Aboriginal Studies - Health - Past HSC Questions

2017Question 11aOutline the importance of having identified (targeted) employment positions in addressing the health issues of Aboriginal peoples. In your response, refer to Source D on page 3 of the Source Booklet and your own knowledge.Criteria Marks Demonstrates sound understanding of the importance of targeted positions in addressing Aboriginal

peoples’ health issues Demonstrates knowledge of health issues of Aboriginal peoples Integrates source material

5

Demonstrates an understanding of the importance of targeted positions in addressing Aboriginal peoples’ health issues Makes reference to the source material

3-4

Makes general statement(s) about targeted positions AND/ OR Aboriginal health May refer to source

2

Provides some relevant information 1Answers could include: Source reference: Cultural knowledge / break down barriers / understanding of the challenges facing Aboriginal peoples. Paul Keating’s Redfern speech 1992 (25 years ago). • Reference to the value of identified positions in Aboriginal health (such as AMS) and the areas of Aboriginal control of health delivery. Provides culturally appropriate health services. • Employment of Aboriginal peoples in mainstream and community health can improve health outcomes. • Closing the Gap and statistical evidence of the relationship of health outcomes to the involvement of Community. • Positions in specific programs and areas can be referenced include NCIP, Mothers and Babies, Quit Smoking, Domestic Violence, Mental Health. • Candidates may also refer to Northern Territory Intervention and the value of Elders in the Community. • Use of Aboriginal role models, advertising, community transport, nursing and mens’ and womens’ targeted positions.

Question 11 (b)Assess the effectiveness of strategies that have been implemented to improve Aboriginal and other Indigenous peoples’ health standards. In your response, refer to both an Australian Aboriginal community and an international Indigenous community.Criteria marksDemonstrates detailed knowledge of strategies that have been implemented to improve Aboriginal and other Indigenous peoples’ health standardsMakes a clear judgement about the effectiveness of the strategies Presents a sustained, logical and cohesive response integrating relevant concepts and terms Makes detailed reference to an Australian AND an international Indigenous community

9–10

Demonstrates sound knowledge of strategies that have been implemented to improve Aboriginal and other Indigenous peoples’ health standardsMakes a judgement about the effectiveness of the strategies Presents a logical and cohesive response applying relevant concepts and termsMakes reference to an Australian AND an international Indigenous community

7-8

Demonstrates knowledge of strategies that have been implemented to improve Aboriginal and other Indigenous peoples’ health standardsMay make a judgement about the effectiveness of the strategies Presents a structured response using some relevant concepts and terms May refer to an Australian AND/OR an international Indigenous community

5-6

Demonstrates limited knowledge of strategies that have been implemented to improve Aboriginal and other Indigenous peoples’ health standards Uses some relevant concepts and terms May refer to an Australian AND/OR an international Indigenous community

3-4

Makes general statements about Australian Aboriginal AND/OR international Indigenous health strategies and/or related lifestyle issues May refer to an Australian OR international Indigenous community

1-2

Answers could include:Makes judgement about the effectiveness of strategies. As well as an outline of health strategies such as the creation of AMS in 1971 to meet the specific needs of Aboriginal peoples, similarities in experiences between communities include: remoteness, historical mistrust of government, racism, cultural barriers, employment prospects as well as other socioeconomic factors.•Funding strategies by governments with a focus on Indigenous health including emotional wellbeing.•The 2016 Closing the Gap report makes little mention of food and nutrition issues and yet the ABS cites alarming prevalence of food insecurity among Australian Aboriginal communities.•Stronger futures and NACCHO•The political commitment and funding by government may be supported by statistics that may be used to demonstrate knowledge of strategic targets (eg infant mortality, youth suicide and drug abuse).•Strategies include those arising from Aboriginal and Indigenous peoples’ health and its relationship to lifestyle. The life expectancy of Aboriginal peoples is considerably lower with the gap for men continuing to be more than 10 years. Aboriginal Australians have a higher incidence of smoking-related illnesses, renal failure, diabetes, infant mortality and

communicable diseases. The relationship between health standards and lifestyle needs to be explicit in linking the physical, psychological and emotional wellbeing. These are government commitments as a strategy to address disadvantage.•For example diabetes is experienced at a rate of 800 times greater than in non-Aboriginal Australians. There is a gap in access to health services, and barriers to participation. There may also be links to spiritual and cultural maintenance and strategies to restore cultural connections. Specific strategies include the ATSI Chronic Disease Fund/home nursing.•Availability of Obama Care Health Insurance an issue for Native Americans. Health care is very expensive and prescription medications are expensive (not subsidised). Specific strategies eg Lakota Sioux Porcupine Centre/closing off reservation alcohol suppliers by government revoking licences.•Strategies my include Inuit Health Branch, Nutrition North.

Question 17 (15 marks)Describe the political changes needed to improve the socioeconomic status of Aboriginal and other Indigenous peoples.In your answer, refer to both an Australian Aboriginal community and an international Indigenous community and TWO of the following topics:• Health• Education• Housing• Employment• Criminal justice• Economic independence.Criteria Marks• Demonstrates extensive understanding of the political changes needed to improve the socioeconomic status of Aboriginal and Indigenous peoples • Demonstrates comprehensive knowledge of the socioeconomic status of Aboriginal and Indigenous peoples • Presents a sustained, logical and cohesive response • Integrates detailed references to the Comparative Study and TWO listed topics

13–15

• Demonstrates sound understanding of the political changes needed to improve the socioeconomic status of Aboriginal and Indigenous peoples • Demonstrates sound knowledge of the socioeconomic status of Aboriginal and Indigenous peoples • Presents a well-structured response • Makes reference to the Comparative study and TWO listed topics

10–12

• Demonstrates understanding of the political changes needed to improve the socioeconomic status of Aboriginal and Indigenous peoples • Demonstrates knowledge of the socioeconomic status of Aboriginal and Indigenous peoples • Presents a structured response • Refers to at least one study AND at least ONE of the listed topics

7–9

• Demonstrates limited understanding of the political changes needed to improve the socioeconomic status of Aboriginal and Indigenous peoples AND/OR • Demonstrates limited knowledge of the socioeconomic status of Aboriginal and Indigenous peoples • Refers to one study AND/OR one of the listed topics

4–6

• Makes general statements about socioeconomic status • May refer to an Indigenous community 1–3Answers could include:• Political changes refer to local, state, national and international levels• Reference to specific situations for their relevant Communities• Specific reference to the needs present in their Australian Aboriginal and international Indigenous Community• Commitment to redressing disadvantage, discriminatory practices, racism and injustice• Political will and opportunity• Recognition of the need for changes and improvements• A greater level of focus on limiting the effects of poverty cycle• Greater understanding of the underlying contributing factors that affects growth• More holistic approaches to solving identified issues• A recognition of the interconnection between land, health, relationships, literacy levels, with social and cultural wellbeing• Well-resourced community controlled, culturally appropriate and accessible programs• Government institutions that deliver local, diverse and culturally developed programs and strategies for success• Participation of Aboriginal staff in support and delivery of programs• Clear and actively supported pathways to further opportunities• Respect for the role of intergenerational knowledge transfer and the role it will play in the programs• Consistent effort to break down negative stereotypes in mainstream society and government institutions• Implementing programs that will maximise leadership opportunities• Programs that focus on the engagement and empowerment of youth.

