Post on 13-Jan-2022
NGO PROGRAMMES AND DEVELOPMENT OF GULU MUNICIPALITY
GULU DISTRICT UGANDA
A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO COLLEGE OF HIGHER DEGREES
AND RESEARCH, KAMPALA INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY,
KAMPALA
IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE
DEGREE OF MASTERS IN BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION (NGO
MANAGEMENT)
BY:
DENIS OKUMU
NOVEMBER 2013
DEDICATION
This Document is dedicated to My Late Father Jennaro Acaye Lajul for his
encouragement that enabled me to undertake this course from Kampala International
university. We Miss your fatherly wisdoms dearly since you were lifted into Glory
one year ago.
DECLARATION
I ~&v~&c~~ QAJti~ do acknowledge that this
Dissertation is my original work and has not been presented for a degree or any other
academic award in any university or higher learning institution
Date / I f~iY’~>D~~
Signature _______________________________
I hereby certify that I have read this project entitled, “NGO PROGRAMMES AND
DEVELOPMENT OF GULU MUISTJCIPALITY GULU DISTRICT UGANDA”
• In my opinion it is satisfactory in terms of the scope, quality and presentation as
partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Business
Administration (NGO Management)
Signed by:
Date: ~≤/~ ~,If
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my special appreciation to my supervisor, Dr Mohammed
Ssendege ,for his motivation guidance and consultation during the entire course and in
the preparation and completion of this project paper, without which his support this
project would not have been completed .1 would like to thank all the staff member at
the School of post graduate and Research Kampala international University, for not
only their help and cooperation but also for ensuring a pleasant and enjoyable
experience for the whole duration of my study at KIU.
I would like to thank my course mates and the senior members for the valuable
ideas and feedback that had in many ways contributed to the successful completion of
this project Finally, I would like to extend my thanks to my parents, family members
and friends who gave, encouragement and moral support. My special thanks and
gratefulness to my wife, Jennifer and children Angel, Nathan and Pascal for their
patience, love and understanding
And encouragement throughout my graduate programme, that ensured the successful
completion of the coursework and the project paper
III
Table of Contents
DEDICATION
DECLARATION
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
TABLE OF CONTENTS iv
LIST OF TABLES viii
CHAPTER ONE 1
THE PROBLEM AND ITS SCOPE 1
1.1. Background of the Study 1
1.2. Statement of the Problem 2
1.3 Purpose of the Study 3
1 .4 General Objectives 3
1 .5 Specific objectives 3
1.6 Research Questions 3
1.7. Hypothesis 4
1.8. Scope 4
1.9 Significance of the Study 5
1.9.1 Operational Definitions
CHAPTER TWO 6
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE 6
2.1 NGO PROGRAMMES 6
2.2 DEVELOPMENT 9
2.3 Theoretical Perspective 16
iv
2.3 Related Studies. 16
2.4 Research gaps 18
CHAPTER THREE 20
METHODOLOGY 20
3.1. Research Design 20
32. Research Population 20
3.3. Sample Size 20
3.4. Sampling Procedures 20
3.5 Research Instruments 21
3.6 Validity and Reliability 21
3.7 Data Gathering Procedures 21
3.8 Data Analysis 22
3.9 Limitations of the Study 22
CHAPTER FOUR 23
PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF RESULTS 23
4.0 INTRODUCTION 23
4.1 Response Rate 23
4.2 Demographic characteristics of Respondents 24
Table 4.2.4 Respondents by age distribution 24
Table 4.2.2: Respondents by Sex distribution 25
4.2.1: District of Respondents 25
Table 4.2.1 Respondents by district distribution 25
4.3 Empirical Findings 26
4.3.1. Objective 1: Determine the extent to which NGO programs contribute to development
26
V
4.3.1.4. Correlation analysis on the extent to which NGO programs contribute to developmentof Gulu municipality 27
4.3.1.5 Regression analysis on the extent of NGOs Programme in Gulu Municipality 28
4.3.2.4 Correlation analysis on the relationship between NGO Programmes andDevelopment of Gulu Municipality 31
4.3.2.5: Regression analysis on the relationship between NGO Programmes andDevelopment of Gulu Municipality 31
4.3.3. Objective 3: To find out the challenges facing NGOs in Gulu Municipality 32
4.3.4. Objective 4: To determine the Level of development in Gulu Municipality 33
CHAPTER FIVE 35
SUMMARY, DISCUSSION, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 35
5.0 Introduction 35
5.lSummay 35
5.2. Discussions 35
5.2.1 Objective 1: To determine the extent of NGOs Programme in Gulu Municipality 35
5.2.2 Objective 2: To determine the relationship between NGO Programmes andDevelopment of Gulu Municipality 36
5.2.3 Objective 3: To find out the challenges facing NGOs in Gulu Municipality 36
5.2.4 Objective 4: To determine the Level of development in Gulu Municipality 37
5.3: Conclusions 37
5.3.1 Objective 1: To determine the extent of NGOs Programme in Gulu Municipality 37
5.3.2 Objective 2: To determine the relationship between NGO Programmes andDevelopment of Gulu Municipality 37
5.3.3 Objective 3: To find out the challenges facing NGOs in Gulu Municipality 37
5.3.4 Objective 4: To determine the Level of development in Gulu Municipality 38
5.4: Recommendations 38
5.4.1 Objective 1: Determine the extent of NGOs Programme in Gulu Municipality 38
vi
5.4.2 Objective 2: To determine the relationship between NGO Programmes andDevelopment of Gulu Municipality 38
5.4.3 Objective 3: To find out the challenges facing NGOs in Gulu Municipality 39
5.4.4 Objective 4: To determine the Level of development in Gulu Municipality 39
5.5: Limitations to the study 39
5.6: The contributions of the study 40
5.7: Areas for future Research 40
REFERENCES 41
APPENDCES 44
Appendix 1: RESEARCH INSTRUMENT 44
Appendix II: BUDGET 46
APPENDIX Ill : TIME FRAME 47
RESEARCHER’S CURRICULUM VITAE 48
VII
LIST OF TABLES
Table 4.2.4 Respondents by age distribution 24
Table 4.2.2: Respondents by Sex distribution 25
Table 4.2.1 Respondents by district distribution 25
Table 4.3.1 Descriptive analysis on the extent to which NGO programs contribute todevelopment of Gulu municipality 27
4.3.1.4. Correlation analysis on the extent to which NGO programs contribute todevelopment of Gulu municipality 27
Table 4.3.1.4 Correlation analysis on the extent to which NGO programs contribute todevelopment of Gulu municipality 28
Table 4.3.1.5 Regression analysis on the extent of NGOs Programme in GuluMunicipality 28
Table 4.3.2 Descriptive analysis on the relationship between NGO Programmes andDevelopment of Gulu Municipality 30
Table 4.3.2.4 Correlation analysis on the relationship between NGO Programmesand Development of Gulu Municipality 31
Tables 4.3.2.5: Regression analysis on the relationship between NGO Programmesand Development of Gulu Municipality 32
Table 4.3.3: Descriptive analysis on the Level of development in Gulu Municipality33
VIN
CHAPTER ONE
THE PROBLEM AND ITS SCOPE
1.1. Background of the Study.
Non-governfnental organisations ~NGOs) organisations are a term used to describe
non-statutory, non-profit making organisations that are primarily concerned with
welfare work (Bills and Mackeith, 1989). They are private, agencies which fund,
implement or actively support social, economical and developmental programmes.
