Post on 24-Jul-2020
PIC Global Nutrition
Nutrition and feeding recomendations for modern sows 1st European Nutrition WebinarMay 26th, 2020
©Pig Improvement Company. | 2
Why are we discussing Camborough efficiency?
78%
9%
13%
Finishing ~260 kg
Nursery ~28 kg
Sows 40 kg
>150 kg/sow/year
Target 135 to 160 kg body weight at first breeding
• Less consumption of gilt developer diet (or diet fed prior to AI).
• Positive impact on sow longevity and retention rate.
No bump feeding at d 90 of gestation to transfer
• Base feeding of gilts and sows during gestation on their body condition score.
• Bump feeding has minimal effect on piglet birth weight.
• Bump feeding can result in a fat herd and, consequently, in a higher stillborn rate, lower lactation feed intake, and lower retention rate.
Breeding thinner herd
• Heavy gilts (>160 kg at first AI) have higher maintenance requirements.
• Heavy gilts are likely heavier during gestation across parities. (+23 kg feed/sow/year).
• Heavy gilts are known to have shorter productive lifetimes.
Why are we discussing Camborough efficiency?
IncreasedProfit
No Bump Feeding
Breeding at 135 to 160 kg
Breeding Slimmer Herd
Nutrition and feeding during gilt development
Target at first breeding
4 key elements
Nutrition and feeding during gilt development
• # of estrus
• Age at puberty
• Body weight
• Age
200 to 225 days
135 - 160 kg (300 to
350 lb)
2nd (3rd
only if light)
Younger than 195
days
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Nutrition and feeding during gilt development
Significant impact on sow lifetime performance
Gilt breeding weight
Avoid stress around breeding:• Gilts should start gaining weight with minimal stress 15 days before
breeding.
Growth rate and breeding weight
Weight targets for replacement gilts
Too light – Do not breed <135 kg (<300 lb)
Eligible to breed 135-160 kg (300-350lb)
Too heavy >160 kg (>350lb)
Average Daily Gain from birth to 1st breeding
Age, days 225 200
Weight, kg (lb) 135 (300) 160 (350)
ADG, g (lb) 600 (1.32) 800 (1.76)
Nutrition and feeding during gilt development
Meeting nutrient demands for:
• Adequate growth
• Adequate reproductive tract development
• Adequate bone development
• A sound foot and leg structure
Goals for feeding replacement gilts
Nutrition and feeding replacement gilts
STTD: Standardized Total Tract Digestible
Updated STTD Phosphorus requirements, %
Body weight, kg
23-41 41-59 59-82 82-104 104-129
Terminal Gilts
PIC2016 0.33 0.30 0.28 0.26 0.24
PIC2020 0.40 0.37 0.33 0.29 0.25
Barrows
PIC2016 0.33 0.30 0.27 0.25 0.24
PIC2020 0.37 0.34 0.31 0.28 0.24
Replacement Gilts
PIC2016 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.35
PIC2020 0.42 0.38 0.34 0.30 0.26
©Pig Improvement Company. | 12
Nutrition and feeding during gilt developmentHow many diets to build a reasonable phase feeding for gilt development?
23 40 60 80 105 BREEDING
Body weight of developing gilts, kg
5 GDU1 DIETS GDU-1 GDU-2 GDU-3 GDU-4 GDU-5
3 GDU DIETS COMMERCIAL DIETS GDU-1 GDU-2 GDU-3
2 GDU DIETS COMMERCIAL DIETS GDU-1 GDU-2
1 GDU DIETS COMMERCIAL DIETS GDU GESTATION DIET
1 GDU DIETS LACTATION DIET GDU GESTATION DIET
1GDU: gilt development unit.