2016Question 11a

Describe the indicators that are used to measure changes in Aboriginal health standards.In your response, refer to Source D on page 4 of the Source Booklet and your own knowledge. 5 marks Criteria Marks Clearly identifies at least two indicators which are used to measure the change in Aboriginal health

standards Provides a detailed and relevant description of these indicators to support response Integrates information from the source material

4-5

Identifies at least one indicator which measures the change in Aboriginal health standards Provides a relevant description of the indicator to support response May refer to the source

2-3

Makes a general statement about indicators in Aboriginal health standards 1Answers could include:Source D references 2010–12 life expectancy as being 10 years less. Two indicators showing improvements have been made:•Smoking rates have reduced from 51% in 2002 to 41% in 2012 due to Quit Smoking campaigns•Health services employ 14.6% of Aboriginal peoples making it the largest source ofemployment Other improvements can be seen due to the following initiatives:•Close the Gap•NCIP, Mothers and babies groups, domestic violence and mental health programs•Aboriginal Medical Service (AMS)•Community health, seniors health programs, community transport for appointments•University and college training for Aboriginal doctors and nurses.

Question 11 (b)Discuss the similarities and differences in health issues affecting Aboriginal and other Indigenous peoples. In your response, refer to both an Australian Aboriginal community and an international Indigenous community.

Answers could include:Communities may experience common factors:•Remoteness (distance to adequate care)•Cultural barriers including availability of appropriate personnel•Lifestyle issues of diabetes, heart disease, drug and alcohol abuse•Life expectancy statistics including infant mortality•Access to services catering to physical, psychological and emotional wellbeing eg HeadspaceDifferences may include:•The Otitis Media incidence in each community•Availability of health care (Medicare Aust/NZ is different in cover to Obama care (USA))•Non-subsidised prescription medication and treatment costs generally•Nature and type of local health centres•Initiatives such as Close the Gap•Availability of baby health clinics, playgroups and support•Funding models of government and community/costs of health insurance

Question 17 (15 marks)In what ways have Aboriginal and other Indigenous peoples achieved some social equality?In your answer, name and refer to both an Australian Aboriginal community and an international Indigenous community and TWO of the following topic areas:• Health• Education• Housing• Employment• Criminal justice• Economic independence.

Criteria Marks

• Demonstrates extensive understanding of the ways Aboriginal and other Indigenous peoples have achieved some social equality

• Presents a sustained, logical and cohesive response• Integrates detailed references to the Comparative Study and TWO listed topics

13–15

• Demonstrates sound understanding of the ways Aboriginal and other Indigenous peoples have achieved some social equality

• Presents a well-structured response• Makes references to the Comparative Study and TWO listed topics

10–12

• Demonstrates understanding of the ways Aboriginal and other Indigenous peoples have achieved some social equality

• Presents a structured response• Refers to at least ONE Study and at least ONE of the listed topics

7–9

• Demonstrates limited knowledge of the ways Aboriginal and other Indigenous peoples have achieved some social equality

• Refers to ONE Study AND/OR ONE of the listed topics

4–6

Criteria MarksProvides a comprehensive discussion of the similarities and differences of the health issues affecting Aboriginal and other Indigenous peoplesPresents a sustained, logical and cohesive response integrating relevant concepts and termsMakes detailed reference to an Australian AND an international Indigenous community

9–10

Provides a detailed discussion of the similarities and differences of the health issues affecting Aboriginal and other Indigenous peoplesPresents a logical and cohesive response applying relevant concepts and termsMakes reference to an Australian AND an international Indigenous community

7–8

Provides a sound discussion of the similarities and differences of the health issuesPresents a structured response using some relevant concepts and terms Refers to an Australian AND/OR an international Indigenous community 5–6Demonstrates knowledge of the similarities and differences of health issuesUses some relevant concepts AND/OR termsMay refer to an Australian AND/OR an international Indigenous community 3-4

• Aboriginal AND/ORinternational Indigenous health issuesMay refer to an Aboriginal or international Indigenous community 1–2

• Makes general statements about the ways Aboriginal and other Indigenous peoples have achieved some social equality

• May refer to an Indigenous community AND/OR a listed topic

1–3

Sample answer:Aboriginal and Indigenous peoples worldwide have been successful in achieving some level of social equality. At an international level, there have been campaigns for recognition and protection of rights. Indigenous peoples have also sought to gain recognition and protection at the domestic government level. For example, these changes are evident in the improvements within social equality for the Darkinjung people of the NSW Central Coast and the Lakota Sioux of North America, in the areas of health and criminal justice.Improvements within health for both the Darkinjung and Lakota Sioux can be seen through the implementation of community driven organisations and services such as the Eleanor Duncan and the Porcupine health clinics. These culturally-appropriate health services encourage access, support and education to minimise disadvantage. Both communities have seen an increase in overall health since being implemented. These are similar to nationwide programs that have seen a reduction of 10 years in the life expectancy gap of Aboriginal people (as quoted in Source D).The area of criminal justice has also seen some improvements for both the Darkinjung and Lakota communities. There has been greater awareness of criminal justice and early intervention programs aimed at reducing offending/re-offending and reconnecting people to community. The Darkinjung community has access to the Aboriginal Legal Service and Restorative Justice programs that reflect culturally-appropriate techniques for sentencing. These programs support offenders in navigating the criminal justice system by providing culturally-appropriate services/people/support and often prevent re-offending. Similarly, the Dakota Sioux have the Dakota Plains Legal Service that promotes equal access to justice and improves the lives of the community. They do this by providing legal representation, advocacy and community education.

2015Question 11Question 11 (a) (a) Describe ONE Aboriginal initiative that has addressed the health issues of Aboriginal peoples.

Marking Criteria Marks• Demonstrates sound knowledge of the initiatives in Aboriginal peoples’ health• Provides a detailed and relevant description to support response

5

• Demonstrates some knowledge of the initiatives in Aboriginal peoples’ health• Provides a relevant description to support response

3–4

Makes general statement(s) about initiatives in Aboriginal health• Provides some description

1-2

Answers could include: Reference to initiatives such as AMS and the areas of Aboriginal control of health delivery Employment of Aboriginal peoples in mainstream and community health Closing the Gap and statistical evidence of initiatives Specific programs and initiatives can include NCIP, Mothers and Babies, Quit Smoking Candidates may also refer to Northern Territory Intervention Use of Aboriginal role models, advertising, community transport, nursing and men’s and women’s targeted

initiatives

Question 11 (b)(b) How do health issues affect Aboriginal and other Indigenous peoples?In your response, refer to both an Australian Aboriginal community and an international Indigenous community.

