantation per ha
20(1) Site selection and survey Persondays 3 515 1,545.00
20.2(b) Site clearance Persondays 10 515 5,150.00 25% shrubs and grasses
20.3 Fixing of pit distance (1600 pits) Persondays 3 515 1,545.00
20.5(a)i Pitting of 45X30X30 cm pit Persondays 32 515 16,480.00 50% slope
20.6(a)iii Seedling transportation Persondays 6 515 3,090.00 1 km distance
20.6(b)iii Seedling transportation (within) Persondays 3 515 1,545.00
20.7(a) Plantation Persondays 20 515 10,300.00 Up to 50% slope
32.1(b) Weeding Persondays 18 515 9,270.00
32.3 Replacement plantation (10%) Persondays 9 515 4,635.00
33.1(b) Prunning Persondays 25 515 12,875.00 Up to 50% slope
Sub-total 101,635.00
35 Fencing per 200 running meter
35.2(a)ii Preparation of 100 poles of 30-40cm girth and 1.8m
height
Persondays 8 515 4,120.00
35.4 Five line barbed wire fencing (100 running meter)
35.4(a) Barbed wire (14 gauge) Kg 143 125 71,500.00
Wooden pole (10cmx10cmx1.8m) No 88 No cost
Unail Kg 4.2 125 2,100.00
35.3(b) Pitting for poles Persondays 14 515 28,840.00
35.4(c) Stretching and tightening of barbed wire Persondays 24 515 49,440.00
Sub-total 156,000.00
Total 257,635.00
Contingency (5%) 12,881.75
Grand Total 270,516.75
Per plant cost 153.70 1600+10% plants with 2.5m
x 2.5m spacing
IEE of Okhaldhunga – Rumjatar Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Okhaldhunga Page 171
d. Calculation of Plantation Cost in Private land
Item no. Description Unit Total
quantity
Rate
(NRs.)
Amount (NRs.) Remarks
Seedling cost No 1760 30 52,800.00
20 Plantation per ha
20(1) Site selection and survey Persondays 3 515 1,545.00
20.5(a)i Pitting 45X30X30 cm pit Persondays 32 515 16,480.00 50% slope
20.6(a) Seedling transportation Persondays 6 515 3,090.00 1 km
distance
20.6(b) Seedling transportation (within) Persondays 3 515 1,545.00
20.7(a) Plantation Persondays 20 515 10,300.00 Up to 50%
slope
32.1(b) Weeding Persondays 18 515 9,270.00
32.3 Replacement plantation (10%) Persondays 9 515 4,635.00
33.1(b) Prunning Persondays 25 515 12,875.00 Up to 50%
slope
Total 112,540.00
Per plant cost 63.94
IEE of Okhaldhunga – Rumjatar Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Okhaldhunga Page 172
e. Compensatory Plantation Agreement
Ifltk"lt{ a[Iff/f]k0f(Compensatory Plantation)
k[i7e"dL e"sDk cfktsfnLg ;xfotf cfof]hgf (EEAP) PlzofnL ljsf; a}+ssf] ;x'lnotk"0f{ C0f ;xof]u, :jL; ljsf; ;xof]u lgof]usf] k|fljlws ;xof]u tyf g]kfn ;/sf/ ;d]tsf] nufgLdf z'? ePsf] xf] o; cfof]hgfsf] p2]Zo @)&@ a}zfv !@ ut]sf] e"sDk kl5 e"sDk If]qdf k"g;+/rgf / k"glg{df0f sfo{df ;xof]u ug{' xf] . o; cfof]hgfn] ljBfno, ;8s, ;/sf/L ejg k"glg{df0f ul/ ;Defljt k|sf]kaf6 ;dfg's"ng ug{' /x]sf] 5 .