50Kg/lb=> 88 130 175 230
©Pig Improvement Company. | 13
Nutrition and feeding during gilt development
• Provide ad libitum feed access from birth to first breeding
• Lysine/Energy ratio – Use ~97% commercial gilt concentrations for maximum performance
• Vitamins/Trace minerals – Details in the PIC 2020 Nutrition Manual
• Calcium and Phosphorus – Higher concentrations than commercial gilts
• Measure gilt weight to ensure adequate weight at breeding (scale, tape, image…)
Summary
Weight targets for replacement gilts
Too light – Do not breed <135 kg (<300 lb)
Eligible to breed 135-160 kg (300-350lb)
Too heavy >160 kg (>350lb)
Average Daily Gain from birth to 1st breeding
Age, days 225 200
Weight, kg (lb) 135 (300) 160 (350)
ADG, g (lb) 600 (1.32) 800 (1.76)
Nutrition and feeding during gestation
Mallmann, 2019, Unpublished data
12661292
1088
950
1000
1050
1100
1150
1200
1250
1300
1350
Pig
let
thro
ug
hp
ut,
n
Linear, P < 0.001
Quadratic, P = 0.008
n = 361 sows
Treatments performed from day 6 to day 30 of gestation
3.15 Mcal ME/kg and 0.64% SID Lys
Piglet throughput reduced when combined gilts and sows
Feed allowance, kg/d
1.80 2.50 3.25
Born alive index =FR,% x BA x 100
Represent born alive from 100 sows bred
Nutrition and feeding during gestationEarly Gestation
Descriptive summary of different early gestation feeding levelson embryo survivability and hormone secretion of gilts and sows
Nutrition and feeding during gestationEarly Gestation
REFERENCESAMPLE
SIZESTAGE
GESTATION DAYS
WEIGHT AT BREEDING,
kg
MEm, Mcal/d
DIETARY ME,
Mcal/kg
FEEDING LEVEL, kg/d % OF MEm RESPONSE CRITERIA
CON. TRT. CON. TRT.EMBRYO
SURVIVABILITYPLASMA
PROGESTERONETOTAL BORN
Jindal et al., 1996 48 Gilt 1 – 15 116 3.52 2.71 1.9 2.6 146% 200% -22% -57% -
Athorn et al., 2013 18 Gilt 0 – 10 126 3.76 2.89 1.5 2.8 115% 215% 19% - -
Athorn et al., 2013 19 Gilt 0 – 10 126 3.76 2.89 1.5 2.8 115% 215% - 26% -
Langendijk et al., 2015 21 Gilt 10 – 11 103 3.22 2.87 0.0 2.5 0% 223% - -8% 24%
Virolainen et al., 2005 12 Sow 1 – 35 252 6.32 2.83 2.0 4.0 89% 179% -35% -25% -
Hoving, 2012 37 Sow 3 – 35 170 4.71 3.11 2.5 3.3 165% 215% 2% ns
Mallmann et al, 2020 244 Sow 6 – 30 197 5.26 3.15 1.8 2.5 108% 150% - - 0%
Mallmann et al, 2020 239 Sow 6 – 30 197 5.26 3.15 1.8 3.2 108% 192% - - -8%
Weighted Average - - 184 4.98 3.08 1.7 2.8 107% 178% -9% -22% -1%
PIC Base Level (Gilt/Sow) 150/200 4.18/5.32 3.23 1.8 141%/111%
PIC Thin Level (Sow) 190 5.12 3.23 2.5 157%
Nutrition and feeding during gestationEarly Gestation
Thomas et al., 2016
Group-housed gilts and sows fed via electronic feeding system struggle to consume their full feed allowance during early gestation.
Intake records: n = 74,114 (PIC 1050, PIC®)
Gilts Parity 1 sows Parity 2+ sows
Parity 1 and 2+ sows begin to consume their allowance much faster than gilts.
Average gilt and sow weight = 165 kgMEm = 4.604 Mcal ME/kg which is equivalent to 1.43 kg/d
Nutrition and feeding during gestation
• Evidence suggests feeding below base level during the first days after breeding will lead to reduced embryo survival
• Excessive feed intake (>10 Mcal of ME/day) has negative impact in total born overall parties.