Nongovernmental organisations constitute the third major channel, after bilateral and
multilateral aid agencies, through which development aid is provided (Clark, 1991).
International NGOs are primarily found in industrialized countries which provide
financial support, material aid, technical assistance and expertise to NGOs in
developing nations.
World governments —call them national governments were known and mandated to
take charge of the micro and macro development strategies for their people, in this
spirit John Locke observes that citizens established governments to act as collective
centers of communal needs and fulfillment. However, the first and second world war
disabled governments from meeting their obligations, as such NGOs emerged as a
response of citizens discontents with the status of government service provision in all
sectors (Avina 2003:128) . The emergency of NGOs was basically to bring about
change among individuals and society as a whole (Druker 1990:1) the paradigm shift
from government-led development to NGO-led development gave rise to two variant
responses, first government felt threatened with the existence of NOOs and secondly
other governments established partnerships with the NGOs to foster development.
(Thaw 2003:146)
Since the 1970’s partnership between government and NOOs has become a guiding
principle in fostering local and national development, as such emphasis on the
government as the principle actor and engine of development has been relegated to
the background (Fowler 2003:243). In the early 1980s a donor-driven type of
partnership emerged on the development scene, this was reflected through what came
1
to be defined as the trans-governmental international development, this witnessed
world independent international NGOs and bodies contributing to local and national
development. Fowler (2003:242) observes that this trend was spear headed by the
Bretton Woods institutions: the International Monetary Fund (IMF) World Bank
(W.B) and its Sister Regional Development Bank.
The IMF & W.B came up with what came to be called Structural Adjustment
Program(SAP) which gave credence to Civil Society Organizations (CSOs) as
legitimate and recognized players in the line of development. In this process
Community Based Organizations (CBOs) emerged and grew to maturity when they
established N.G.Os (Gaventa 2003:256). Theses NGO have since then contributed to
the development in all sectors in which governments engage in.
The government of the Republic of Uganda formerly established and legally
recognized NGOs as viable and necessary development agencies, as such by 1990 it
had established an NGOs policy in which the Ministry of Internal Affairs was
mandated to regulate, monitor and over sea its activities. The year 1995 experienced
the formation of NGO forum in which several NGOs in Uganda established a body
that would regulate their own development activities. As a result Several NGOs
gained legal status as an NGO with Gulu District Local government. Given the unique
social problems in Gum District, spurred resultant of the Northern insurgency, NGOs
have since emerged to support young people into becoming agencies of social
transformation, promoting youth entrepreneurship and economic development and
promote the participation of youth in reformed, civil and political decision making as
an initiative towards promoting social — economic development.
The study is fundamentally about establishing the effect of NGOs programs on
development of Gulu District.
1.2. Statement of the Problem.
For last the thirty years NGOs has engaged in transforming, promoting
entrepreneurship, economic development and youth participation in decision making
with the ultimate aim of promoting social—economic development. NGOs have
received considerable funding from local and international partners. Despite these
2
initiatives to improve the income per capital of the house hold in Gulu, the levels of
development are very low, the social structure is very weak, the economic activities in
the district are dominated by immigrants, these regrettable disparities have
encouraged youth into getting entrapped into social and political insurgencies in Gulu
District. Such deepening social and economic challenges if not tackled might
resun-ect insurgency in Northern Uganda, Gulu District in particular might turn into
an active recruiting center of political instability, something that can spill over the
entire country. Failure to promote development initiatives might in the long run affect
both the micro and macro strategies of the economy.
1.3 Purpose of the Study
1. To test the null hypothesis on NGOs programs’ on development of Gulu
Municipality.
2. To describe NGOs and Development of Gulu Municipality
3. To generate new knowledge and contribute to existing Knowledge
1.4 General Objectives
To establish the relationship between NGOs programs and the development of
Gulu Municipality
1.5 Specific objectives.
1. To determine extend to which NGO programs have contributed to the
development of Gulu Municipality
2. To determine the level of Development in Gulu municipality
3. To determine if there is significant relationship between NGOs programs and
developments in Gulu Municipality.
4. To identify the challenges facing NGOS in promoting development in Gulu
municipality
1.6 Research Questions
I. To What extent has of NGO programs contributed to the development of Gulu
Municipality?
3
II. What is the level of Development in Gulu municipality as a result of NGO
programs?
III. Is there significant relationship between NGOs programs and developments in
Gulu Municipality?
IV. What are the challenges facing NGOs in promoting development in Gulu
municipality?
1.7. Hypothesis
There is no significant relationship between NGOs programs and development in
Gulu municipality
1.8. Scope
Geographical scope
The study was conducted in northern Uganda, in the four division of Gulu
municipality Laroo, Pece, Bardege and Layibi. The choice of northern Uganda lies in
the fact that the region has attracted a number of NGOs, all geared towards enhancing
local development. Gulu municipality has been chosen to be the case study area
because it’s a sate light location that acts as a representative sample of the population
of the people in northern region
Time scope
The research was conducted in 2012/2013 academic year. The proposal was finished
in May 2013, data collected and analyzed in June and Final report presented in July,, r~ -I ‘~
I 3
Content scope
The study limited itself to assessing the contribution of NGOs to the Development of
Gulu district with specific focus on the four divisions of Gulu municipality. The study
attempted as much as possible to categorize the different NGOs operating in the
district according to the type of services being delivered.
4
Theoretical scope
The study is based on Empowerment Theory which refers to the experience of
personal growth and an improvement in self-definition that occurs as a result of the
development of capabilities and proficiencies (Staples 1990). Another definition
suggests that empowerment is a combination of personal strengths, initiative, and
natural helping systems to bring about change (Perkins & Zimmerman, 1995). This
theory can be applied to community development by empowering the people within
the community to develop their own community. The theory can adapt to other
disciplines like Sociology.
1.9. Significance of the Study
1. This study will inform government on the contributions being made by NGOs
towards the development of Gulu district. It will also inform government on
the current level of NGO activities and programs in the district.
2. The study will help NGOs managers to realign project activities according to
the beneficiaries need. It will assess the performances of NGOs and make
practical recommendation to management that will help to bring development
in the district
3. The study will enlighten and improve community understanding on the
importance of Having NGOs in the district. It would enable the community to
understand the importance of community contributions towards development.
4. The study will also identify research gaps to be undertaken by other
researchers
1.9.1 Operational Definitions
NGOs: Are Organizations that deal with issues in the public domain such as poverty,
injustice, exclusion or degradation.