of] sfo{s|d k'glg{df0f tyf k'g:yfkgf sfo{k2tLdf cfwfl/t /xg] 5 . o;n] ;8s If]qsf e"sDk
k|efljt hgtfnfO{ ;xhtf k|bfg ug]{5 .cf]vn9'Ëf lhNnfdf cjl:yt k|:tfljt ;8s pk–cfof]hgf
e"sDk cfktsfnLg ;xfotf cfof]hgf (EEAP) cGtu{t ;+rfng ug{ nfluPsf] pkcfof]hgf xf] .
cf]vn9'Ëf – ?Dhf6f/ pk–cfof]hgf cf]vn9'Ëf lhNnfsf] l;l¢r/0f gu/kflnsfsf] j8f gF= !! /dfO{nf]
8Ff8f b]lv o;} gu/kflnsfsf] j8f gF $ sf ?Dhf6f/ hf]8\g] !!=!)) ls=dL= nfdf] lkr ;8s k'glg{df0f tyf k'g{:yfkgf ug{ tof/ kfl/Psf] xf]
;fGb{lestf /fli6«o k|fyldstf k|fKt of]hgfsf] nflu /fli6«o jg If]q k|of]u ug]{ ;DaGwL sfo{ljlw, @)&$ cg';f/ cf]vn9'Ëf – ?Dhf6f/ ;8s pk–cfof]hgfsf] lgdf{0f s|ddf sfl6g] ?vx?sf] Ifltk"lt{ ;DaGwdf hlt ?v sfl6G5g To;sf] !M@% cg'kftdf Ifltk"lt{ a[Iff/f]k0f / % aif{ ;Dd ;+/If0f ug'{ kg]{ x'G5 .
jgdf sfl6g] ?vx?sf] ;+Vof / Ifltk"lt{ jfkt a[Iff/f]k0f ug'{ kg]{ ?v ;+Vof / cg'dflgt nfut
pk/f]Qm cg';f/ cf]vn9'Ëf – ?Dhf6f/ ;8s pk–cfof]hgf ;fd'bflos jg eP/ hfg] / sfl6g]?vx?sf] ;+Vof, Ifltk"lt{ jfkt a[Iff/f]k0f ug'{ kg]{ ?v ;+Vof / cg'dflgt nfut ;d]t 6]a'n ! df lbO{Psf] 5 .
6]a'n ! ;fd'bflos jgdf sfl6g] ?vx?sf] ;+Vof, Ifltk"lt{ jfkt a[Iff/f]k0f ug'{ kg]{ ?v ;+Vof / cg'dflgt nfut
l;g+ jgsf] gfd sfl6g] ?v ;+Vof
Ifltk"lt{ a[Iff/f]k0f ?v ;+Vof -!M@%_
la?jf, a[Iff/f]k0f / 3]/jf/ nfut klxnf] ls:tf -g]=?=_
uf]8d]n, k'g/f]k0f nfut bf]>f] ls:tf -g]=?=_
hDdf nfut -g]=?=_
! d]3fkftfn ;f= j=
%^ !$)) !(@,*)*=)) @@,#&@=)) @!%,!*)=))
@ ;Ldwf/fkfvf ;f j=
@@ %%) &%,&$^=)) *,&*(=)) *$,%#%=))
hDdf &* !,(%) @^*,%%$=)) #!,!^!=)) @((,&!%=))
IEE of Okhaldhunga – Rumjatar Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Okhaldhunga Page 173
lhNnf cfof]hgf sfo{Gjog OsfO{ , lhNnf jg sfof{no / ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf
;d"xsf] aLrdf Ifltk"lt{ a[Iff/f]k0f -Compensatory Plantation_sfof{Gjog ug{ ePsf] ;+Demf}tf
-Agreement_kq
s_ sfof{Gjog ug]{ ;+:yfsf] lhDd]jf/L tyf bfloTj
lhNnf cfof]hgf sfo{Gjog OsfO, cf]vn9'Ëf != Ifltk"lt{ a[Iff/f]k0f sfo{ ug{sf] nfuLJoj:yfkg ug]{ h:t}, lj?jf pTkfbg÷9'jfgL ug]{, a[Iff/f]k0f ug]{ sfo{ cflb . a[Iff/f]k0f tyf 3]/jf/ -fencing_ ug{ nfut cg'dfg cg';f/sf] /sd -klxnf] ls:tf_ ;DalGwt ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"x -;f=j=p=;=_ nfO{ lhNnf jg sfof{no dfkm{t pknAw u/fpg] .