Summary – Early Gestation
REFERENCE
START, DAY OF
GESTATIONLITTERS PER TREATMENT TOTAL BORN
CONTROL,INCREASED FEED
INTAKE, CHANGES DUET TO EXTRA FEED
Mcal ME/dg SID Lys/d Mcal ME/d g SID Lys/d
BW GAIN per kg OF EXTRA DAILY
FEED, kgPIGLET BIRTH
CHANGE, g
Shelton et al. 2009 90 32 12.4 7.9 11.9 11.4 19.9 4.9 -109
Soto et al. 2011 100 51 12.9 7.9 11.2 13.9 19.5 NR -69
Gonçalves et al. 2015 90 181 15.1 5.9 10.7 8.9 10.7 9.0 47
Gonçalves et al. 2015 90 181 15.3 5.9 20.0 8.9 20.0 10.8 19
Greiner et al. 2016 95 128 14.7 5.9 9.0 8.8 14.0 7.1 -40
Mallmann et al., 2018 90 221 15.4 5.9 11.7 7.2 14.3 9.0 -4
Average --- --- 14.3 6.6 12.4 9.9 (50%) 16.4 (32%) 8.9 -1.3
Standard deviation --- --- 1.3 1.0 3.9 2.4 3.9 1.6 44.2
Descriptive summary of bump-feeding experiments for PIC sows
Nutrition and feeding during gestationLate Gestation
Mallmann et al., 2018, J. Anim. Sci.
1258
1360
1264
1356
1200
1230
1260
1290
1320
1350
1380 110 gilts and 297 sows (PIC Camborough)
Treatment P = 0.969
Parity class P < 0.0001
Treatment*Parity class P = 0.948
1.8 2.2 1.8 2.2
Gilts
Sows
Feed allowance, kg/d
Pig
lets
bir
thw
eig
ht,
g
Bump feeding from d 90 of gestation didn’t improve piglet birth weight for PIC gilts or sows
Nutrition and feeding during gestationLate Gestation
©Pig Improvement Company. | 26Mallmann et al. 2018, J. Anim. Sci.
may compromise lactation voluntary feed intake
1,00
3,00
5,00
7,00
9,00
d 1 to 3 d 4 to 7 d 8 to 11 d 12 to 15 d 16 to 21
Gilts - 1.8 kg
Gilts - 2.2 kg
Sows - 1.8 kg
Sows - 2.2 kg
Lactation period, d
Vo
lun
tary
feed
inta
ke, k
g/d
Feeding during late gestation
Lactation Intake
5.35 kg/d
4.74 kg/d
7.00 kg/d
6.70 kg/d
Overall average
Bump feeding from d 90 of gestation
110 gilts and 297 sows (PIC Camborough)
Trt P = 0.028Parity P < 0.001Interaction P = 0.354
Nutrition and feeding during gestationLate Gestation
Descriptive summary of bump-feeding experiments for PIC gilts
REFERENCE
START DAY OF
GESTATIONLITTERS PER TREATMENT
TOTAL BORN
CONTROL INCREASED FEED INTAKE CHANGES DUET TO EXTRA FEED
Mcal ME/d g SID Lys/d Mcal ME/d g SID Lys/d
BW GAIN per kg OF EXTRA DAILY
FEED, kgPIGLET BIRTH
CHANGE, g
Shelton et al. 2009 90 21 14.3 6.8 11.9 9.8 17.1 6.6 86
Soto et al. 2011 100 24 12.5 7.0 9.8 12.9 18.2 NR 126
Gonçalves et al. 2015 90 371 14.2 5.9 10.7 8.9 10.7 5.6 24
Gonçalves et al. 2015 90 371 14.2 5.9 20.0 8.9 20.0 9.1 28
Greiner et al. 2016 100 65 13.4 5.9 9.0 8.8 14.0 NR -120
Ampaire 2017 90 17 13.4 7.2 12.3 8.6 14.5 24 -10
Mallmann et al., 2018 90 50 14.4 5.9 11.7 7.2 14.3 6.5 6
Mallmann et al., 2019 90 243 14.1 5.9 11.5 7.6 14.7 6.4 26
Mallmann et al., 2019 90 242 14.3 5.9 11.5 9.2 17.9 8.8 -1
Mallmann et al., 2019 90 246 14.3 5.9 11.5 10.9 21.1 7.9 -11
Average --- --- 13.9 6.2 12.0 9.3 (49%) 16.3 (36%) 7.7 12.0
Standard deviation --- --- 0.6 0.5 3.0 1.6 3.2 2.4 36.1
Nutrition and feeding during gestationLate Gestation
Mallmann et al., 2019, J. Anim. Sci.
