Odor and H2S Emissions from Laying HouseTeng-Teeh Lim, Albert J. Heber, Ji-Qin Ni

Agricultural and Biological Engineering

Purdue University

Building EnvironmentResearch & Education

AgAirQuality.com

New Laying Houses (2000)

1 of 14 barns2 million bird total capacity37 m wide and 183 m long246,000 birds in cages.

The Laying House

Fan inlets

76 exhaust fans73, 122-cm fans

37 m x 183 m houseCeiling inlets

10 rows of hensUnder cage slot

246,000 hens

Stage 1: 4 fansStage 2: 5 fansStages 3-6: 9 fansStage 7: 15 fansStage 8: 13 fans

Stored litter

CagesHigh Rise Building Design

Long-Term Manure Storage

Picture of lab

Heated Raceway for Sampling Lines

Instrument space, protection and security Key to quality assurance Analyst comfort Mobile Instrument Shelter

CO2 analyzer

NH3 analyzer

H2S analyzerPulsed flourescence (convert H2S to SO2)

ISUmodule

Calibrationgases

GSS

TEOMcontrollers

N

Mixing manifold

Floor plan (186 m x 30 m)

Hall

Exhaust air locations

Instrument shelter

3

11

Air inlet group

AD592 temperature sensors Air sampling locations

Vane anemometerRH/temp probe

Static pressure port

To instrumentshelter

1

10

Attic

Pit Cages

Side view

2

4

Cages End view

Instrument shelter

Pit

Monitoring Plan at Laying House

Hydrogen sulfide emission = k * 186 m3/s x 414*(17 – 2)/(273+20) = 340 g/d

Solenoid valves

H2S

P2

M4M3

F4

Exhaust

AnalyzerSample lines

Sampling bag

Probemanifold

Analyzer manifold3.6

L/min

1.0L/min

AC’SCENT International Olfactometer

14 dilution levels

Dilution ratios: 66700 to 8

Triangular forced-choice

Single sniffing port

10 L sample size

Odor sampling at fan outlety = 0.48x1.112

R2 = 0.90

10

100

1000

10 100 1000

DT, Fan Inlet

DT,

Man

ifold

Source: Heber et al., 2002

Vacuum chamber

Vane anemometer

Severe dust buildup

Equality

Solenoid valves

H2S

P2

M4M3

F4

Exhaust

AnalyzerSample lines Bag filling

Probemanifold

Analyzermanifold

3.6L/min

1.0L/min

Filter

LabTests of 2 Dirty Fans

at UIUC’sBESS Lab

Cleaned

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

0 1 2 3 4

Airflow, m3/s

Fan with Plastic Shutter

New belt

Dirty

Published

Dirty is 14-24% < published

Static Pressure, Pa

Teng and FANS test

In-Field Fan TestsFurther airflow degradation found in in-field tests and

fans operating more frequently had greater degradation factors

Data Acquisition System State of the art hardware, software On-line data inspection Alarm emails Automatic backups Instrument interfacing Sample line control

Means ± 95% C.I.Inventory 245,278 birds

Bird mass 1.57 kg

Bird mass density 57.4 kg/m2

Ventilation rate 204 ± 63 m3/s

Inlet air temperature 12.2 ± 4.4°C

Inlet relative humidity 61.3 ± 9.2%

Exhaust air temperature 21.6 ± 1.7°C

Hydrogen Sulfide Results

Hydrogen Sulfide Concentrations

-5

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

2/27 3/13 3/27 4/10 4/24 5/8 5/22 6/5

Day of test, mm/dd

Co

nc

en

tra

tio

n, p

pb

Exhaust air (mean=19.7±4.8 ppb)