@ a[Iff/f]k0f ul/Psf] If]qsf] ;'kl/j]If0f tyf cg'udgdf ;j} ;/f]sf/jfnfnfO{ ;xefuL u/fpg] .
#= a[Iff/f]k0f ul/;s] kl5 lj?jf afFr]sf] cfwf/df jg Joj:yfkg -uf]8d]n, xfFuf s6gL / k'gM/f]k0f ug{_ afFsL /sd -bf]>f] ls:tf_ ;DalGwt ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"xn] kfpg] u/L lhNnf jg sfof{nosf] k|fljlwssf] l;kmfl/;sf] ;fy} /f]xj/df pknAw u/fpg Joj:yf ldnfpg] .
lhNnf jg sfof{no, cf]vn9'Ëf != lj?jf vl/b, ;Íngsf] ;fy} a[Iff/f]k0f ug{ k|ljlws ;xof]u pknAw u/fpg] .
@= ;f=j=p=;=n] u/]sf] sfdsf] cg'udg u/L lhNnf cfof]hgf sfo{Gjog OsfOsf] sfof{nodf k|utL k|ltj]bg k]z ug]{ .
#= a[Iff/f]k0fsf] ;'kl/j]If0f tyf cg'udgdf lhNnf cfof]hgf sfo{Gjog OsfOnfO{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg]sf] ;fy} ;+o'Qm cg'udgdf ;xefuL x'g] .
d]3fkftfn ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"x != a[Iff/f]k0f ug{ rflxg] la?jfsf] dfu ;+sng ug]{ .
@= lj?jf pTkfbg vl/b tyf pknAw u/fpgsf] ;fy} :yfgLo ?kdf 9'jfgL ug{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] .
#= a[Iff/f]k0f If]qdf 5]sjf/ ug]{, Kjfsn vGg] / la?jf /f]Kg] sfddf clgjfo{ ;xefuL x 'g] .
$= a[Iff/f]k0f If]qsf] Joj:yfkg k|ljlws ;xof]udf cfkm} ug'{kg]{ .
IEE of Okhaldhunga – Rumjatar Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Okhaldhunga Page 174
%= lhNnf cfof]hgf sfo{Gjog OsfO{ ÷s]lGb|o cfof]hgf sfo{Gjog OsfO ÷lhNnf jg sfof{non] ug]{ cg'udg sfo{df ;xof]u k'¥ofpgsf] ;fy} ;d'xn] :jMcg'udg u/L k|ltj]bg lbg'kg]{ .
v_ ;xof]uL ;+:yfsf] lhDd]jf/L tyf bfloTj lhNnf sfof{Gjog ;xof]u k/fdz{bftf
!= a[Iff/f]k0f sfo{sf] nflu ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"x, lhNnf jg sfof{no tyf lhNnf cfof]hgf sfo{Gjog OsfO sfof{no;+u ;dGjo ug]{ .
@= la?jf pTkfbg÷9'jfgL tyf a[Iff/f]k0f sfo{df ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] .
#= a[Iff/f]k0f If]qsf] ;'kl/j]If0f tyf cg'udgdf k|fljlws tyf ;+:yfut ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] .
$= jg tyf e"–;+/If0f dGqfno Pjd\ ;+3Lo dfldnf tyf :yfgLo ljsf; dGqfno / cGt/utsf lgsfoaf6 a[Iff/f]k0f cg'udg ug{ cfPsf] 6f]nLnfO{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] .
u_ e'QmfgL ug]{ sfo{ ljlwM ;8s lgdf{0f s|ddf sfl6g] %^ ?vx?sf] nflu !M@% cg'kftdf ul/g] Ifltk"lt{ a[Iff/f]k0f -!$)) ?vx?_ jfkt hDdf g] ?= @!%,!*)=)) lgDgfg';f/ pknAw u/fO{g] 5 .