1.300
1.327
1.299
1.289
18.0 18,3 18,0 17,8
15
20
25
1250
1275
1300
1325
1350
1,8 2,3 2,8 3,3
Litt
er
we
igh
t, k
g
Pig
lets
bir
th w
eig
ht,
g
Feed allowance, kg/d
PBW, quadratic, P = 0.08
LW, quadratic, P = 0.06
Bump feeding from d 90 of gestationPiglets birth weight, and litter weight of PIC gilts
977 gilts (PIC Camborough)
Nutrition and feeding during gestationLate Gestation
3,7
4,7
5,6
4,3
3,0
4,0
5,0
6,0
1,8 2,3 2,8 3,3
Mallmann et al., 2019, J. Anim. Sci.
977 gilts (PIC Camborough)Quadratic, P < 0.01
Feed allowance, kg/d
Bump feeding from d 90 of gestationimpacted stillborn rate of PIC gilts
Still
bo
rn r
ate
, %
Nutrition and feeding during gestationLate Gestation
Mallmann 2019, Unpublished data
8886
88 89
79 7881
76
68
62 61 62477
452449
433420
440
460
480
500
520
540
40
60
80
100
1,8 2,3 2,8 3,3
FARROWING 2 FARROWING 3 FARROWING 4 days to removal
Feed allowance (kg/d) from day 90 of gestation to 1st gestation
Long term impacts of pump feeding during the 1st gestation
Nutrition and feeding during gestationLate Gestation
Ret
en
tio
n r
ate
, %D
ays to re
mo
val
Base level to gain ~ 1.7 caliper units throughout gestation
0 30 60 90 112
Days of Gestation
5.5 lb or 2.5kg/d(8.0 Mcal ME/d)
4.0 lb or 1.8kg/d(5.9 Mcal ME/d)
To gain ~ 2 caliper unit for every 30 d
3.5 lb or 1.6kg/d(4.9 Mcal ME/d)
PIC 2020 – Gilts and Sows
Assuming corn-SBM based diet with 3.23 Mcal of ME and 0.60% SID Lys. Average of SID Lys intake = ~11.0 g/d on a herd basis
Nutrition and feeding during gestation
To reduce ~ 1 caliper units throughout gestation
THIN
IDEAL
FAT
Colors of the bars are in accordance with the colors of the stickers in the sow caliper
Nutrition and feeding during gestation
• Bump feeding results in:• Little improvement of birth weight in piglets from gilts
• No improvement of birth weight in piglets from sows
• Higher percentage of stillborns in gilts and sows
• Decreased lactation feed intake
• Tendency to fewer days in the herd
• Stop bump feeding for both gilts and sows
• Current recommendation:• 11.0 g/d minimum of SID lysine for gilts and sows during gestation
Summary – Late gestation
Nutrition and feeding during peripartum
©Pig Improvement Company. | 37
Last 12 days prior to farrowing:• ME requirement increases
61%
• SID Lys requirement increases 149%
Requirements to support:• Fetal growth
• Mammary growth
• Colostrum production
• Maintenance
• Uterine components
Nutrition and feeding during peripartum
Feyera and Theil, 2017
Feyera et al., 2018. J Anim Sci
Farrowing duration is reduced if sows have access to feed at least 3 h before farrowing
Data from 166 farrowings in 7 experimentsDanish Landrace × Danish Yorkshire sowsP = 0.03
Nutrition and feeding during peripartumTiming of feed prior to farrowing
Feyera et al., 2018, J. Anim. Sci.