Development: In this research development is defined as an improvement of living
standard of people as a result of improved access to social services
5
CHAPTER TWO
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
2.1 NGO PROGRAMMES
The World Bank (1990) defines NGOs as (1) non-commercial institutions, (2) which are
private entities (not associated with any national government), (3) non-profit, (4) which
work with developing countries to alleviate suffering, promote the interests of the poor,
protect the environment, participate in community development, and provide basic
community services
A number of people have sought to categorize NGOs into different types. Some~
typologies distinguish them according to the focus of their work for instance whether it is
primarily service- or welfare-oriented or whether it is more concerned with providing
education and development activities to enhance the ability of the poorest groups to
secure resources. Such organizations are also classified according to the level at which
they operate, whether they collaborate with self-help organizations (i.e. community-based
organizations), whether they are federations of such organizations or whether they are
themselves a self-help organization. They can also be classified according to the approach
they undertake, whether they operate projects directly or focus on tasks such as advocacy
and networking.
Among the wide variety of roles that NGOs play, Cousins (1999) identified six important
roles ofNGOS:
Development and Operation of Infrastructure: Community-based organizations and
cooperatives can acquire, subdivide and develop land, construct housing, provide
infrastructure and operate and maintain infrastructure such as wells or public toilets and
solid waste collection services. They can also develop building material supply canters
and other community-based economic enterprises. In many cases, they will need technical
assistance or advice from governmental agencies or higher-level NGOs.
Supporting Innovation, Demonstration and Pilot Projects: NGO have the advantage of
selecting particular places for innovative projects and specify in advance the length of
6
time which they will be supporting the project - overcoming some of the shortcomings
that governments face in this respect. NOOs can also be pilots for larger government
projects by virtue of their ability to act more quickly than the government bureaucracy
Facilitating Communication: NGOs use interpersonal methods of communication, and
study the right entry points whereby they gain the trust of the community they seek to
benefit. They would also have a good idea of the feasibility of the projects they take up.
The significance of this role to the government is that NGOs can communicate to the
policy-making levels of government, information bout the lives, capabilities, attitudes and
cultural characteristics of people at the local level. NGOs can facilitate communication
upward from people to the government and downward from the government to the
people. Communication upward involves informing government about what local people
are thinking, doing and feeling while communication downward involves informing local
people about what the government is planning and doing. NGOs are also in a unique
position to share information horizontally, networking between other organizations doing
similar work.
Technical Assistance and Training: Training institutions and NGOs can develop a
technical assistance and training capacity and use this to assist both CBOs and
governments.
Research, Monitoring and Evaluation: Innovative activities need to be carefully
documented and shared - effective participatory monitoring would permit the sharing of
results with the people themselves as well as with the project staff.
Advocacy for and with the Poor: In some cases, NGOs become spokespersons or
ombudsmen for the poor and attempt to influence government policies and programs on
their behalf. This may be done through a variety of means ranging from demonstration
and pilot projects to participation in public forums and the formulation of government
policy and plans, to publicizing research results and case studies of the poor. Thus NGOs
play roles from advocates for the poor to implementers of government programs; from
agitators and critics to partners and advisors; from sponsors of pilot projects to mediators.
7
Some Activities
Some of the activities of NGOs range from social, political, economic and
humanitarian in nature, they stride right from local to international and high to low
technologies. NGOs support for tree nurseries falls in the same category. In Nepal
plans to encourage local groups to establish tree nurseries incorporating the species
and nursery techniques which it has been developing as its own nurseries wind down-
there by creating new income generating opportunities (Farmington, Bebbington and
Lewis 1993:170) NGOs that offer skills are much more preferred than those who offer
services without training its beneficiaries on how to survive without them.
NOOs efforts go further seeking to enhance their local partner organization’s ability
to manage new technology to draw on the local government’s services they require
and to negotiate with the private commercial sector. An example of this is the NGO
support for landless irrigators groups in Bangladesh was premised on their ability to
learn how to use and maintain pumps and obtain credit from the government, but also
to sell water to farmers (Farmington Etal 1993:171). Technology is a bigger challenge
because one has to go through training before one can integrate technology into
his/her work life.
Farmington, Bebbington and Lewis (1993 :171) have long argued that underlying
NGO initiatives towards cost recovery and the identification and exploration of new
commercial opportunities is the conviction that long term sustainability of innovation
in which the rural poor engage is less well served than by the development of the
capacity to interact with the wider economy, in cost recovery, in the efficient
acquisition of inputs and in the sale of goods and services generated (Farmington Etal
1993:172). These NGO initiatives are frustrated by limited financial resources,
commitment of perspective clients and participation to key stake holders.
Economic Empowerment and Involvement
Attempts to reconcile the contradictions of linear versus contingent development, as
well as assessing NGOs effectives share a common principle of structured multiple
stake holder involvement (Fowler 2003:299) the only way through which people can
be put in charge of their destiny is to empower them, and the only way of practically
8
empowering them is by making them participate actively in social, economic and
political developments that concerns them. NGO institution that have made an impact
on society are those who have actively engaged the beneficiaries in meeting their
special needs, NGOs that do not engage in social structure affects the real mission of
involving and enriching their participation.
Fowler (2003:300) argues that in terms of organization appraisal, involving stake
holders in this way calls for some form of social accounting of multiple interests. One
recent application of these principles known is “social audit” derived from a process
of independent social accounting which is being tested by Traid craft and the new
economic foundation. What is however challenging is the capacity of the stake
holders and beneficiaries to carry out a social —audit independently and objectively, in
most cases they are influenced by irrational and sub-judicial undertones. More
recently OXFAM initiated an assembly of some 250 diverse stake holders-partners,
advisers, associates, volunteers, staff, senior managers, donors, friends and others to
deliberate and provide advise on strategic issues facing the organization, what is
surprisingly un surprising is that not all of them had the capacity to contribute to the
organization strategic issues.
Creating a systematic way of engaging multiple stake holders is unlikely to be free of
conflict and risk, especially where different levels of power and authority exist. In this
situation, the weighing of different stake holders is important. Additional pit falls can
arise where there is a significant disparity in understanding between donors, NGOs
and recipients about what development entails. (Fowler 2003:300). Although stake
holders will always have a common goal to achieve, they will always have different
approaches and alternatives, something that is likely to cause a clash in their
respective interactions.
2.2 DEVELOPMENT
Repetto (1986), refers sustainable development as the one that aims at managing all
natural, Human and financial resources of a country for increasing its wealth and
welfare over the long-run. Sustainable development is a pattern of resource use that
aims to meet human needs while preserving the environment so that these needs can
9
be met not only in the present, but in the indefinite future. These definitions of
sustainable development are similar to the Brundtland Commission (1987), which
agreed that sustainable development as development that ‘meets the needs of the
present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own
needs.” United Nations 2005 World Summit Outcome Document refers to the
“interdependent and mutually reinforcing pillars” of sustainable development as
economic development, social development, and environmental protection. In short,
all the definitions of sustainable definitions are referring to the concept of
development which brings betterment to the current as well as the future generations.
The field of sustainable development can be conceptually broken into three
constituent parts of environmental sustainability, economic sustainability and socio
political sustainability. The United Nations has declared a Decade of Education for
Sustainable Development starting in January 2005 which emphasized on the
importance of sustainable development instead of Just a development.
The First Islamic Conference of Environment Ministers held in Jeddah 2002,
identified the major challenges faced by the Islamic world in the field of sustainable
development mainly as poverty, Illiteracy, accumulation of foreign debts, degradation
of economic and social conditions, Disequilibrium between population growth and
available natural resources, the weakness of Technical capabilities, lack of expertise
and skills in environment management.