!—klxnf] ls:tfM
a[Iff/f]k0f tyf 3]/jf/ -fencing_ ug{ nfut cg'dfg cg';f/sf] /sd g] ? !(@,*)*=));DalGwt ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"x -;f=j=p=;=_ nfO{ lhNnf jg sfof{no dfkm{t pknAw u/fpg] .
@—bf]>f] ls:tfM
a[Iff/f]k0f ul/;s] kl5 lj?jf afFr]sf] cfwf/df jg Joj:yfkg -uf]8d]n, xfFuf s6gL / k'gM/f]k0f ug{_ afFsL /sd g] ?= @@,#&@=));DalGwt ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"xn] kfpg] u/L lhNnf jg sfof{nosf] /f]xj/df pknAw u/fpg]] .
lhNnf cfof]hgf sfo{Gjog OsfO tkm{ af6
lhNnf jg sfof{nosf] tkm{ af6
;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"xsf] tkm{ af6
x:tfIf/M gfdM kbM ldltM 5fkM
x:tfIf/M gfdM kbM ldltM 5fkM
x:tfIf/M gfdM kbM ldltM 5fkM
IEE of Okhaldhunga – Rumjatar Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Okhaldhunga Page 175
lhNnf cfof]hgf sfo{Gjog OsfO{ , lhNnf jg sfof{no / ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"xsf]
aLrdf Ifltk"lt{ a[Iff/f]k0f -Compensatory Plantation_sfof{Gjog ug{ ePsf] ;+Demf}tf
-Agreement_kq
s_ sfof{Gjog ug]{ ;+:yfsf] lhDd]jf/L tyf bfloTj lhNnf cfof]hgf sfo{Gjog OsfO{, cf]vn9'Ëf
!= Ifltk"lt{ a[Iff/f]k0f sfo{ ug{sf] nfuL Joj:yfkg ug]{ h:t}, lj?jf pTkfbg÷9'jfgL ug]{, a[Iff/f]k0f ug]{ sfo{ cflb . a[Iff/f]k0f tyf 3]/jf/ -fencing_ ug{ nfut cg'dfg cg';f/sf] /sd -klxnf] ls:tf_ ;DalGwt ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"x -;f=j=p=;=_ nfO{ lhNnf jg sfof{no dfkm{t pknAw u/fpg] .
@= a[Iff/f]k0f ul/Psf] If]qsf] ;'kl/j]If0f tyf cg'udgdf ;j} ;/f]sf/jfnfnfO{ ;xefuL u/fpg] .
#= a[Iff/f]k0f ul/;s] kl5 lj?jf afFr]sf] cfwf/df jg Joj:yfkg -uf]8d]n, xfFuf s6gL / k'gM/f]k0f ug{_ afFsL /sd -bf]>f] ls:tf_ ;DalGwt ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"xn] kfpg] u/L lhNnf jg sfof{nosf] k|fljlwssf] l;kmfl/;sf] ;fy} /f]xj/df pknAw u/fpg Joj:yf ldnfpg] .
lhNnf jg sfof{no,cf]vn9'Ëf != lj?jf vl/b, ;Íngsf] ;fy} a[Iff/f]k0f ug{ k|ljlws ;xof]u pknAw u/fpg] . @= ;f=j=p=;=n] u/]sf] sfdsf] cg'udg u/L lhNnf cfof]hgf sfo{Gjog OsfOsf] sfof{nodf k|utL k|ltj]bg k]z ug]{ . #= a[Iff/f]k0fsf] ;'kl/j]If0f tyf cg'udgdf lhNnf cfof]hgf sfo{Gjog OsfOnfO{ ;xof]u
k'¥ofpg]sf] ;fy} ;+o'Qm cg'udgdf ;xefuL x'g] .