Criteria Marks Demonstrates extensive knowledge of the impact of health issues Presents a sustained, logical and cohesive response integrating relevant concepts and terms Makes detailed reference to an Australian AND an international Indigenous community

9–10

Demonstrates detailed knowledge of the impact of health issues Presents a logical and cohesive response applying relevant concepts and terms Makes reference to an Australian AND an international Indigenous community

7–8

Demonstrates sound knowledge of the impact of health issues Presents a structured response using some relevant concepts and terms Refers to an Australian AND/OR an international Indigenous community

5–6

Demonstrates knowledge of the impact of health issues Uses some relevant concepts AND/OR terms Refers to an Australian AND/OR an international Indigenous community

3–4

Makes general statements about Australian Aboriginal and/or Indigenous health issues 1–2

May refer to an Aboriginal or Indigenous community

Sample answer: Similarities in experiences between communities include: remoteness, historical mistrust of government,

racism, cultural barriers, employment prospects as well as other socioeconomic factors. Statistics may be used to demonstrate knowledge of what health indicators are affected (eg infant mortality).

Issues include those arising from Aboriginal and Indigenous peoples’ health and its relationship to lifestyle. The life expectancy of Aboriginal people is considerably lower with the gap for men continuing to be more than 10 years. Aboriginal Australians have a higher incidence of smoking related illnesses, renal failure, diabetes, infant mortality and communicable diseases. The relationship between health standards and lifestyle needs to be explicit in linking physical, psychological and emotional wellbeing. Diabetes for instance is experienced at a rate of 800 times greater than in non-Aboriginal Australians. There is a gap in access to health services, and barriers to participation. There may also be links to spiritual and cultural maintenance.

Availability of Obama Care Health Insurance an issue for native Americans. Health care is very expensive and prescription medications are expensive (not subsidised).

Notes from the marking centreCandidates showed strength in these areas:• identifying the main issues that affect Aboriginal peoples • demonstrating knowledge and understanding of programs and initiatives used by Aboriginal and other Indigenous peoples • assessing the effectiveness of particular programs.

Candidates need to improve in these areas:• referencing Australian and international Indigenous communities appropriately • analysing or referencing Aboriginal/Indigenous programs and/or the communities• using appropriate terminology such as, Aborigines/clans/nations• making specific reference to an Aboriginal community

Question 17 (15 marks)How effective have government initiatives been in addressing social justice and human rights issues for Aboriginal and Indigenous peoples?In your answer, refer to both an Australian Aboriginal community and an international Indigenous community and TWO of the following topics:•Health•Education•Housing•Employment•Criminal justice•Economic independence

Marking Criteria Marks

Demonstrates extensive understanding of the effectiveness of government initiatives in addressing social justice and human rights issues of Aboriginal and other Indigenous peoples

Presents a sustained, logical and cohesive response Integrates detailed references to the Comparative Study and TWO listed topics

13–15

Demonstrates sound understanding of the effectiveness of government initiatives in addressing social justice and human rights issues of Aboriginal and other Indigenous peoples

Presents a well-structured response Makes references to the Comparative Study and TWO listed topics

10–12

Demonstrates understanding of the effectiveness of government initiatives in addressing social justice and human rights issues of Aboriginal and other Indigenous peoples

Presents a structured response Refers to the Comparative Study and one or more of the listed topics

7–9

Demonstrates limited knowledge of the effectiveness of government initiatives in addressing social justice and human rights issues of Aboriginal and other Indigenous peoples

Refers to the Comparative Study AND/OR one of the listed topics 4–6

Makes general statements about government initiatives AND/OR social justice and/or human rights

May refer to an Indigenous community 1–3

Sample AnswerAboriginal and Indigenous peoples worldwide have campaigned for their rights as unique communities to be

recognised and upheld since their experiences of dispossession and dislocation. At the international level they have agitated for recognition and protection of their rights. Indigenous peoples have also sought to gain recognition and

protection at the domestic governmental level. Governments are also integral to the support and promotion of legislation, programs and policies that promote self-determination and cultural maintenance. Such communities as the Aboriginal people of western Sydney, traditional lands of the Darug nation, the Inuit people of Iqaluit, Nunavut, Canada and the Western Arrernte people of Ntaria, central Australia in the areas of health and criminal justice are heavily impacted by government policy and support of community programs to address their social justice and human rights issues.

The signing of the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples is one initiative that governments have taken to acknowledge the rights of Indigenous peoples and set the standard for protection of Indigenous peoples’ rights. Governments such as Australia and Canada resisted signing the Declaration initially but through persistent lobbying by Aboriginal peoples did commit to uphold the standards recognising the unique rights of their Indigenous peoples. The Declaration is not legally enforceable but nations can be held to account by the United Nations through moral pressure to uphold their obligations under the Declaration. This occurred in Australia where the Northern Territory Intervention attracted negative comment from the Special Rapporteur for the United Nations.

Similarly both Australia and Canada have implemented anti-discrimination legislation upholding their obligations under the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination. Unlike the UNDRIP, the Convention carries weight as a legally binding document under international law, but national sovereignty provides a shield for nations to protect them from consequence if they do not uphold their obligations. For example, the Australian government suspended the (CTH) Racial Discrimination Act 1975 in order to implement the Northern Territory Emergency Response. This controversial government initiative demonstrates the limitation of international law in effectively forcing governments to recognise and uphold Indigenous peoples’ rights.

In Australia the NSW government has supported the implementation of Aboriginal employment programs in the police force (IProwd) in NSW and prison system and Circle Sentencing through the court structure in order to address some of the issues experienced by the Aboriginal peoples of Western Sydney, traditional lands of the Darug nation, within the criminal justice system. Similarly the self-governed Inuit nation of Nunavut in Canada have implemented a Restorative Justice program to reflect culturally appropriate techniques for sentencing. These programs are successful as they provide government support for community-based initiatives to address their social justice and human rights issues.

Similarly in the area of health, the Closing the Gap initiative commits Australian governments to achieving health goals to improve Aboriginal access to primary health care, which provides financial support and training for community health providers in Ntaria providing culturally appropriate health services in community to the Western Arrernte people in Ntaria. In Nunavut there are government supported programs encouraging access to healthy food through the Nutrition North Food Program. Such programs provide valuable financial and other assistance that build community infrastructure and knowledge to address health issues.

Notes from the marking centreCandidates showed strength in these areas:• making reference to two communities and two of the topics• recognising the effect of socioeconomic status on disadvantage and having a clear understanding of the term ‘racism’.

