Note of slide 7 Lectures : 13/4 + 15/4 Notes written in ...

Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition

Rose Marie Nieswiadomy

Note of slide 7

Lectures : 13/4 + 15/4

Notes written in green color

Done by : nursing lijan

FOUNDATIONS OFNURSING RESEARCH

Sixth Edition

CHAPTER

Qualitative Research

Designs

بالبداية لازم نفهم هاد الجدول ونميز بين النوعين

Learning Objective One

Discuss Six Common Types Of Qualitative

Research Designs

هاد النوع بفهم السلوك الانساني لمجموعة معينة من منظورهم هم

Qualitative Research Designs

راح نشرح عن كل نوع بالتفصيل

• Phenomenological

• Ethnographic

• Grounded theory

• Historical

• Case study

• Action research

Learning Objective Two

Describe The Most Important Features Of

The Six Types of Qualitative Research

Designs

Phenomenological Studies

• Examines human experiences

• Goal: describe meaning experience holds

for subject

• Study areas: areas with little known

knowledge

تتعلق بدراسة ظواهر معينة

بسال الاشخاص كيف مروا بهاي الظاهرة وشو كان شعورهم

Phenomenological Studies (cont’d)

• Understand experience from subject’s

vantage point

– No literature review

– Bracketing: researcher identifies personal bias.

اي توقع عند الباحث لازم احطه على جنب لانه اذا دخلناه راح يؤدي

الى عدم صدق بالنتائج لانها بتكون من وجهة نظر الباحث وليس

المشاركين

ام كانت مع طفلها المصاب بالسرطان فالباحث بتوقع تكون : مثال

حزينة وكئيبة لكن لما عمل معاها مقابلة وجد انها تاقلمت مع المرض

فظهرت النتائج عكس توقعات الباحث

Phenomenological Process

• Data collection (interviews) or diary

• Data analysis

• Process simultaneously at same time

Saturation عشان اشوف اذا وصلنا ل

وبستدل عليه من خلال انه كل ما جمعت بيانات اكثر بتطلع

معاي نفس النتائج فهون خلص لازم اوقف اما اذا ضل يطلع معاي نتائج جديدة كل مرة فهون لسه بستمر بجمع البيانات

• Search for themes and patterns

Ethnographic studies

• Systematic collection and analysis of data

about cultural groups

• Goal: grasp patterns of people in their

familiar environment

• Subjects: entire culture or subgroup of the

culture

تعنى بدراسة الاعراق المختلفة وتوصف ثقافة معينة

بحتاج الباحث انه ينخرط بالعمل الميداني اكثر عشان يكون اقربللمشاركين ولازم يعكس رايهم هم وليس الباحث

Ethnographic Goals

• Provide insightful descriptions

• Test established social or cultural theories

• Develop new theories

Ethnographic Process

• Live with subjects

• Become part of their culture

• Simultaneous data collection and analysis

– Participant observations

– Key informant interviews

اكثر )ممكن يلجا للمقابلة مع حدا معين عنده معرفة ومعلومات كبيرة

(الاشخاص يلي عندهم معلومات

Grounded Theory

• Glaser and Strauss (1967) الاشخاص يلي

حطوها

• Inductive and deductive approaches

Grounded Theory Process

• Simultaneous data collection and analysis

– Field setting

– Constant comparison

انه بقارن بالنتائج يلي طلعت معاي مع اول مشارك مع يلي طلع معاي مع ثاني

مشارك وبنشوف اذا طلع معاي نفس النتائج او لا وبنفس الوقت بجاول اطلع

نظرية جديدة بناءا على هاي النتائج

• Theory developed

• Theory “grounded” in data from which it was derived

مرتبطة بتطور النظرية من خلال جمع البيانات يلي قام فيها الباحث

Sampling in Grounded

Theory Studies

• Purposeful sampling ( not random )

• Diversity rather than similarity

• Shed new light on phenomenon

تستخدم عادة اذا كنت بدي افهم عملية معينة زي مثلا لو بدي افهم كيف بنوخذ الform concentمن مرضى الكلى