;Ldwf/f kfvf ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"x != a[Iff/f]k0f ug{ rflxg] la?jfsf] dfu ;+sng ug]{ . @= lj?jf pTkfbg vl/b tyf pknAw u/fpgsf] ;fy} :yfgLo ?kdf 9'jfgL ug{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] . #= a[Iff/f]k0f If]qdf 5]sjf/ ug]{, Kjfsn vGg] / la?jf /f]Kg] sfddf clgjfo{ ;xefuL x 'g] . $= a[Iff/f]k0f If]qsf] Joj:yfkg k|ljlws ;xof]udf cfkm} ug'{kg]{ .
%= lhNnf cfof]hgf sfo{Gjog OsfO{ ÷s]lGb|o cfof]hgf sfo{Gjog OsfO ÷lhNnf jg sfof{non] ug]{ cg'udg sfo{df ;xof]u k'¥ofpgsf] ;fy} ;d'xn] :jMcg'udg u/L k|ltj]bg lbg'kg]{ .
IEE of Okhaldhunga – Rumjatar Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Okhaldhunga Page 176
v_ ;xof]uL ;+:yfsf] lhDd]jf/L tyf bfloTj lhNnf sfof{Gjog ;xof]u k/fdz{bftf
!= a[Iff/f]k0f sfo{sf] nflu ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"x, lhNnf jg sfof{no lhNnf cfof]hgf sfo{Gjog OsfO sfof{no;+u ;dGjo ug]{ . @= la?jf pTkfbg÷9'jfgL tyf a[Iff/f]k0f sfo{df ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] . #= a[Iff/f]k0f If]qsf] ;'kl/j]If0f tyf cg'udgdf k|fljlws tyf ;+:yfut ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] . $= jg tyf e"–;+/If0f dGqfno Pjd\ ;+3Lo dfldnf tyf :yfgLo ljsf; dGqfno /
cGt/utsf lgsfoaf6 a[Iff/f]k0f cg'udg ug{ cfPsf] 6f]nLnfO{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] .
u_ e'QmfgL ug]{ sfo{ ljlwM ;8s lgdf{0f s|ddf sfl6g] @@ ?vx?sf] nflu !M@% cg'kftdf ul/g] Ifltk"lt{ a[Iff/f]k0f -%%) ?vx?_ jfkt hDdf g] ?= *$,%#%=)) lgDgfg';f/ pknAw u/fO{g] 5 .
!—klxnf] ls:tfM a[Iff/f]k0f tyf 3]/jf/ -fencing_ ug{ nfut cg'dfg cg';f/sf] /sd g] ? &%,&$^=))
;DalGwt ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"x -;f=j=p=;=_ nfO{ lhNnf jg sfof{no dfkm{t pknAw u/fpg] .
@—bf]>f] ls:tfM a[Iff/f]k0f ul/;s] kl5 lj?jf afFr]sf] cfwf/df jg Joj:yfkg -uf]8d]n, xfFuf s6gL / k'gM/f]k0f ug{_ afFsL /sd g] ?=*,&*(=)) ;DalGwt ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"xn] kfpg] u/L lhNnf jg sfof{nosf] /f]xj/df pknAw u/fpg]] .
lhNnf cfof]hgf sfo{Gjog OsfO{ sfof{nosf] tkm{ af6
lhNnf jg sfof{nosf] tkm{ af6
;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"xsf] tkm{ af6
x:tfIf/M gfdM kbM ldltM 5fkM
x:tfIf/M gfdM kbM ldltM 5fkM
x:tfIf/M gfdM kbM ldltM 5fkM
IEE of Okhaldhunga – Rumjatar Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Okhaldhunga Page 177
f. Plantation Plan in District
Compensatory Plantation
Requirements for Plantation Activities
1) Coordination with DFO - Meeting will be held with DFO and CFUGs to discuss about the
plantation management
2) Agreement with DFO/CFUGs/DCC - Agreement will be done with DFO and DCC/DTO
for the compensatory plantation
3) Managing planting stock - Nursery establishment and operation
From DFO/CFUG nursery
From private nursery owner from districts
Fruit trees in private land - Horticulture farms in districts.