Candidates need to improve in these areas:• correctly naming an Australian Aboriginal community• linking issues in the topics to the two communities• correct use of terminology • ensuring that the focus is post-1960 (note: the HSC course focuses on legislation, policy, legal decisions and current events from the 1960s)• avoiding a narrative approach• using evidence to support a response rather than making generalisations.

2014

Question 11 — Health (15 marks)Question 11 (a)Describe the main health issues confronting Aboriginal peoples.

Criteria Marks

Demonstrates sound knowledge of the health issues of Aboriginal people Provides a detailed and relevant description to support response

5

Demonstrates some knowledge of the health issues of Aboriginal people Provides a relevant description to support response

3–4

Makes general statement(s) about Aboriginal health issues Provides some description

1–2

Sample answer:

The main health issues include those arising from Aboriginal peoples’ health being below that of non-Aboriginal Australians. The life expectancy of Aboriginal people is considerably lower with the gap for men continuing to be more than 10 years. Aboriginal Australians have a higher incidence of smoking related illnesses, renal failure, diabetes, infant mortality and communicable diseases.

Diabetes for instance is experienced at a rate of 800 times greater than in non-Aboriginal Australians. There is a gap in access to health services, and barriers to participation.

Question 11 (b) (b) Assess the ways Aboriginal and other Indigenous peoples are closing the equity gap through their own health programs and/or initiatives.In your response, refer to both an Australian Aboriginal community and an international Indigenous community.

Criteria Marks

Demonstrates extensive knowledge of health programs and/or initiativesClearly shows how these health programs and/or initiatives address equity gapsPresents a sustained, logical and cohesive response integrating relevant concepts and termsMakes detailed reference to an Australian AND an international Indigenous community

9–10

Demonstrates detailed knowledge of health programs and/or initiatives and makes links between these and equity gapsPresents a logical and cohesive response applying relevant concepts and termsMakes reference to an Australian AND an international Indigenous community

7–8

Demonstrates sound knowledge of health programs and/or initiatives and some understanding of their impact on equity gapsPresents a structured response using some relevant concepts and termsRefers to an Australian AND/OR an international Indigenous community

5–6

Demonstrates knowledge of health programs and/or initiatives and/or an understanding of gaps in equityUses some relevant concepts and termsRefers to an Australian AND/OR an international Indigenous community

3–4

Makes general statements about Aboriginal or Indigenous health programs and/or initiativesMay refer to an Aboriginal or Indigenous community 1–2

Answer could include: Employment of Aboriginal peoples in mainstream health services. Community health initiatives. Provision of culturally appropriate access to medical care. Health care requires consultation, trust as well as community programs to build links between service

providers and the community. Improving health outcomes links to improved socioeconomic status. Community health initiatives in the international community can be linked through culture, language and

community to provide a comparison. Similarities in experiences between communities include: remoteness, historical mistrust of government,

racism, cultural barriers, employment prospects as well as other socioeconomic factors. Statistics or other measures of the initiatives may be used to demonstrate knowledge of what is required to

close gaps. Assessing the delivery and success will support answers. Specific mention of programs such as NCIP, Young People and Cannabis, Mothers and Babies, Quit

Smoking, AMS levels of funding, outcomes associated with the Northern Territory Intervention, use of role models to promote

health.

Notes from the Marking CentreCandidates showed strength in these areas:• identifying the main issues that affect Aboriginal peoples (part (a)) • demonstrating knowledge and understanding of programs and initiatives used by Aboriginal and other Indigenous peoples (part (b)) • assessing the effectiveness of programs (part (b)).

Candidates need to improve in these areas:• referencing Australian and international Indigenous communities appropriately – see syllabus for support • analysing or referencing Aboriginal/Indigenous programs and/or the communities.

Question 17 (15 marks)Refer to the source and your own knowledge to answer the following question.

* overt: obviousIn what ways has overt* racism affected the lives of Indigenous peoples?In your answer, refer to an Australian Aboriginal community and an international Indigenous community and TWO of the following topics:• Health• Education• Housing• Employment• Criminal justice• Economic independence.

Criteria Marks

Demonstrates extensive knowledge of the impacts and the experiences of racism on Indigenous peoples

Presents a sustained, logical and cohesive response with clear reference to the Source Makes detailed references to the Comparative Study and TWO listed topics

13–15

Demonstrates detailed knowledge of the impacts of racism on Indigenous peoples Presents a well-structured response with reference to the Source Makes references to the Comparative Study and TWO listed topics

10–12

Demonstrates knowledge of the impacts of racism on Indigenous peoples Presents a structured response with some reference to the source (may be inferred) Refers to the Comparative Study and one or more of the listed topics

7–9

Attempts to describe the effects of racism May refer to the source Refers to the Comparative Study and/or one of the listed topics

4–6

Makes general statements about racism and/or its effects May refer to an Indigenous community

1–3

Answers could include: Racism can take many forms – attitudinal, institutional and cultural. The effects of racism for Australian

Indigenous peoples have resulted in negative impacts that have often been long lasting. Racism has affected the current socioeconomic status of Aboriginal and other Indigenous peoples. This also

includes the manifestations of racism and their effects on the social justice and human rights of Aboriginal peoples.

Racism can directly or indirectly exclude people from accessing services or participating in employment, education, sport and social activities. At its most serious, racism can result in acts of physical abuse and violence.

It can also occur at a systemic or institutional level through policies, conditions or practices that disadvantage certain groups.

It can manifest itself through unconscious bias or prejudice amongst people and society. Racism has a significant effect both on the individuals who experience it, and the wider community. There are significant links between experiences of racism and discrimination and poor physical and mental health, reduced productivity and reduced life expectancy.

Racism can also present barriers to social and economic involvement, which can cause social exclusion and entrench disadvantage in areas like employment and housing, sometimes for generations.

Students should draw on the quote and specific references to the topics listed in terms of the Comparative Study. May include Aboriginal Returned Soldiers being denied access to RSL Clubs, levels of incarceration, access to health & education services, home rentals, the exclusion of Aboriginal children at Moree baths etc (role of Freedom Riders highlighting these injustices).

Notes from the Marking CentreCandidates showed strength in these areas:

making reference to two communities and two of the topics focusing on socioeconomic status, disadvantage and having a clear understanding of the term ‘racism’.

Candidates need to improve in these areas: naming an Australian Aboriginal community linking issues in the topics to the two communities correct use of terminology – see syllabus for support ensuring that the focus is post-1960 (note: the HSC course focuses on legislation, policy, legal decisions and

current events from the 1960s) avoiding a narrative approach using evidence to support a response rather than making generalisations.

2013

Question 11 — Health (15 marks)Question 11 (a)(a) Explain why initiatives that address Aboriginal health issues should be culturally appropriate.