0

10

20

30

40

50

9/30 10/14 10/28 11/11 11/25 12/9

Date

n-bu

tano

l OD

Cb,

ppb

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

H2S

OD

Cb,

ppb

n-butanol

H2S

n-butanol vs. H2S

Hydrogen Sulfide Concentrations

-5

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

2/27 3/13 3/27 4/10 4/24 5/8 5/22 6/5

Day of test, mm/dd

Co

nc

en

tra

tio

n, p

pb

Exhaust air

Inlet air (mean=3.1±4.3 ppb)

Hydrogen Sulfide Concentrations and Emission Rates

-5

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

2/27 3/13 3/27 4/10 4/24 5/8 5/22 6/5

Day of test, mm/dd

Co

nc

en

tra

tio

n, p

pb

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

Em

iss

ion

, mg

s-1

Exhaust air

Inlet air

Emission rate (mean = 5.6 ± 1.3 μg/s-AU)

Odor Results

Odor Concentrations (OU/m3)

0

100

200

300

400

500

2/27 3/13 3/27 4/10 4/24 5/8 5/22 6/5

Day of test, mm/dd

Od

or

con

c.,

OU

E m

-3

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

ODCb

ppbODCb (mean = 42 ppb)

Odor Concentrations (OUE/m3)

0

100

200

300

400

500

2/27 3/13 3/27 4/10 4/24 5/8 5/22 6/5

Day of test, mm/dd

Od

or

con

c.,

OU

E m

-3

Exhaust (mean = 316 OUE/m3, n=13)

Odor Concentrations (OUE/m3)

0

100

200

300

400

500

2/27 3/13 3/27 4/10 4/24 5/8 5/22 6/5

Day of test, mm/dd

Od

or

con

c.,

OU

E m

-3

Exhaust

Inlet (mean = 51 OUE/m3, n=13)

0

10

20

30

40

50

2/27 3/13 3/27 4/10 4/24 5/8 5/22 6/5

Day of Test

Em

iss

ion

, OU

E s

-1 A

U-1 Odor emission

rate

Mean = 50,400 OUE/s = 65.6 OUE/s-AU = 7.53 OUE/s-m2

mc=36.4%pH=8.4

mc=26.0%pH=8.3

mc=25.0%pH=8.3

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

2/27 3/13 3/27 4/10 4/24 5/8 5/22 6/5

Day of Test

Ven

tila

tio

n R

ate,

m3

s-1

0

10

20

30

40

50

Em

issi

on

, O

UE s

-1 A

U-1

Ventilation rate

Odor emission rate

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

2/27 3/13 3/27 4/10 4/24 5/8 5/22 6/5

Day of Test

Ven

tila

tio

n R

ate,

m3

s-1

-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

Em

issi

on

, O

UE s

-1 A

U-1

Tem

per

atu

re, o

C

Inlet T

Ventilation rate

Emission rate

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

2/27 3/13 3/27 4/10 4/24 5/8 5/22 6/5Day of Test

Ven

tila

tio

n R

ate,

m3

s-1

Inlet T

Ventilation Rate

Exhaust T

Emission Rate

-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

Em

issi

on

, O

UE s

-1 A

U-1

Tem

per

atu

re, o

C

Hedonic Tone v. Odor Concentration

-8

-7

-6

-5

-4

-3

-2

-1

0

10 100 1000Odor Concentration, OUE m-3

He

do

nic

To

ne HT = 0.252 OC0.513

R2 = 0.70Inlet air mean = -1.9

Exhaust air mean = -5.0

Hedonic Tone v. Odor Concentration

-8

-7

-6

-5

-4

-3

-2

-1

0

10 100 1000Odor Concentration, OUE m-3

He

do

nic

To

ne HT = 0.252 OC0.513

R2 = 0.70

Lim et al., 2001(swine nursery)

Conclusions

Mean exhaust air H2S concentration was 20 ppb. Mean H2S emission rate was 5.6 μg/s-AU. Mean hedonic tone of exhaust air was -5. Mean exhaust odor intensity was 3200 ppm BIW. Mean exhaust odor concentration was 316 OUE/m3. Mean odor emission was 66 OUE/s-AU.

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