Probability of stillbirth and farrowing assistance is increased if sows have access to feed longer than 6 h before farrowing
1,00 1,001,11
5,27
1,76
9,17
0,0
3,0
6,0
9,0
12,0
Stillbirth Farrowing Assistance
Od
ds
rati
o
≤ 3 h 3 to 6 h > 6 h
a ab
Data from 166 farrowings in 7 experimentsDanish Landrace × Danish Yorkshire sowsP < 0.05
a
b
c
Time from last meal until the onset of farrowing, h
Nutrition and feeding during peripartumTiming of feed prior to farrowing
Silva et al., 2020, yet-to-be published
Effects of increasing the feeding amount in the pre-farrow periodTreatment started on d 112 of gestation and sows were fed twice a day
50,4
52,853,7
45
48
51
54
57
60
1.81 kg/d 2.72 kg/d Ad libitum
kg
Litter weight gain, cross-foster-to-wean
n = 278 PIC Camborough sows
2,58 2,69 2,73
0,222 0,231 0,229
0
1
2
3
4
5
1.81 kg/d 2.72 kg/d Ad libitum%
Litter and piglet average daily gain
Litter ADG Piglet ADG
SEM = 1.15P = 0.104
SEM = 0.059P = 0.149
SEM = 0.0038P = 0.185
Nutrition and feeding during peripartumAmount of feed prior to farrowing
209 200214
0
60
120
180
240
300
1 delivery2.70 kg
4 deliveries0.68 kg
4 deliveriesAd libitum
Farr
ow
ing
du
rati
on
, min605
196 216
0
150
300
450
600
750
Gourley et al., 2020
Effects of timing and amount of feed offered pre-farrow
n = 727 mixed sows (Large white × PIC Landrace)
SEM= 1.16P = 0.226
Farrowing Duration
n = 727 mixed sows (Large white × PIC Landrace)
SEM= 25.6P < 0.001
1 delivery2.70 kg
4 deliveries0.68 kg
4 deliveriesAd libitum
Tim
e f
rom
last
me
al ,
min
Time from last meal to farrowing
a
b b
Nutrition and feeding during peripartumTiming of feed prior to farrowing
4,894,99
5,13
4,00
4,50
5,00
5,50
6,00
Gourley et al., 2020
Effects of timing and amount of feed offered pre-farrow
n = 727 mixed sows (Large white × PIC Landrace)
SEM= 0.009P = 0.175
1 delivery2.70 kg
4 deliveries0.68 kg
4 deliveriesAd libitum
6,66,1 6,3
0,0
3,0
6,0
9,0
12,0
Still
bo
rn, %
Stillborn rate
n = 727 mixed sows(Large white × PIC Landrace)SEM= 0.44P = 0.667
AD
FI, k
g
Sow lactation ADFI
1 delivery2.70 kg
4 deliveries0.68 kg
4 deliveriesAd libitum
Nutrition and feeding during peripartumTiming of feed prior to farrowing
4,804,89 4,94
4,00
4,30
4,60
4,90
5,20
5,50
74,3
77,676,1
60,0
67,0
74,0
81,0
88,0
Gourley et al., 2020
Effects of timing and amount of feed offered pre-farrow
n = 727 mixed sows (Large white × PIC Landrace)SEM= 0.80P = 0.006
1 delivery2.70 kg
4 deliveries0.68 kg
4 deliveriesAd libitum
n = 727 mixed sows (Large white × PIC Landrace)SEM= 0.045P = 0.050
1 delivery2.70 kg
4 deliveries0.68 kg
4 deliveriesAd libitum
We
anin
g w
eig
ht,
kg
Piglet weaning weight
bab
a
We
ane
d/B
orn
aliv
e, %
Piglet survival to weaning
b
aab
Nutrition and feeding during peripartumTiming of feed prior to farrowing
Miller and Kellner, 2020
Effects of amount and frequency of feeding offered pre-farrow
1 delivery1.80 kg
2 deliveries0.90 kg
2 deliveries2.70 kg
n = 245 PIC Camborough sowsP = 0.090
8,60
5,6
9,0
0,00
3,00
6,00
9,00
12,00St
illb
irth
rat
e, %
Stillbirth rate, %
Nutrition and feeding during peripartumTiming of feed prior to farrowing
Feyera et al., 2017. J Anim Sci
38,9
31,1
30,0
31,6
26,4
42,0
10 20 30 40 50
0
1
≥ 2
Percentage of sows
Still
bo
rn, n
Control High fiber
Fiber level on peripartum reduced stillborn rate
8,8
6,6
4
6
8
10
12
Control High fiber
Still
bo
rn, %
P < 0.001SEM = 0.47n = 644 sows
*P < 0.05
*
*
Nutrition and feeding during peripartumTiming of feed prior to farrowing
Nutrition and feeding during peripartum
Continue feeding the same feed amount as sows were previously fed in gestation.• Most farms feed lactation diet prior to farrowing during this period.
Increase the frequency of feeding after sows are loaded in the farrowing crates:• Some evidence suggests reduced stillbirth rate when farrowing assistance is limited.
• Example: giving the sow half her feed first thing in the morning and half her feed before you leave.
• One study has shown improved pre-weaning livability.