Sample answer:Culturally appropriate initiatives can have a positive impact on Aboriginal health issues. Aboriginal people are still disadvantaged in health with a lower life expectancy and higher rates of infant mortality and diseases such as diabetes. Initiatives may include the local Aboriginal Health Services, employment of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Island people in mainstream health services and information pamphlets from NSW Department of Health.

Question 11 (b) (b) How effective have government programs been in addressing the health status of Aboriginal and other Indigenous peoples?In your response, refer to both an Australian Indigenous community and an international Indigenous community.

Criteria Marks

Demonstrates extensive knowledge of government programs Clearly shows relationship between these programs and their effect on Indigenous health

status Presents a sustained, logical and cohesive response integrating relevant concepts and

terms

9–10

Demonstrates detailed knowledge of government programs and makes links between these programs and effect on Indigenous health

Presents a logical and cohesive response applying relevant concepts and terms Makes clear reference to an Australian AND an international Indigenous community

7–8

Demonstrates sound knowledge of government program(s) and some understanding of their effects on Indigenous health status

Presents a structured response using some relevant concepts and terms Refers to an Australian AND/OR an international Indigenous community

5–6

Demonstrates knowledge of government program(s) and/or some understanding of Indigenous health status

Uses some relevant concepts and terms Refers to an Australian AND/OR an international Indigenous community

3–4

Makes general statements about Indigenous health and/or government programs May refer to an Indigenous community 1–2

Answers could include: Government programs could include: Aboriginal and Torres Strait Island people: Aboriginal Health Services Aboriginal Medical Services Closing the Gap Northern Territory intervention/ Stronger Futures Training opportunities for health care professionals Lakota people: Porcupine Health Clinic Dry community initiative

Criteria Marks

• Provides a sound explanation for the use of culturally appropriate health initiatives• Is able to link these initiatives to Aboriginal health issues

5

• Provides an explanation for the use of culturally appropriate health initiatives• Refers to relevant Aboriginal health issues

3–4

• Makes general statement(s) about initiatives in Aboriginal health• May refer to some Aboriginal health issues

1–2

Issues faced by communities include remoteness, cultural barriers, mistrust of government, racism, socioeconomic disadvantage.

These initiatives build on trust, and through culture, language and community connection, health outcomes are improved. Successful initiatives require community consultation to be culturally appropriate allowing sensitivity to specific health issues in communities.

Better quality responses may explore the nature and implementation of the program.Impacts include infant health outcomes/connected communities.

AHS + AMS improved culturally appropriate access to medical services eg child + family health workers – pre and post natal case workers, otitis media addressed.

Impacts of Closing the Gap – recognising inequality. Funding for health care including Indigenous health workers.Northern Territory Intervention, Stronger Families, Dry Communities.

Notes from the marking CentreCandidates showed strength in these areas:• explaining the need for cultural appropriateness • evaluating the effectiveness of government programs • noting the effectiveness of programs, and making clear reference to an Australian and international Indigenous community.

Candidates need to improve in these areas:• addressing why initiatives needed to be culturally appropriate • referencing Australian and international Indigenous communities appropriately (not the Maori of New Zealand, Indigenous people of Africa or Native American peoples) – see syllabus for support • analysing or referencing government programs and/or the communities.

Question 17 (15 marks)Evaluate the impact of racism on Aboriginal and other Indigenous peoples from the 1960s onwards.In your answer, refer to both an Australian Indigenous community and an international Indigenous community and TWO of the following topics:• Health• Education• Housing• Employment• Criminal justice• Economic independence.

Criteria Marks

Makes a well-informed judgement about the impact of racism on Aboriginal and other Indigenous peoples

Demonstrates extensive knowledge of the chosen topics and the impact of racism Presents a sustained, logical and cohesive response applying relevant concepts and terms Makes detailed references to the Comparative Study and TWO listed topics

13–15

Makes a judgement about the impact of racism on Aboriginal and other Indigenous peoples Demonstrates detailed knowledge of the chosen topics and the impact of racism Presents a well-structured response including relevant concepts and terms Makes references to the Comparative Study and TWO listed topics

10–12

Describes the chosen topic(s) and attempts to make a judgement on the impact of racism Presents a structured response using some relevant concepts and terms Refers to the Comparative Study and one or more of the listed topics

7–9

Describes the chosen topic(s) Uses some relevant concepts and terms May refer to the Comparative Study

4–6

Makes general statements about the chosen topic(s) May refer to an Indigenous community

1–3

Answers could include:Racism results in adverse treatment of people on the basis of their genetic, ethnic, cultural, national or

physical attributes. Historically, prejudice based on race has been reflected in laws and policies adopted by governments worldwide. Indigenous peoples around the world have experienced discriminatory treatment as a result of these adverse presumptions based on their cultures and attributes. Indigenous communities have achieved little equality and are still impacted by racism.

In Australia governments have attempted to address racism by implementing legislation such as the Racial Discrimination Act 1975 (Cth), but within communities disadvantage and the results of institutional discrimination are still evident.

Eliminating racism and its devastating impacts requires long-term, community-based programs, which develop strength and capacity within communities.

Addressing racism and its impacts requires legal recognition of individual, collective and citizenship rights of Indigenous peoples.

As an introduction to the response candidates may address Immigration Restriction Act 1901(Cth) and policies such as protectionism and assimilation to support their answer. The policy of self-determination is intended to address past discriminatory policies.

Candidates should then use examples from the social justice issues experienced by Indigenous communities worldwide such as health, education, housing, employment, criminal justice and economic independence to illustrate Indigenous experiences as a result of racism and discriminatory policies.

The UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples also highlights issues and rights. Legal issues may include Yolngu people (NT) Bark Petition and Lakota Sioux being regarded as a ‘sovereign nation’ by the Fort Laranie Treaty of 1868.]

Notes from the marking CentreCandidates showed strength in these areas:• weaving the response between the two communities and the two topics of reference (eg Health and Housing) • referencing a specific community such as Worimi/Lakota Sioux of South Dakota • focusing on socioeconomic status, disadvantage and having a clear understanding of the term ‘racism’ • referencing specific initiatives, eg HREOC and UN Declaration.

Candidates need to improve in these areas:• evaluating the effect of racism • recognising that Aboriginality is more than skin colour, so terms such as ‘black’ and ‘white’ are inappropriate • linking issues in the topics to the two communities • avoiding a narrative approach and generalisations.

2012

Question 12 — Health (15 marks)Question 12 (a) (a) Describe the current health status of Aboriginal people. Use relevant examples and statistical data to support your response.