In Islamic economic system, the very basic concern of development is on human
welfare. This is in line with the very basic objective of Shari’ah3 which puts
important to the welfare of the people and their relief from hardship. Economic
development should be consistent with this central objective of shari’ah. Thus,
economic development in Islam may be defined as a balanced and sustained
improvement in the material and non-material well-being of man, and development as
a multi-dimensional process which involves improvement of welfare through
advancement, reorganization and reorientation of entire economic and social systems,
and spiritual uplifiment, in accordance with Islamic teachings. (Sadeq AHM, 1991: 1-
2).
10
Therefore, the focus of sustainable development in Islam is on men. Man as the
economic agent is responsible for the types of development to be undertaken. The
economic agents need to be educated with the importance of sustainable development.
Thus, the focus of sustainable development in Islam would be on educating the people
about the principles and management of sustainable development that adhere to the
Islamic framework.
SK Misra ( 2003) urged that Non-Economic Factors are as much important in
development as Economic Factors. He examined the following factors
Human Resources: Population is an important factor in economic development. Man
makes positive contribution to growth and provides labor power for production. If
labor is efficient and skilled its capacity to contribute to growth will be high. If a
country can manage to use its manpower properly, it will certainly prove to be an
important factor in development. Unutilized man power remains defective and burden
on the economy.
Technical know-how and general education: As the scientific and technological
knowledge advances, man discovers more and more sophisticated techniques of
production. Schumpeter was deeply impressed by the innovations done by the
entrepreneurs and he contributed much of the capitalistic developments to this role of
entrepreneurial class. Contribution of education to the increase in output is more
relevant.
Political Freedom: Looking to the world history, the processes of development and
under development are interlinked. Under development of India, Pakistan, Bangladesh
etc which were in the past British colonies was linked with the development of
England. The colonies were forced to remain backward in the process. Similarly
France’s development was linked with the under development of Algeria and Indo
China.
Social organization: Mass participation in development programmes is a pre
condition for accelerating the growth process. However, people show interest in the
development activity only when they feel that the fruits of growth will be fairly
11
distributed. Experiences from a number of countries suggest that whenever the
defective social organization allows some groups to appropriate the benefit of growth,
the general mass of people develop apathy towards State’s development programmes.
Under the circumstances it is futile to hope that masses will participate in the
development projects undertaken by the state. Growth of monopolies in industries and
concentration of economic power in the modern sector is now an undisputed fact.
Corruption: Corruption is rampant in developing countries at various levels and it
operates as a negative factor in the growth process. Until and unless these countries
root out corruption in their administrative system, it is most natural that the capitalists,
traders and other powerful economic classes will continue to exploit national
resources in their personal interests. Furthermore, a substantial portion of the outlay
on development projects is appropriated by the government officials and other
functionaries by employing corrupt means. The regulatory system is ofien misused
and the licenses are not always granted on merit. Tax evasion, with the connivance of
government officials is also a part of corruption.
Desire to Develop: Development activity is not a mechanical process. The pace of
economic growth in any country depends to a great extent on people’s desire to
develop. If in some country level of consciousness is low and the general mass of
people has accepted poverty as its fate, then there will be little hope for development.
Natural Resources: Availability of fertile soil with abundant supply of water for
irrigation purposes provides favorable conditions for agricultural development.
Similarly, adequate reserves of coal and petroleum and water resources for electricity
generation can be profitably utilized by an underdeveloped country for its
transformation into a developed country. Minerals like iron ore, copper, tin, bauxite,
and uranium, if available in plenty can induce the process of industrialization. Sea
coast provides navigation facilities necessary for overseas trade. Without these
resources there is not much hope for economic growth.
Entrepreneurship
While entrepreneurship expressed in the creation of new small businesses is an
essential part of our economy, entrepreneurship’s contribution is centrally much
greater. In addition to the creation of independent new small firms, entrepreneurship
12
is present in much of the growth of big corporations, governments and even the
charitable sectors. We call these the four forms of forms of entrepreneurship.
(Timmons & Spinelli 2004:19). In respect to the forms Kuratko & Hodgetts
(1998:358) observers that what ever the forms, entrepreneurial activities goes through
three fundamental stages, these are: prestart up, start up and post start up. What is
however very difficult is to identify clear demarcation lines among the stages and
forms; this is because the same activities are regularly found in all forms and stages.
On the contrary Katz and Green (2009:19) argues that the four forms differ in which
aspect of entrepreneurship they focus: creation looks of the making of new ventures,
customers focus looks at being in-tune with the market, Efficiency is about doing
work with the fewest resources and innovation looks at new ways of doing things.
What is most importantly however is that all the forms are focused on profit
maximization and accumulated income per capital welfare. The four forms entail:
Public entrepreneurship: This involves revitalizing government agencies, so it tends to
focus on the customer-focus and efficiency aspect of entrepreneurship. Independent
entrepreneurship involves all the four elements, while in corporate entrepreneurship;
the focus is typically on customer focus and innovation, bringing new products and
services to market, or opening new markets to your firm. Public entrepreneurship is
stated-led engineered by the government with a major pre-occupation of establishing
public entrepreneurs.
Social entrepreneurship on the other hand involves creating new charitable and civic
organizations which are financially self-sufficient or for profit companies that use
much of their profit to fund charities. (Katz and Green 2009:19-20). In social
entrepreneurship the key elements involve creation, efficiency and customer — focus.
NGO’s fundamentally fall under social entrepreneurship whose major goal this time
around is not for profit motive but service delivery, using charitable dimensions. The
only short coming with NGOs is that they have failed to be self sustaining; they have
continuously remained perpetual dependants on donors.
Under the corporate entrepreneurship form, this takes initiatives in establishing new
business around new products, services and markets. Cooperate entrepreneurship is
13
unique in that it does not seek to improve but discover new markets, services and
products, this form is very difficult to initiate because it involves not only deeper
thinking, but bigger capital as well. Bigger capital is not found in developing
countries and rural societies and as such corporate entrepreneurship is not applicable
in societies where capital is in short supply, and professionalism is lacking.
Under independent entrepreneurship a person or a group of people own their own
business for profit business. In this respect there is nothing like charitable, free service
delivery or assistance. Under independent entrepreneurship management leadership is
basically personal, depending on the entrepreneur’s views, perceptions, attitudes and
personal opinion. However this form takes into consideration the existing legal frame
work as Petains equality and standards of service delivery methods for charitable or
profit motive.
Steps in Decision Making: Facts & Values
Decision making as a contested terrain of study is a crucial central aspect that in away
determines the success or failure of institutions and organization. Right decisions
gives rise to positive outcomes, wrong decisions definitely gives birth to wrong
outcomes. Decision making is basically a selection based on some criteria of one
behavior alternative from two or more possible alternatives (Davar 1991:1) Decision
making is a process and not an event, as such it involve planning. However planning
should be based on facts and valves, it’s however different to distinguish between real
facts and imaginary facts, unless experiments are conducted
Herbert (1976:45) has defined facts as prepositions of statements that deal with the
observable world, meaning that factual preposition may be tested to determine
whether they are true or false, whether what they say about the world actually occurs
or whether it does not. The challenge in influencing decision is whether those
involved in decision making have the capacity to distinguish between real facts from
imaginary decisions.