If self-feeders are used, special attention is needed to identify non-eaters, mainly gilts.
Fiber may reduce stillborns but more research is needed.
Summary
Nutrition and feeding during lactation
PIC/United Animal Health, internal research
Lactation feeding regime influenced lactation feed intake of PIC P1 sows
Days of lactationLactation feeding regiome, kg/d
8-d Step up 5-d Step up Full feeding
0 1.8 1.8 Full
1 1.8 2.7 Full
2 2.7 3.6 Full
3 2.7 4.6 Full
4 3.6 5.5 Full
5 3.6 Full Full
6 4.6 Full Full
7 4.6 Full Full
8 to 19 Full Full Full
5,04
5,27
5,88
4,0
4,5
5,0
5,5
6,0
6,5
8-d Step up 5-d Step up Full feeding
Lact
atio
n f
ee
d in
take
, kg
/d
SEM = 0.104P < 0.001 a
b
b
Nutrition and feeding during lactation
PIC/United Animal Health, internal research
Lactation feeding regime influenced P1 sows and piglet performance
213
218
231
200
205
210
215
220
225
230
235
8-d Step up 5-d Step up Full feeding
Pig
let
dai
ly g
ain
, g/d
28,13
14,1315,15
0,0
10,0
20,0
30,0
8-d Step up 5-d Step up Full feeding
Sow
s n
ot
bre
d 7
-d p
ost
-we
anin
g, %
a
b
b
SEM = 4.1P = 0.001
SEM = 5.665P = 0.25
Nutrition and feeding during lactation
Nutrition during lactation
• Follow the nutritional recommendations
• Gilts and sows require ~63 g of SID Lysine/d;
• The optimal SID Thr:Lys is no less than 64%;
• The optimal SID Val:Lys is no less than 64%
Summary
Feeding during lactation
• Provide ad libitum feed access during the entire lactation period • Gilts are expected to have 15 to 20% less feed intake compared to sows
• Manage the environment to maximize feed intake
• Know the average lactation feed intake
• Ensure adequate water access• Many times gilts have difficulty adjusting to lactation drinkers
• Adequate amino acids adjusted for feed intake and litter size
• Limit fiber inclusion
Camborough, if well managed from gilt development to gestation, will wean well, have high productivity, and maximize lifetime productivity
Summary
Nutrition and feeding during wean-to-estrus interval
61Graham et al., 2015
Sows in good body condition do not benefit from high feed allowance during WEI
14,3 13,9 13,9
10
12
14
16
18
2,7 3,6 5,5
Tota
l bo
rn, n
Feed allowance during WEI, kg/d
P > 0.10SEM = NRn = 638 sows(PIC 1050/C22/C29)
Body condition score: > 2.75
Goal of nutrition in WEI: Subsequent reproduction
Nutrition and feeding during wean-to-estrus interval
62Almeida et al., 2018
Sows in good body condition do not benefit from feeding lactation diet during WEI
62
15,0 15,4 15,1 15,1
11
13
15
17
19
2,6 3,4 2,6 3,4
Tota
l bo
rn, n
Feed allowance during WEI, kg/d
P > 0.10SEM = 0.36n = 542 sows(Camborough, PIC®)
Caliper score: 13 ± 2
Gestation diet Lactation diet
Goal of nutrition in WEI: Subsequent reproduction
Nutrition and feeding during wean-to-estrus interval
13241180
12601197
500
750
1000
1250
1500
2,7 4,3 2,7 4,3
Tota
l bo
rn in
dex
, n
Feed allowance during WEI, kg/d
63Gianluppi et al., 2019
Impact of feeding type and level in the wean to service interval (WSI), total born and farrowing rate for sows in different parities
63
Gestation diet Lactation diet
P > 0.10n = 1060 sows(Camborough, PIC®)
Parity 1
Born alive index =FR,% x BA x 100
Represent born alive from 100 sows bred
Goal of nutrition in WEI: Subsequent reproduction
Nutrition and feeding during wean-to-estrus interval
64Gianluppi et al., 2019 64
Nutrition and feeding during wean-to-estrus interval
1425 1432 1409 1429
500
750
1000
1250
1500
2,7 4,3 2,7 4,3
Tota
l bo
rn in
dex
, n
Feed allowance during WEI, kg/d
Gestation diet Lactation diet
Parity 2+P > 0.10n = 1060 sows(Camborough, PIC®)
Born alive index =FR,% x BA x 100
Represent born alive from 100 sows bred
Impact of feeding type and level in the wean to service interval (WSI), total born and farrowing rate for sows in different parities
Goal of nutrition in WEI: Subsequent reproduction
Nutrition and feeding during wean-to-estrus interval
• Can not fix prior insults:• Short lactation length
• Excessive lactation weight loss (protein loss)
• Energy/feed requirement is not extreme
• Reproduction can shut off and is difficult to turn back on• Do not skip a meal (think about the practical implications)!