Criteria Marks

Demonstrates sound knowledge of the health status of Aboriginal People Uses detailed and relevant statistical data to support response

5

Demonstrates some knowledge of the health status of Aboriginal People Refers to relevant statistical data

3–4

Makes general statement(s) about Aboriginal health May make use of statistical data

1–2

Sample answer:The current health status of Aboriginal people can be described as below that of non-Indigenous Australians. The life expectancy of Aboriginal people is considerably lower than non-Indigenous Australians. In Aboriginal men the gap is more than 10 years. Also, Aboriginal Australians have a higher incidence of diabetes, infant mortality, renal failure and communicable diseases.Diabetes in Aboriginal Australians is experienced at a rate 800 times greater than non-Indigenous Australians. In 2001–2005, the infant mortality rate for Indigenous Australians was twice the infant mortality rate for all Australians.Overall it is clear that the health status of Aboriginal Australians is considerably below that of non-Indigenous Australians.Notes from the Marking Centrea. In better responses, candidates described Aboriginal health status and provided relevant descriptive detail using examples and supporting data. While the responses were concise, the focus was on current life expectancy and the higher than average incidence of diseases such as diabetes.

In weaker responses, candidates wrote more general responses with limited use of examples and statistical data.

Question 12 (b) (b) Discuss the effectiveness of Indigenous community health initiatives in improving socioeconomic status.In your response, refer to both an Australian Indigenous community and an international Indigenous community.

Criteria Marks

Demonstrates extensive knowledge of the chosen initiatives Clearly shows relationship between these initiatives and their impact on socioeconomic

status Presents a sustained, logical and cohesive response integrating relevant concepts and terms Makes detailed reference to an Australian AND an international Indigenous community

9–10

Demonstrates detailed knowledge of the chosen initiatives and makes links between these initiatives and socioeconomic status

Presents a logical and cohesive response applying relevant concepts and terms Makes reference to an Australian AND an international Indigenous community

7–8

Demonstrates sound knowledge of the chosen initiatives and some understanding of their effects on socioeconomic status

Presents a structured response using some relevant concepts and terms Refers to an Australian AND/OR an international Indigenous community

5–6

Demonstrates knowledge of the chosen initiatives and some understanding of socioeconomic status

Uses some relevant concepts and terms Refers to an Australian AND/OR an international Indigenous community

3–4

Makes general statements about Indigenous health May refer to an Indigenous community

1–2

Answers could include:• Description of community health initiatives in an Australian community. These could be the local Aboriginal Health Service (or similar organisation). These provide culturally appropriate and ‘safe’ places for Aboriginal people to access medical care. Health care requires trust and community programs help to build and maintain trust between service providers and community members. These are more effective in improving health outcomes, which in turn leads to improved socioeconomic status.• Community health initiatives in the international Indigenous community should be described. The link between these initiatives and health outcomes, through culture, language, community connection should be explored.• Similarities in experiences between communities should be considered, such as remoteness, cultural barriers, historical mistrust of government, racism, socioeconomic disadvantage.• Students should clearly state their conclusion regarding the effectiveness of these initiatives, demonstrating knowledge of what is actually required to improve socioeconomic status in relation to health and assessing whether these initiatives deliver on these requirements.

Notes from the Marking Centreb. In better responses, candidates clearly focused on the health initiatives providing culturally appropriate medical care within a community. The link was made by measuring the value of the initiatives and their connection to improved socioeconomic status. Similarities between communities and the clear reference to an Australian and international Indigenous community were made.

In weaker responses, candidates identified community-based initiatives, but focused more on health issues rather than initiatives. While noting similarities in the communities there was a need to focus on the effectiveness, and the linking of health outcomes, as well as the connectedness of community.

Question 18 (15 marks)To what extent have Indigenous peoples achieved equality in their countries?In your answer, refer to both an Australian Indigenous community and an international Indigenous community and TWO of the following topics:• Health• Education• Housing• Employment• Criminal justice• Economic independence

Criteria Marks

Makes a well-informed judgement on the extent to which Indigenous peoples have achieved equality

Demonstrates extensive knowledge of the chosen issues and the achievement of equality Presents a sustained, logical and cohesive response applying relevant concepts and terms Makes detailed references to the Comparative Study and TWO listed topics

13–15

Makes a judgement on the extent to which Indigenous peoples have achieved equality Demonstrates detailed knowledge of the chosen issues and the achievement of equality Presents a well-structured response including relevant concepts and terms Makes references to the Comparative Study and TWO listed topics

10–12

Describes the chosen issues and may attempt to make a judgement on the achievement of equality

Presents a structured response using some relevant concepts and terms Refers to the Comparative Study and one or more of the listed topics

7–9

Describes the chosen issues Uses some relevant concepts and terms Refers to the Comparative Study and one or more of the listed topics

4–6

Makes general statements about the chosen issues May refer to an Indigenous community

1–3

Sample answer:There has been a lot of progress towards formal equality for Indigenous people, but the lived experiences of people in Indigenous communities are not equal to those of non-Indigenous people.Equality relates to broad issues like legal recognition and citizenship rights, and to more specific topics such as health and criminal justice. Two communities that can be compared are the Yolngu People of Yirrkala and the Oglala Lakota Pine Ridge in the USA.Health outcomes remain highly unequal for both Yolngu and Lakota People. In Yirrkala, health issues include: high rates of communicable and chronic disease such as kidney disease; high smoking rates and other substance use/abuse issues; ante-natal and neo-natal care for mothers and babies; infant mortality and life expectancy. Health issues link to other socioeconomic issues such as housing and income, which impact overall equality.The Oglala Lakota of Pine Ridge face many health challenges and experience significantly lower health outcomes compared to the wider US society. Substance use, particularly alcohol and tobacco, are significant problems with the nearby town of White Clay being seen by some as existing simply to serve alcohol to the Lakota from Pine Ridge two miles away. Chronic diseases such as diabetes are also a significant issue, with community health services struggling to meet the needs of the community in both treatment and education. Obviously, these issues cannot be separated from the socioeconomic disadvantage that confronts so many Indigenous communities.It is clear from the examples of Yirrkala and Pine Ridge that equality in real health experiences has not yet been achieved.Experiences in the criminal justice system in both communities indicate significant ongoing inequality, with over-representation in prison; young offenders; victimization; over-policing; diversionary programs such as circle sentencing or justice conferencing. Positive outcomes do also occur such as police recruitment, and community success stories are also important.Criminal justice issues for the Lakota in Pine Ridge are often caused by lack of resources and they are complicated by being a ‘sovereign nation’, as recognized by the Fort Laramie Treaty in 1868. This means that offenders sent to prison go straight to federal prison, which limits the chances of rehabilitation. Over-representation in prison is also a huge problem. Native Americans make up 12% of the state’s total population but 60% of young people in detention. These examples demonstrate that criminal justice remains a significant challenge for this community and is yet another part of the complex cycle of socioeconomic disadvantage.Clearly equality in health and criminal justice are still only a goal. Equality in a formal way includes things such as legal recognition and citizenship rights. These areas show some strong progress towards equality. Yolngu people have fought for their rights since the Bark Petition and the Lakota have their own Treaty with the US Government. Australia’s First Peoples have still not been recognised in the constitution, however there are moves towards changing this soon.It is clear that Indigenous communities have achieved real equality only to a limited extent. Despite gains in formal legal recognition, the realities of life in communities show clear disadvantage. The cycle of poverty can be broken and real equality can be achieved, but this requires long-term, community-based programs that build strength and capacity within individuals, families and communities.