To determine whether the preposition is correct, it must be compared directly with
experience, with the facts or it must be led by logical reasoning, national and logical
14
reasoning is not in abundance, where as many can take decisions, very few can
logically decide, this in a way affects their out comes. Decisions are opportunity
centered; taking right decisions enable one to take advantage of the opportunity. In
this regard Keith and Mowen (2002:23 8) have observed that master decision makers
implement their decisions with force and precision. By taking decision you’re
preparing your self to grab the opportunity.
The decision making process can be divided into five distinct steps: these are: define
and crystallize the problem, secure and analyze pertinent facts, develop alternative
solutions or courses of actions, decide upon the best solution and convert the decision
into effective action (Davar 1991:2). Davar (1991:2) observes that the first step in
decision making is to find out what really is the problem and define it. This may not
be easy, what may appear to be the elements of the problem, may not really be the
most important. In most cases individuals and organization deal with the symptoms to
the problem rather than the problem it’s self. This in away affects their influence in
decision making on any important issues that calls for collective decisions.
Once the problem is defined, the next step involved is the finding and classification of
facts. The purpose of classification is to ensure that the decision made takes a
comprehensive view of business rather than the immediate local problem. It enables
one to establish how an individual might be affected by his / her own decision and
how others might be affected and the organization. Classifying the problem also helps
in determining who must take the decision, who must be consulted before making a
decision and who must be informed. (Davar 1991:18) unclassified decisions always
boomerang because they lack comprehensiveness.
Developing alternative solution to a problem is the hardest step in decision making. It
may be said that there can rarely be a problem for which alternative solutions cannot
be found. (Davar 1991:18) The purpose of finding alternative solutions is to make the
best decision, after a careful consideration of the most desirable courses of action in
the circumstances of the case. In considering alternative solution, it is a good principle
to think in terms of which would be the consequences if no action is at all not taken.
15
In many cases to take action at all may prove to be the most desirable and real
solution to the problems.
Fact are crucial in decision making, it is only when you have facts that you can make
correct decisions. What is however difficult to distinguish is separating facts from
information. Facts deals with figures or raw data and information basically deals with
individual perception, opinion and feeling. What affects one’s influence in decision
making is his / her ability to grapple with facts; the biggest challenge however is for
people to confuse facts from information. Ignoring the steps in decision making has
greatly affected stake holders towards influencing decision that can improve not only
themselves but the organization as well.
2.3 Theoretical Perspective
The study is based on Empowerment Theory which refers to the experience of
personal growth and an improvement in self-definition that occurs as a result of the
development of capabilities and proficiencies (Staples 1990). Another definition
suggests that empowerment is a combination of personal strengths, initiative, and
natural helping systems to bring about change (Perkins & Zimmerman, 1995). This
theory can be applied to community development by empowering the people within
the community to develop their own community. The theory can adapt to other
disciplines like Sociology.
2.3 Related Studies
Chelliah (1997) carried out a research in Malaysia on Non-Governmental
Organization’s to assess their Contribution towards Community Development
Education: The study attempted to outline and describe how non-governmental
organizations (NGOs) can effectively contribute to the community development
education of the urban poor and the plantation communities in the country. His study
discovered that NGOs supplemented the governments’ effort in bringing about
economic growth and community educational development to the marginalized
communities. Thus, government should encourage and foster the growth of NGOs in
the country for the development and prosperity of the nation. He suggested that for
NGOS to bring development it is important: the participation of the beneficiaries in
16
different cycles of the project; strong and effective NGO management and
institutional Capability; and the caliber of project staff, their commitment to overall
project objectives, their skills and the degree of empathy with the intended
beneficiaries. Far more is known today than was the case a decade ago about both the
impact of NGO development initiatives and some of the main causes of failure. Yet
gaps in knowledge and understanding remain
Adebayo (2002), carried out a research on the Contribution of Non-Governmental
Organizations on poverty reduction in Kabale district in Uganda .The findings of the
study indicated that a combination factors is needed to improve the work of NGOs
towards poverty reduction. One strategy may not be successful in isolation but a
combination of several strategies would lead to NGOs success in their struggle to
reduce poverty, in Buhara sub-county and other places of Uganda with the problem of
poverty
Michael Bratton (1989), argued that NGOs are significant boisterers of civil
society by virtue of their participatory and democratic approach. Since
then, a wealth of literature has emerged from the academic, donor and NGO
communities alike that has indicated the increasing interest in, and (material) support
for, the role of NGOs in promoting democratic development. Of particular concern is
the wide spread embracing of NGOs as democratic actors that is discernible in much
of this literature.This appears to owe more to ideological persuasion and assumption
than to an engagement with wider debates about the politics of development.
Relatively few critical analyses of the role of NGOs in democratization have been
undertaken within the theoretical literature to date. Clarke (1998a), in one of the few
studies that examines the role of NGOs in the politics of development across the
developing world, opines that the failure to theorize the political impact of NGOs has
lead to an overly’ inadequate, explicitly normative interpretation of NGO ideology’
(1998a: 40). It is this failure that has encouraged the tendency to take NGOs’ positive
role in democratization as axiomatic. This is a significant issue to raise not least
because of the key role NGOs now play in donor-, government- and even World
Bank-funded development projects and programmes as key agents of democratization
Ghulam (2007) researched on NGOS performance in poverty alleviation at Hyderabad
division in Pakistan. The study was based on field work including visit to 40 villages
and interview of 500 persons getting the financial assistance from the NGOs .The
17
results show that the huge majority of the respondents are of the opinion that they
stand a lot below of the current income status of the household. The data suggest that
the prevalence of poverty is more observed in rural areas where people live in joint
family system. The majority of respondents are illiterate or primary passed. They are
laborers working on daily wages. The bulk of respondents reported that in recent
years their standard of living has declined. Due to poverty the respondents had
borrowed money. They held the view that they were incapable to meet the basic needs
of life. The results indicate that respondents were fairly depressed and dejected.
Almost all of the respondents were of the opinion that NOOs are not making people
self-reliant. The respondents were of the view that NOOs were emphasizing only one
or two sectors, whereas an integrated approach to poverty alleviation is needed
Writing in the international relations journal Foreign Policy, Bilahari Kausikan (1993,
pp. 24-41) of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Singapore and Aryeh Neier (1993, pp.
42-41), executive director of the western-based Human Rights Watch organization,
addressed the issue of the role of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in pressing
for greater human rights in contemporary Asian societies. The two reached quite
different conclusions on the issue. The issue addressed by Kausikan and Neier is
examined in this research, and the positions of the two are critiqued. The role of
NOOs is a contemporary and important issue in international relations, regardless of
whether human rights is the focus of an NGO. This point was acknowledged by both
writers. Similarly, the human rights issue would be significant in contemporary
international relations in the absence of an interest on the part of NGOs. This point
was not addressed by either of the writers; however, it is relevant to this review and
critique. Thus, the underlying positions of Kausikan and Neier on human rights must
be addressed in order to effectively critique their arguments concerning the role of
NGOs in pressing for human rights reforms in contemporary Asian societies. An
effective critique of the issue also requires and understanding of NGOs and their
status in the conduct of international relations.