4) Identification and survey of plantation area - Plantation area will be identified by DFO
and survey will be done.
5) Fencing - Fencing will be done by concerned DFO/CFUG.
6) Pitting - Pits of 45cmx30cmx 30cm size will be dug.
7) Transportation of seedlings - From nursery to the planting sites
8) Planting - It will be done by the DFO/CFUGs in the starting of monsoon
9) Weeding - After the monsoon season, weeding is done to reduce the competition by
weeds.
10) Survival count - Before winter starts, survival of the plantation will be done for casualty
replacement before next monsoon.
Plan of Action for Plantation in CF
Activities May18 June
18
July
18
Aug
18
Sep
18
Oct
18
Nov
18
Dec
18
Jan
19
Agreement with
DFO/CFUG/DLPIU
Managing planting
stock
Survey of
plantation area
Fencing
Pitting
Transportation of
seedlings
Planting
Weeding
Survival count
IEE of Okhaldhunga – Rumjatar Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Okhaldhunga Page 178
Plantation in Private Land
Coordination with affected landowner - Meeting will be held with concerned affected
landowner to discuss about the plantation trees in their land.
1) Managing planting stock
From DFO/CFUG nursery
From private nursery owner from districts
Fruit trees in private land - Horticulture farms in districts.
2) Identification and survey of plantation area - Plantation area will be identified in
coordination with affected landowner.
3) Protection- Protection of planted trees will be done by the landowner.
4) Pitting - Pits of appropriate size will be dug depending on the species.
5) Transportation of seedlings - From nursery to the planting sites
6) Planting - It will be done by the affected landowner and cost will be provided in the
starting of monsoon
7) Weeding - After the monsoon season, weeding is done to reduce weed competition.
IEE of Okhaldhunga – Rumjatar Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Okhaldhunga Page 179
Roadside Plantation
1) Coordination with local communities, Municipality and DFO - Meeting will be held with
concerned local communities, Municipality and DFO to discuss about the plantation
management
2) Agreement with concerned stakeholders - Agreement will be done with concerned local
communities, Municipality and DFO for the road side plantation
3) Managing planting stock - Nursery establishment and operation
From DFO nursery
From private nursery owner from districts
Fruit trees in private land - Horticulture farms in districts.
4) Identification and survey of plantation area - Plantation area will be identified by
concerned local communities, Municipality, and DFO and survey will be done.
5) Fencing - Fencing will be done by concerned local communities, Municipality and DFO.
6) Pitting - Pits of appropriate size will be dug depending on species
7) Transportation of seedlings - From nursery to the planting sites
8) Planting - It will be done in the starting of monsoon
9) Weeding - After the monsoon season, weeding is done to reduce the competition by
weeds.
10) Survival count - before winter starts, survival of the plantation will be done for casualty
replacement before next monsoon.
Plan of Action for Roadside Plantation
Activities May 18 June 18 July 18 Aug 18 Sep 18
Agreement with local
communities, Municipality
and DFO
Managing planting stock
Survey of plantation area
Fencing
Pitting
Transportation of seedlings
Planting
Weeding
Survival count
IEE of Okhaldhunga – Rumjatar Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Okhaldhunga Page 180
Appendix XIII: Detail Information of Affected structure
a. Private structure
SN Picture Detail
1.
Chainage 0+210
Name of Owner Bhim Kumar Karki
(Absent During Field visit)
Address Siddhicharan Municipality -
11,Ramailo Danda
Structure Type 2
Built Year 2057
Present Status 1
Family Member (no.)
Food Sufficiency
(Month)
Total Agricultural
Income (NRs.)
Total Non-agricultural
Income (NRs.)
Total Affected Area
(sqm)
55.80
Total cost (NRs.) 926726w
2.
Chainage 0+250
Name of Owner Bhim Kumar Karki
(Absent During the time of
Field visit)
Address Siddhicharan
Municipality,Ward
No.11,Ramailo Danda
Structure Type 5
Built Year 2065
Present Status 1
Family Member (no.)
Food Sufficiency
(Month)
Total Agricultural
Income (NRs.)