Notes from the Marking CentreThis question focused on Social Justice and Human Rights.In better responses, candidates substantiated and made judgements on equality. They were able to differentiate between what happened in the Australian and international Indigenous community.The question focused on equality and these responses addressed this in the opening paragraph then drew evidence to support the argument.

Equality centred on issues such as citizenship and legal recognition and these were applied over two communities, usually Inuit, Oglala Lakota Sioux and Yolngu (Bark Petition).Those candidates whose responses targeted criminal justice used legislation and linked specific programs to outcomes showing that although disadvantage exists, progress (equality) is occurring.In mid-range responses, candidates discussed initiatives and programs without linking them to the achievement of equality. They attempted to address the question, but used a narrative approach and tended to mix the communities and lost sight of the question.In weaker responses, candidates did not name the Australian community although often the international community was identified. They referenced the Preliminary course, or pre 1960 material. In these responses, candidates appeared challenged in providing the information, the communities and the issues within the suggested time frame.

2011Question 2 — Health (20 marks)Question 2 (a)(a) What are THREE indicators of health standards in Aboriginal communities?

Sample answer:Three indicators of health standards are high infant or child mortality, lower life expectancy, and a high incidence of chronic diseases, such as diabetes, heart disease and kidney disease.

Answers could include: Lifestyle factors High rates of substance and drug use/abuse Environmental factors such as poor housing, sanitation, lack of education and limited employment

opportunities

Notes from the Marking CentreIn better responses, candidates identified indicators of Aboriginal health standards and provided relevant descriptive detail. While the responses were concise, the health standards were clearly described. Weaker responses only identified, in a single word or acronym, a program. There was a need for the health standards to be separated from the program, and for an indicator to be shown. There also needed to be a distinction between a cause and an indicator.

Question 2 (b)(b) Explain the relationship between culture and Aboriginal health.

Criteria Marks

Demonstrates sound knowledge of Aboriginal health Clearly explains the relationship between culture and Aboriginal health

5

Demonstrates knowledge of Aboriginal health issues Makes a connection between culture and Aboriginal health

3–4

Makes general statements about Aboriginal health and/or culture 1–2

Sample answer:Maintenance and knowledge of culture are closely interrelated with Aboriginal health issues. For example,

Aboriginal people are working to regain their culture through maintaining Aboriginal cultural knowledge. This can assist in building a strong sense of identity, which can then lead to both physical and mental health benefits. Cultural knowledge is important in breaking down barriers to accessing health services. Aboriginal people and communities have benefited from culturally appropriate health services, such as [community examples]. This shows how important culture can be for health. In the end, the maintenance and knowledge of culture are important elements in improving health, but they are not sufficient alone and many other elements are required to develop long-term sustainable health improvements.

Answers could include: Connection between mental health and Stolen Generations

Criteria Marks

• Provides THREE indicators of health standards in Aboriginal communities 3

• Provides TWO indicators of health standards in Aboriginal communities 2

• Provides ONE indicator of health standards in Aboriginal communities 1

Holistic approach to Aboriginal health issues Aboriginal Medical Services contribute to cultural expression

Notes from the Marking Centre.In better responses, candidates clearly focused on the importance of culture and how this interacted with Aboriginal health. A good knowledge of cultural initiatives and strategies within Aboriginal health was also displayed. In weaker responses, candidates did not clearly understand the link, and made little or no attempt to give an explanation. These responses usually made a number of generalised statements about the health of Aboriginal people.

Question 2 (c) (c) Analyse the impact of community-based initiatives on Indigenous health. In your answer you must refer to an Australian Indigenous community and an international Indigenous community.

Criteria Marks

Provides a sustained, logical and cohesive response Displays extensive knowledge about community-based initiatives in Indigenous health Clearly demonstrates the effect that community-based initiatives have on the health of

Indigenous peoples Makes detailed reference to an Australian and an international Indigenous community

10–12

Provides a logical and cohesive response Displays sound knowledge about community-based initiatives in Indigenous health Demonstrates the effect that community-based initiatives have on the health of Indigenous

peoples Makes references to an Australian and an international Indigenous community

7–9

Displays some knowledge about community-based initiatives in Indigenous health Demonstrates some knowledge of the health of Indigenous peoples Makes references to an Australian and/or an international Indigenous community

4–6

Displays limited knowledge about community-based initiatives on Indigenous health May make limited references to an Australian and/or an international Indigenous community

2–3

Recounts basic information about Indigenous health AND/OR Makes limited reference to Indigenous communities

1

Answers could include: The involvement of Indigenous people and community members is important in all aspects of health service

delivery The impact of community-based initiatives in terms of empowerment for Indigenous people to implement

strategies, rather than having to take directives from government; this builds links to the future through capacity building

Examples of community-based initiatives, such as: Aboriginal/Indigenous health services/clinics Local training programs Pre-natal and ante-natal health programs Answers must include specific examples from Australian and international Indigenous communities.

Notes from the Marking CentreIn better responses, candidates took community-based initiatives, separated them from government initiatives, and then reflected upon what affects the everyday lives of Indigenous peoples. They also referred to Australian and international Indigenous communities and gave credible examples to support their ideas. Positive and negative impacts were clearly evident in responses. In weaker responses, candidates lacked focus on the community-based initiatives and focused too much on health issues in general.

2010Question 2 (a) (a) Describe ONE government health program or strategy to address Aboriginal health issues.

Sample answer/Answers could include: Pamphlets from NSW Department of Health eg diabetes, nutrition etc. Employment of Aboriginal peoples in mainstream health services Adoption of the ‘close the gap’ campaign Strategies within the Northern Territory Intervention Government funding of Aboriginal Medical Services Young Teens/‘Mums and Bubs’ programs NCIP Young People and Cannabis Program.

Notes from the Marking Centre

a.In better responses, candidates identified an Aboriginal health program or strategy and provided relevant descriptive detail. While the responses were concise, the feature of the program was adequately covered. Weaker responses only identified, in a single word or acronym, a program or strategy and/or provided irrelevant detail.

Question 2 (b)(b) Why is it important for government health programs or strategies to be culturally appropriate?

Criteria Marks

Demonstrates sound knowledge as to what constitutes a culturally appropriate health program

Clearly establishes the importance of government health program(s) or strategies being culturally appropriate for Aboriginal peoples

4–5

Displays some knowledge as to what constitutes a culturally appropriate health program Refers to the importance of government health program(s) or strategies being culturally

appropriate for Aboriginal peoples2–3

Makes a general statement of Aboriginal health AND/OR Aboriginal strategies AND/OR cultural appropriateness

1

Sample answer/Answers could include: Limited access to services and barriers to participation Acknowledge importance of the consultation process Sensitivity to issues of the past; for example, overcoming racist policies Sensitivity to specific Aboriginal health issues.