2.4 Research gaps
Since the end of the war in northern Uganda especially in Gulu District, no research
has been done to assess the impact of NGOs activities on the livelihood situations on
the urban dwellers. Hence this research would contribute to fill knowledge gap on
18
NGOs activities.This study will provide more infonnation on the nature of NGOs
programs in the district
19
CHAPTER THREE
METHODOLOGY
3.1. Research Design.
A correlation research design was adopted to establish the casual relationship between
NGOs programs and development. Correlation relationship between two variables is
occasionally the result of the independent — dependent variables. This design
permitted the researcher to analyze the relationships between variables. Correlation
design refers to studies in which purpose is to discover the relationship between
variables using correlation statistics, backed by qualitative and quantitative approach.
3.2. Research Population
According To Gulu NGO forum there are over 200 NGOS operating in Gulu
municipality. Uganda Bureau of Statistics (2002-2012) puts the population at 298,527
of which 119,430 are living in the municipality
The study population included: The executive board members of NGOs, management,
local politicians, opinion leaders, and selected youth in Gulu municipality. The
categories were involved because they have a direct bearing on NGOS and local
development in Gulu, thus fulfilling the study which is about the casual relationship
between NGOs and development.
3.3. Sample Size.
A total number of 106 respondents were involved in the study. Roscoe (1975:121)
observes that any number of respondents above 50 is substantive enough to deliver
scientific findings. In this respect: 6 Board of directors , 6 local politicians, 15
mangers and 79 active youth in Gulu municipality were involved. The specific
numbers offers effective sampling representations of the general society of Gulu
municipality.
3.4. Sampling Procedures
The strategy of sampling was both probability and non- probability. The probability
specifically focused on simple random and non probability sampling was purposive.
20
Simple random eliminated bias and purposive enabled the researcher to access
respondents who are directly in charge of development. The two sampling procedures
are in tandem with the research design adopted.
3.5 Research Instruments
A researcher devised questionnaire was used with closed and open ended questions
this instrument is response friendly. An open ended questionnaire shall provide a
range of optional alternative answers from which the respondents shall have to
choose, and closed questionnaire, enabled the respondent to justify his /her response.
The two open and closed shall minimize guess work from the respondents.
The questionnaire was pretested and adjusted to fit the study context.
Documentary Review: The researcher accessed documentary evidence from the
relevant offices regarding N.G.Os and development in Gulu foundations activities,
starting from their work plans, projects successfully accomplished and those on
going enabled the researcher to obtain the previous and present activities
3.6 Validity and Reliability
First, the researcher tested the instruments to establish whether the responses are in
compliance with the research objectives. Respondents were willingly requested to
become part of the study before the actual data collection commences. A pilot study
was conducted on a small sample of respondents. This was to justify the validity and
reliability of the study.
3.7 Data Gathering Procedures
Upon the approval of the research proposal, the researcher obtained an introduction
letter from the school of postgraduate studies and research, Kampala International
University. This letter was presented to the Executives of NGOs, LC V and RDC of
Gulu District for security clearance. The researcher shall made appointments with
respondents, distributed his research questionnaires and interviewed them. He was in
position to access documentary information, interview and engage in discussions with
the respondents.
21
3.8 Data Analysis
The collected data were classified, sorted, edited and compiled. SPSS soft ware
application was used to analyze findings. Quantitative data from each section of the
questionnaire were recorded. Findings from quantitative were manifested through
simple frequencies and correlations, meaningful conclusions and recommendation
were made as a result of the findings
3.9 Limitations of the Study
The study was affected by the poor road net work in Gulu, poor transport system,
reluctant respondents and unwillingness of the respondents from offering credible
information. However, the researcher used a mobile — friendly transport system to
penetrate the rural areas. The researcher assured his responders that his study is purely
academic and that the information they offer shall be held with the confidentiality and
that the study is aimed at improving the status of NGOs and the local area.
22
CHAPTER FOUR
PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF
RESULTS
4.0 INTRODUCTION
This chapter presents the findings of the study according to the objectives of the
study, which were; To determine the extent of development as a result of NGOs
Programme in Gulu Municipality, determine the relationship between NGO
Programmes and Development of Gulu Municipality, find out the challenges facing
NGOs in Gulu Municipality, and to determine the Level of development in Gulu
Municipality
The presentation begins with an analysis of response rate and demographic
characteristics of respondents summarized in tables. To facilitate ease in
understanding presentation, analysis and interpretation with empirical evidence, the
results of the descriptive satisfies of frequencies and percentages distribution on each
item were presented in tables according to the research objectives. Further, in
conducting inferential statistics with more empirical findings, the results of the
bivirate-correlations and linear regression analysis (T-test) were also presented in
tables according to the objectives of the survey.
4.1 Response Rate
Response rates show participants that were involved in the study. These included the
youth, local leaders, NGO leaders and politicians. According to Phelps et al., (2001)
poor response rates reduce sample size and consequently precision. This is a potential
source of bias lessening the confidence with which findings can be accepted and
generalized. Phelps further stressed that although, there is no ‘standard’ for an
acceptable response rate, but published opinion indicates that response rate below 60%
is ‘barely acceptable’. Therefore, response rate presents the validity of the study.
In the study the total population of all respondents was established. This helped to
determine the sample size of each category of respondent. In this regard, only 106
respondents participated in the study as others never returned the questionnaires with
the perception that their answers would be used against them, while others said they had
no time. All in all, 79 youth responded, 15 NGO managers, 6 Board of directors and 6
local leaders, making a total of 106.
23
4.2 Demographic characteristics of Respondents
This section gives an overview of the demographic characteristics of the study
population including Age and Gender as well as other variables such as area of
tenure- District. The results were collected from both individuals and administrators
(local leaders and NGOS), and were based on majority and maturity. The prevalence
of most socio-demographic characteristics covered in this section showed differences
by age as shown and discussed below.
Age of respondents
The researcher was interested in finding out which age bracket is more responsive to
issues of development. The study also aimed at finding out which age group was
majorly involved in the study. The results are summarized in the table below
Table 4.2.4 Respondents by age distribution
Frequency PercentValid 18-28 74 69.8
29-35 20 18.936-42 8 7.543-49 4 3.8Total 106 100.0
For analysis purposes, respondents were grouped into four groups with the exception
of the highest age group which was left open ended. From the table- 4.2.4 above, the
age cohort with the greatest representatives is 18-28 with 74 frequencies scoring
69.8%, followed by 29-35 with 18.9%, 36-42 got 7.5% and lastly 43-49 obtained only
3.8%. The implication of this finding is that more respondents between the ages of 18-
28 years old were involved in the study and this includes the majority youth. It
therefore means that the youth are more active in following up issues concerning
development than the elderly. The findings further indicate that age is a very
important factor in determining development in an area.
24
4.2.2 Sex ofRespondents
Table 4.2.2: Respondents by Sex distribution
Frequency PercentValid Male 57 53.8
Female 49 46.2Total 106 100.0
In studying sex the researcher was interested to establish whether gender would have
an influence on the study results. That is, whether men would value development
more than women and vise-vasa. Also researcher wanted to know the majority gender
involved in the survey.