Nutrition and feeding during wean-to-estrus interval
• Feeding 6 lb (2.7kg) per day gestation diet is adequate to maximize subsequent reproduction
• Provide feed ad libitum only for thin animals
• Group sows by body condition
• Ensure feed is fresh and minimize wastage
Summary
Body condition management
©Pig Improvement Company. | 68
FatThin Ideal
None at farrowing None at weaning As much as possible
“Real world”
<5% <5% >90%
“Perfect world”
Body condition managementProject: to investigate the association between caliper measurements and reproductive performance
Feeding The Pregnant Sow: The Sow Caliper
• Developed by Knauer and Baitinger (2015) – North Carolina State University• It quantifies the angularity of a top-line of the sow• Based on the findings by Edmonson et al. (1989) that proposed that as an animal’s back looses fat
and muscle it becomes more angular.
• Replace the subjective Visual Scoring
BCS 1 BCS 3 BCS 5
Body condition management
Rosero et al., 2019, Allen D. Leman Swine Conference
Body condition managementProject: Investigate association between caliper measurements and reproductive performance
% of MEmME
allowance, Mcal/dFeed
allowance, kg/dCaliper score change during
gestation ( d 7-112)
80% 4.57 1.50 -2.67
90% 5.14 1.69 -1.24
100% 5.71 1.87 0.19
110% 6.28 2.06 1.62
• Caliper score change per day = 0.1350 × (Daily ME intake, % of MEm) – 0.1332
• With the assumptions
• ME of gestation diet is 3.05 Mcal/kg
• Average sow herd weight is 220 kg
Feeding level merely met maintenance ME requirement would not impair sow body condition.
Knauer et al., 2020
Evaluation of the NRC (2012) model in estimating standard maintenance metabolizable energy requirement of PIC sows during mid-gestation
Body condition management
Body condition management
TB, n = 14.51888 + (-0.26649 × CaliperChange1stLactation) + (0.12564 × Caliper1stFarrow) + (-0.0929 × WeanedPigs1stLactation)Data from 4500 sows measured from parity 1 to 6In collaboration with Technical Services of UVESA Spain
Project: Investigate association between caliper measurements and reproductive performance
Subsequent total born assuming 14 weaned pigs and 14 caliper units at farrowing
For every unit of caliper lost during 1st lactation, subsequent TB was reduced by 0.27
75
Caliper loss during the 1st lactation
Body condition management
Data from 4500 sows measured from parity 1 to 6In collaboration with Technical Services of UVESA Spain
Project: Investigate association between caliper measurements and reproductive performance – retention up to 3rd parity
Body condition at first farrowing2% 80% 18%
BCSFarrow × CaliperLoss, P = 0.063BCSFarrow, P < 0.001
CaliperLoss, P < 0.001
Caliper unit loss in first lactation
40% 60%
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Body condition management
• Body condition of sows is predicting the subsequent reproductive performance
• Minimize thin sows at farrowing, fat sows at weaning, and maximize ideal sows at farrowing as much as possible
• Body condition of sows should be used as a guidelines for gestation feeding
Summary
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Camborough efficiency -Dynamic sow feeding tool“under construction”
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• Available with the PIC 2020 Nutrition Manual
• Accessible by computer or smartphone
• First part will be data input: Simple questions and user friendly
• Second part will provide 3 outputs:• Feeding management recommendations
• Diet nutrient specifications
• Economic and performance opportunity estimates
• Targeted for production managers, technical service advisors, and nutritionists
Summary
Camborough efficiency – Dynamic sow feeding tool
©Pig Improvement Company. | 80
Data Inputs
©Pig Improvement Company. | 81
Outputs
Thank you!