Literature Review in Grounded

Theory Studies

• Not performed prior to study

– Avoid preconceived notions

• After concepts identified and relationships

specified

– Determine similar associations discovered in

biase عشان نمنع الLiterature review يفضل ناجل ال

Aim of Grounded Theory Studies

• Discovery of basic social processes

• Hypothesis generation, not testing

Historical Studies

بحث تاريخي

• Identification, location, evaluation, and

synthesis of data from the past

• Goal: relate past events to present and

future

بشوف شو الاشيتء يلي صارت بالماضي وبسقطها عالحاضر

Process of Historical Research

• Identification of problem or area of interest

• Careful and thorough review of literature

• Formulation of research questions

• Data collection

– Primary and secondary sources

Primary: المصدر الاول للمعلومة سواء مذكرات للشخص نفسه او شهود

عيان على حادثة معينة ويفضل استخدامها

Secondary : المصدر الثانوي للمعلومة

– Documents, relics, artifacts

• Data analysis

Evaluating Data in

Historical Studies

• External criticism—authenticity of data

بدور اذا المعلومة اصلية وصادقة

هل هي مكتوبة باللغة تاعت الزمن يلي وجدت فيه : من الاشياء يلي بدور عليها ؟؟هل حدث عليها اي تغيير وليش ووين ومتى ؟؟

• Internal criticism—accuracy of data

بدور على صحة المعلومة ومحتواها

هل يلي كتب كان شاهد يلي صار ؟؟هل هو موثوق ؟؟ : من الاشياء يلي بدور عليها هل كتبت تحت ضغط او بسبب دافع ؟؟في اشي بدعم المكتوب ؟؟

:1ملاحظة external بداية ببلش ب

2ملاحظة Internal اصعب

Need for Historical Studies

• Preference for action-oriented

experimental research

• Increasing historical studies of nursing

leaders

• Need for studies of nursing practice

هاد النوع قليل الاستخدام بالتمريض

Case Study Research

• In-depth examinations of people, groups of

people, or an institution

• Hypothesis generation, not testing

• Goals

– Formalize experimental knowledge

– Promote quality nursing care

Case Study Research

• Qualitative—interest in meaning of

experiences to subjects themselves

• Quantitative—generalize results

Case Study Process

• Data collection

– Questionnaires

– Interviews

– Observations

– Written accounts by participants

• Content analysis

– Search for patterns and themes

Disadvantages of

Case Study Research

• Subject selection process

• Time consuming

• Costly

• Participant dropout اذا كان بحاجة وقت

Action Research

• Goals

– Improve practice

– Study effect of action taken

• One particular hospital or health care

setting

• No goal to generalize findings

• Solution implementation immediate, part of

research process

Participatory Action Research

• Special kind of community-based action

research

• Participants and researcher or co-

researchers collaborate throughout study.

كلهم بشتغلوا مع بعض ليحلوا المشكلة

ير لو باحث بده يعمل بحثه على الطلاب يلي بتغيبوا كت: مثلا

عن المدرسة فيقوم الباحث مع الاهل ومع الطالب ليشوفوا الاسباب ويحاولوا يحلوها

Learning Objective Three

Recall The Disciplines Associated With

Some Of The Various Qualitative Research

Designs

Phenomenological Design

• Derived from phenomenological

philosophy

Ethnographic Research

• Philosophical orientation

• Discipline of anthropology

Grounded Theory Research

• Based on symbolic interaction theory

Historical Research

• Discipline of history

Case Study Research

• Discipline of sociology

Learning Objective Four

Identify The Most Common Qualitative

Designs Reported In The

Nursing Research Literature

Qualitative Research Designs in

Published Nursing Research

• Phenomenological

• Ethnographic

• Grounded theory

• Historical

• Case study

• Action research

Learning Objective Five

Recall Some Of The Reasons That Nurse

Researchers Are Using Qualitative Designs

In Their Studies

Quantitative Versus

Qualitative Research

• Quantitative approach not always

appropriate

• Uncover new phenomena

• Not for generalizations

Focus of Quantitative Research

• Gain insight

• Individual’s perception of events and

circumstances

Learning Objective Six

Critique The Design Section Of Qualitative

Research Studies

Critiquing the

Qualitative Research Design

• Criteria different from quantitative critiques

• No standard set of criteria

• Each qualitative method unique

Critiquing the Qualitative

Research Design )cont’d(

• General guidelines

– Would a quantitative approach have been

more appropriate?

– Is the focus on the subjective nature of human

experience?

– Is the specific qualitative approach named

and described?

– Will the findings have significance for

nursing?

Research Design (cont’d)

– Is the participant selection process clearly

described?

– How was the sample size determined?

– Is the data collection and recording process

fully presented?

– Is it clear how researcher bias was avoided?

– Is the data analysis method consistent with

the study’s purpose and approach?

Research Design (cont’d)

– Are the findings clearly presented and

limitations acknowledged?

– Are suggestions made for further research?

Determine Trustworthiness

هدول جدا جدا مهمين • Credibility

• Dependability

قديش ممكن تتشابه مع ابحاث اخرى

• Confirmability

عاي بقارن نتائجي مع نتائج باحث اخر وبرجع بحكي النتائج يلي طلعت ممع المشارك

• Transferability

• Authenticity

قديش كان ممثل للي حكوه المشاركين

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