Table 4.2.2 above revealed that the gender response rate of the respondents was fairly
balanced — male were the majority with a 53.8% women with 46.2%.
The results further revealed that women are less actively involved in issues related to
development compared to men.
4.2.1: District of Respondents
To find out whether NGO work concentration in some division than the other have an
impact on the response rate, respondents were asked to indicate their divisions within
the municipality of residence. The following results were obtained
Table 4.2.1 Respondents by district distribution
Frequency PercentValid Gulu Municipality 106 100.0
Survey results show that the predominantly all respondents were from a single- Gulu
District. This indicates that the results are true representation of the study area. The
results further indicate that District development by NGOs has got a major role to
play in determining the response rate to the study. This was further noted by the high
response rate from Gulu district which is more developed by the NGOs compared to
the other districts.
25
4.3 Empirical Findings.
The study examined the impact of NOOs’ Programmes on the Development of Gulu
Municipality. Specifically, the researcher was interested to determine the extent to
which NGO programs have contributed to the development of Gulu municipality, to
determine the relationship between NGO Programmes and Development of Gulu
Municipality; to find out the challenges facing NGOs in Gulu Municipality; and to
determine the Level of development in Gulu Municipality
To test these hypotheses, the researcher therefore presented empirical evidence using
descriptive analysis and percentages distribution, bivirate correlations and linear
regression analysis (T-test) according to the study objectives. These gives the evident
nature of relationship between variables and the extent to which each item affects or
contributes to the other. The survey questionnaires were shown in Tables below.
Items were measured using a 5-likert item scale ranging from the best opinion
“strongly agree” (5) to the worst opinion “strongly disagree” (1).
4.3.1. Objective 1: Determine the extent to which NGO programs contribute to
development
This objective was set to measure by how much NGO programs have contributed to
the development of Gulu municipality. Answers to this research question were
obtained by the use of questionnaires administered to respondents and supported by
face to face interview with the local community including community leaders. Study
findings are presented in the table below:
26
Table 4.3.1 Descriptive analysis on the extent to which NGO programscontribute to development of Gulu municipality
Items (Enter questions under this objectives SA% A UD% DA SD Stdbelow) % % %Agricultural programs have increased in the 3.8 38.7 6.6 34.9 16 1.224District because of NGOs and people.
Community awareness on HIV/AIDS in the 42.5 30.2 13.2 2.8 11.3 1.301District have increased because of NGOs
People can now read and write as a result of 27.4 50.0 4.7 14.2 3.8 1.099NGOs investment in Education program
The Current peace relative peace in the 19.8 37.7 13.2 20.8 8.5 1.254District is a result of NGO program
Medical services have improved as a result 2.8 36.8 27.4 23.6 9.4 1.05 1of NGO program
Involvement of NOOs in the district has to 28.3 34.0 1 1.3 17.9 8.5 1.302a big extent contributed to the developmentof Gulu municipality
Involvement of NGOs in the district has to 3.8 9.4 17.0 34.9 34.9 1.110a small extent contributed to thedevelopment of Gulu municipality
From the table, results reveal that NGOs participation in community have a great
contribution to the development process of the community. This was shown by the
high response rate of respondents (62.3%) who were in conformity that NGO
involvement in the community contributes to development, while only 26.4% were in
disagreement. Additionally, 13.2% of the respondents agreed that to a small extent
NGO programs contribute to development.
4.3.1.4. Correlation analysis on the extent to which NGO programs contribute to
development of Gulu municipality
A correlation analysis was conducted to find out the relationship between the
variables. It was also done to guide the researcher in drawing conclusions about the
findings. Below are the results of the correlation study.
27
Table 4.3.1.4 Correlation analysis on the extent to which NGO programs
contribute to development of Gulu municipality
I NGOP LDNGOP Pearson 1 .609(**)
CorrelationSig. (2- .000tailed)N 106 106
LD Pearson 6o9(*k) 1CorrelationSig. (2- .000tailed)N 106 106
** Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).
Results in the above table indicate that NGO programs have significantly contributed
to the development of Gulu municipality. The results further reveal a significant
though weak relationship between NGOs and local development, tested on Sig (.000)
which is below +1 but close to 1. This is further confirmed by a correlation of
.609(**), at p <0.01.
The results therefore allow us to accept the null- NGO programs contribute to
development, and reject the alternative that NGO programs do not contribute to
development.
4.3.1.5 Regression analysis on the extent of NGOs Programme in Gulu
Municipality
A linear regression was used to further ascertain the results. In this regard, the
regression analysis indicates a direct relationship between the two variables (NGO
programs and development). Results of the analysis are presented in the tables below.
Table 4.3.1.5 Regression analysis on the extent of NGOs Programme in Gulu
Municipality
Std. Error
Mode Adjusted of the
1 R R Square R Square Estimate
1 .609(a) .371 .365 .53567
a. Predictors: (Constant), LD28
From the table, it is indicated that there a significant correlation between NGO programs
and development affirmed by the value obtained for the coefficient of determination,
also known as R2 (171). The coefficient of determination represents the amount
(proportion) of the variation of the data presented by the dependent variable that
is explained by the independent variable. This implies that 37.1% of the variation in
extent of development as a result of NGOs programs was also accounted for. In
this regard the percentage explanation of the magnitude of relationship is low. The
results were further explained using t-test as shown below;
T—statistics
Unstandardized StandardizedCoefficients Coefficients
Std.Model B Error Beta t Sig.I (Consta 1790 .190 9.417 .000
nt)NGOP .452 .058 .609 7.836 .000
a Dependent Variabie: LD
The high t-test results of 7.836, significant at p-value .000 explain the impact of the
independent variable on the dependent variable. To this observation therefore from
the analysis of the t-statistics and P-value (.000) the null hypothesis is further
accepted and the alternative rejected.
Objective 2: To determine the relationship between NGO Programmes and
Development of Gulu Municipality
This objective was set to measure the relationship between NGO programmes and
Development in Gulu municipality and the results of the study are presented in a table
below.
29
Table 4.3.2 Descriptive analysis on the relationship between NGO Programmes
and Development of Gulu Municipality
Items (Enter questions under this objectives below) SA% A UD D SD Std% % %
Because of NGOs expanded programs on health most 9.4 55.7 2.8 24.5 7.5 1.1714people in the district are having access to affordablehealth services
Improved sanitation practices exist in the district as a 14.2 52.8 14.2 17.0 1.9 .992result ofNGO efforts to promote better hygiene andsanitation services
household income has increased to more than 3000/= 9.4 11.3 20.8 33.0 25.5 1.251a day as a result of NGO programs
WecanreadandwriteasaresultofNGOsinvestment 2.8 32.1 17.9 30.2 17.0 1.165in Education program
Cases of diseases prevalence like AIDS, Malaria, have 4.7 39.6 23.6 22.6 9.4 1.092significantly reduced in the District
Gulu municipality has developed because of NGO’s 27.4 39.6 6.6 12.3 14.2 1.381involvement in the district
Development in Gulu municipality is a result of other 15.1 24.5 16.0 16.0 16.0 1.336factors other than NGOs involvement in the District
The results of the survey demonstrate that there are significant variations in responses
relating to the relationship between NGO programs and development. Some of these
responses are positive while others are negative. As indicated in the above table
overall there was a high conformity that there is a positive relationship between NGO
programs and development. For example, out of 106 respondents, 65.1% of the
respondents agreed that increased health services were a result of expanded
NGOprogrammes at the District, 67% said sanitation and hygiene has improved, and
only 6.6% were in disagreement that there is a positive relationship between NGO
programs development. In conformity with the quantitative findings, interview results
registered a positive relationship as well.