Notes from the Marking CentreBetter responses were clearly focused on the importance of cultural appropriateness and how this also revived spiritual and cultural links. A good knowledge of the programs and strategies within Aboriginal health was also displayed. In weaker responses, candidates did not demonstrate a clear understanding of the concept of cultural appropriateness, made little or no attempt to link this to the current health issues, or were uncertain as to what was a government program. These responses usually made a number of generalised statements about the health of Aboriginal people. There was no explanation, simply a narrative.

Question 2 (c)(c) Analyse the social and political changes necessary to improve Indigenous peoples’ health standards. In your answer, you must refer to an Australian Indigenous community and an international Indigenous community.

Criteria Marks Provides a sustained, cohesive and logical response Demonstrates extensive knowledge of social and political changes necessary to improve

Indigenous peoples’ health standards Clearly shows the relationship between social and political changes and improvement in

10–12

Criteria Marks Provides characteristics and features of ONE relevant government health program or

strategy to address Aboriginal health issues 3

Provides some description of a relevant government health program to address Aboriginal health issues

Names a government health program or strategy OR provides information of Aboriginal health issues

2

1

Indigenous peoples’ health standards Makes detailed references to an Australian AND an international Indigenous community Provides a cohesive and logical response Demonstrates sound knowledge of social and political changes necessary to improve

Indigenous peoples’ health standards Shows the relationship between social and political changes and improvement in Indigenous

peoples’ health standards Makes references to an Australian AND an international Indigenous community

7–9

Displays some knowledge of social AND/OR political changes that are necessary to improve health

May make references to an Australian AND/OR an international Indigenous community

4–6

Displays limited knowledge of social and political changes that may improve Indigenous peoples’ health standards

May make limited reference to an Australian AND/OR an international Indigenous community

2–3

Recounts basic information of Indigenous health AND/OR Makes limited reference to Indigenous communities

1

Sample answer/Answers could include: Government acknowledgement of the importance of Indigenous-based health initiatives and financial support

for these programs Political will of the government to ensure adequate resourcing at grassroots level Media coverage (positive and negative) about Indigenous issues and how they influence opinions and action

on Indigenous health Involvement of Indigenous people in key decision-making to reflect the needs of Indigenous peoples Promotion of a return to traditional foods/medicinal resources Social action within the general community to acknowledge and support the rights of Indigenous peoples to

basic health services Answers must include specific examples from selected communities.

Notes from the Marking CentreIn better responses, candidates analysed the changes necessary and distinguished what constituted a social and/or political change. They reflected on health standards and their impact on the everyday lives of Indigenous peoples. Better responses also included references to both the Australian and international Indigenous communities. They displayed comprehensive knowledge of health issues and standards, clearly identified the communities and were able to give both positive and negative viewpoints about what changes had occurred and those that were necessary.

Weaker responses often identified a health standard or social and/or political change. Other candidates displayed knowledge of health standards in general, but needed to contain detailed reference to their communities and demonstrate a link to the question.

2009Question 2 — Health (20 marks)Question 2 (a)

(a)Briefly describe ONE Aboriginal initiative to improve Aboriginal health standards.

Answers could include:

A.M.S – Aboriginal controlled health service Aboriginal workers in health areas such as in hospitals Community health programs such as transport, nursing, men’s programs

Notes from the Marking centreBetter responses identified an Aboriginal initiative and provided relevant descriptive detail about that initiative.Weaker responses only identified, in a single word or acronym, an initiative and/or provided irrelevant detail. There was a need for a description and a link to improvement in health standards.

Question 2 (b)(b)Explain how regaining land can improve Aboriginal health.

Criteria Marks

• Names and provides feature(s) of one relevant Aboriginal initiative 2

• Names one relevant Aboriginal initiative 1

Criteria Marks

• Demonstrates a sound knowledge about Aboriginal health

• Clearly identifies the relationship between regaining land and improving Aboriginal health5–6

• Displays some knowledge about Aboriginal health

• Makes a connection between regaining land and an improvement in Aboriginal health3–4

• Makes general statements about land and/or Aboriginal health 1–2

Answers could include:

Regaining land could provide access to traditional food and medicines Access to land leads to improved economic circumstances Improved mental and cultural health More active lifestyle Spiritual and cultural maintenance

Notes from the Marking centreb.Better responses clearly focused on how regaining land provided access, improved economies and revived the spiritual and cultural links. A good knowledge of issues impacting on Aboriginal health was also displayed.Weaker responses did not clearly understand the importance of land in an Aboriginal community, and made little or no attempt to link this to the current health issues, or even relate it to traditional food and medicines. These responses usually made a number of general statements about the health of Aboriginal people with little or no explanation.

Question 2 (c)

(c)Assess the impact of health standards on the everyday lives of Indigenous peoples. In your answer, refer to an Australian Indigenous community and an international Indigenous community.

Criteria Marks Provides a sustained, logical and well-structured response Displays extensive knowledge about health standards Makes an informed judgement about the impact of Indigenous health standards on the

everyday lives of Indigenous peoples Makes detailed references to an Australian and an international Indigenous community

10–12

Provides a structured and logical response Displays sound knowledge about Indigenous health standards Makes a judgement about the impact of Indigenous health standards on the everyday lives of

Indigenous peoples Makes references to an Australian and an international Indigenous community

7–9

Demonstrates some knowledge about Indigenous health standards, and/or their impact on the everyday lives of Indigenous peoples

Makes reference to an Australian and/or an international Indigenous community 4–6 Demonstrates limited knowledge about Indigenous health standards, and/or their impact on

the everyday lives of Indigenous peoples May make limited reference to an Australian and/or an international Indigenous community 2–3 Recounts basic information about Indigenous health AND/OR Makes limited, non-specific reference to Indigenous communities 1

Answers could include: Indicators of health standards could include

–infant mortality–evidence of diseases such as diabetes

Relationship between health standards and everyday life needs to be explicit, e.g. multiple health problems can affect the physical, psychological and emotional wellbeing of Indigenous people. This would result in poorer health and quality of life for Indigenous people.

Notes from the Marking centrec.Better responses clearly assessed what health standards are, and their role in the everyday lives of Indigenous peoples. These responses also referred to both the Australian and international Indigenous communities to provide appropriate examples. They displayed comprehensive knowledge of health issues, clearly identified the communities and were able to give both positive and negative viewpoints.

Weaker responses were not clear about health standards or at least their impact on everyday lives. Other responses displayed knowledge of health issues in general, but did not make detailed reference to their communities or link back to the question