Total Non-agricultural
Income (NRs.)
Total Affected Area
(sqm)
25.2
Total cost (NRs.) 25000
IEE of Okhaldhunga – Rumjatar Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Okhaldhunga Page 181
3. Chainage (9+563)
Name of Owner Khem Prasad Dahal
Address Siddhicharan
Municipality,Ward
No.13,Kafalbot
Structure Type 2
Built Year 2051
Present Status 2
Family Member (no.) 10
Food Sufficiency
(Month)
6
Total Agricultural
Income (NRs.)
50,000.00
Total Non-agricultural
Income (NRs.)
187,000.00
Total Affected Area
(sqm)
26.2
Total cost (NRs.) 441772.77
4. Chainage (9+430)
Name of Owner Hom Kumari Dahal
Address Siddhicharan
Municipality,Ward
No.13,Kafalbot
Structure Type 2
Built Year 2067
Present Status 1
Family Member (no.) 7
Food Sufficiency (Month) 10
Total Agricultural Income
(NRs.)
20,000.00
Total Non-agricultural
Income (NRs.)
75,000.00
Total Affected Area (sqm) 21.76
Total cost (NRs.) 361390.07
IEE of Okhaldhunga – Rumjatar Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Okhaldhunga Page 182
5.
Chainage (10+280)
Name of Owner Mina Dahal
Address Siddhicharan
Municipality,Ward
No.13,Kafalbot
Structure Type 2
Built Year 2051
Present Status 1
Family Member (no.) 5
Food Sufficiency (Month) 2
Total Agricultural Income
(NRs.)
Total Non-agricultural
Income (NRs.)
100000
Total Affected Area (sqm) 31.5
Total cost (NRs.) 232512
6. Chainage (10+345)
Name of Owner Saraswoti Pradhan
Address Tinkune-4,Rumjatar
Structure Type 2
Built Year 2054
Present Status 3
Family Member (no.) 5
Food Sufficiency (Month) 12
Total Agricultural Income
(NRs.)
25,000
Total Non-agricultural
Income (NRs.)
600000
Total Affected Area (sqm) 42.14
Total cost (NRs.) 699861.13
IEE of Okhaldhunga – Rumjatar Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Okhaldhunga Page 183
7. Chainage (10+380)
Name of Owner Pudki Shrestha
Address Tinkune-4,Rumjatar
Structure Type 2
Built Year 2051
Present Status 1
Family Member (no.) 10
Food Sufficiency (Month) 7
Total Agricultural Income
(NRs.)
84,000
Total Non-agricultural
Income (NRs.)
20000
Total Affected Area (sqm) 26.4
Total cost (NRs.) 438451.30
8. Chainage (10+700)
Name of Owner Lakhman tamang
Address Tinkune-4,Rumjatar
Structure Type House
Built Year 2036
Present Status Partly damage
Family Member (no.) 15
Food Sufficiency (Month) 12
Total Agricultural Income
(NRs.)
Not found
Total Non-agricultural
Income (NRs.)
Not found
Total Affected Area (sqm) 18
Total cost (NRs.) 313944
IEE of Okhaldhunga – Rumjatar Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Okhaldhunga Page 184
Appendix XIV: Photographs
Road section at the starting point, Ramailo
danda
Road section at the end point, Rumjatar
Structure at Right of way Sisne Khola along the road alignment
Road section at Sanitar Road section with vehicular movement
IEE of Okhaldhunga – Rumjatar Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Okhaldhunga Page 185
Measuring road width along CF
AFO Okhaldhunga measuring the DBH of
tree at CF
Measuring the tree DBH at cultivated land Measuring the tree DBH at private forest
Gabion wall constructing to control landslide Marking the tree of CF at formation width
IEE of Okhaldhunga – Rumjatar Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Okhaldhunga Page 186
Study team with District forest staff and
DISC team
Interaction with former president of CF
Consultation meeting at Barnalu Consultation meeting at Sanitar
Interaction with project manager of the road Interaction with affected family