30
4.3.2.4 Correlation analysis on the relationship between NGO Programmes
and Development of Gulu Municipality
Similarly, this objective was tested using correlation, and later regression analysis to
find out the relationship and the direction of its effects on the dependant variable. The
results were obtained and presented in the tables below.
Table 4.3.2.4 Correlation analysis on the relationship between NGO
Programmes and Development of Gulu Municipality
Correlations
I NGOP RBNGOP Pearson .564(**)
CorrelationSig. (2- .000tailed)N 106 106
RB Pearson 564(**) 1CorrelationSig. (2- .000tailed)N 106 106
** Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).
From the table above, it is evident that there is a significant relationship between
NGO programs and the development of Gulu municipality. This is confirmed by the
correlation of .564(*) at the p-value of 0.01. The results allow us to reject the H0: No
relationship between NGOs and Development in Gulu municipality and accept the
alternative.
4.3.2.5: Regression analysis on the relationship between NGO Programmes and
Development of Gulu Municipality
The study was further subjected to linear regression analysis as presented in the
tables below;
31
Tables 4.3.2.5: Regression analysis on the relationship between NGO
Programmes and Development of Gulu Municipality
T-test analysis
Unstandardized StandardizedCoefficients Coefficients
Std.Model B Error Beta t Sig.1 (Consta 1.184 .281 4.213 .000
nt)NOOP .594 .085 .564 6.969 .000
a Dependent Variable: RB
Shown from the above table, a high t-statistic of 4.213 is a good indicator that there is
a great significant relationship between NGO programs and development. Specifically
this implies that the development of Gulu municipality is a result of NGO programs.
It further reveal that the more the NGO programs, the more would be development
and the fewer the NGO programs the less the development of the community.
4.3.3. Objective 3: To find out the challenges facing NGOs in Gulu Municipality
This information was obtained by the use of questionnaires and face to face interview
with the local leaders and the NGO managements. Findings from the analysis are
presented in the tables below
Table 4.3.3: Descriptive analysis of the
Municipality
challenges facing NGOs in Gulu
Items (Enter questions under this objectives SA% A UD D SD Stdbelow) % % %NGOs face challenges of inadequate funding - 77.6 7.2 12.5 - .765and corruptionNGOs face challenges of corruption and - - 84.9 11.2 3.6 .485NepotismNGOs face challenges of poor infrastructure and - .7 25.0 48.7 25.7 .732corruptionNGOs face challenges of inadequate community - .7 77.0 17.1 5.3 .563support and high dependency syndromeNGOs face challenges of inadequate funding - .7 38.2 42.8 18.4 .743and political interference
32
Lack of financial resources is recognized as the major problem facing NOOs in
fostering development. This is showed by 77.6 % positive response to the question as
to whether NGOs’ are faced with the challenge of inadequate funding and corruption.
Although an encouraging 12.5% said they are experiencing no financial obstacles in
doing their work. Other problems mentioned included nepotism, lack of skilled
people, political interference, high dependency syndrome, and lack of community
support as represented in the table above.
4.3.4. Objective 4: To determine the Level of development in Gulu Municipality
This information was obtained by the used of questionnaires and face to face
interviews with the community. The findings are presented in the table below.
Table 4.3.3: Descriptive analysis on the Level of development in Gulu
Municipality
Items (Enter questions under this objectives SA% A UD D SD Stdbelow) % % %Gulu District dwellers have access to 17 52.8 13.2 15.1 1.9 .990affordable, portable and clean water servicesdue to NGOs efforts on improved programsseveral thousands of acres of trees have been 10.4 44.3 17.0 24.5 3.8 1.0754planted in the district as a result of NGOseffort to conserve the environmentVocational skills training has increased the 26.4 56.6 16.0 0.0 0.9 .713 1number of employment in the DistrictMost people in the District are now living in 5.7 34.0 13.2 26.4 20.8 1.274permanent or semi permanent building as aresult of improved household income savingsmany jobs have been created in the 30 years as 17.0 47.2 8.5 23.6 3.8 1.140a result ofNGOs presence in the DistrictGulu municipality has developed because of 17.9 45.3 7.5 17.9 11.3 1.285NGO’s involvement in the districtDevelopment in Gulu municipality is a result 1.9 6.6 17.0 35.8 38.7 .999of other factors other than NGOs involvementin the District
Overall, the above results indicate that respondents had similar views in relation to
development. One difference is perhaps worth noting: A slightly higher percentage
(83) of respondents who said employment has increased due to NGO efforts in
promoting vocational training. Besides, Out of 106 respondents interviewed, (63.2%),
29.2% disagreed and only 7.5% were undecided. When asked whether NGO programs
33
lead to development, only 8i% agreed and the majority (74.5) was in disagreement.
Largely therefore, the results show that NGOs foster development in the community
34
CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY, DISCUSSION, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.0 Introduction
In this chapter, the summary, discussions, conclusions and recommendations of the
study were presented according to the findings, and where appropriate, existing
literatures were included in the discussions. Limitations, contributions and
implications for future research were also integrated in this section.
5.1 Summay
From the study findings it was revealed that there is a significant relationship
between NGO programs and development. Moreover their resources are largely
additional, they complement the development efforts of others, and they can help to
make the development process more accountable, transparent and participatory.
Thus, they not only fill the gap but also act as a response to failures in the public and
private sectors.
NGOs efforts to foster development are however constrained by inadequate
capacities in form of funding, human resources and support from both the
community and other development partners. Additionally, they operate in an adverse
policy environment full of criticism as a result of politicizing their activities.
The descriptive, correlation, and regression analysis of these data reported more
empirical evidences on the existence of this relationship. This was confirmed from
the data collected using self administered questionnaires and face to face with the
respondents. The major findings of the survey were summarized according to the
objectives below;
5.2. Discussions
5.2.1 Objective 1: To determine the extent of NGOs Programme in Gulu
Municipality
The observed role of NGOs towards society development in general is enormous and
inexhaustible. They have emerged as powerful sources of social change in post
conflict/war communities. In Gulu district, NGO efforts have been particularly
noteworthy in the areas of social service delivery, advocacy, protection of the natural
35
environment, and in establishing new institutions to reflect the changing needs of the
community. It is also believed that because of their lifestyle of work, NGOs have
demonstrated the ability to reach poor people, work in inaccessible areas, innovate
or in other ways achieve things which are difficult for government agencies. It is
therefore agreed that NGOs are major contributors to development and its
processes.
5.2.2 Objective 2: To determine the relationship between NGO Programmes and
Development of Gulu Municipality
Empirical results indicated that there is a significant relationship between NGO
programs and development. A number of findings have revealed the powerful impact
of NGO participation in local communities related to improvement in development in
the community which have been affected by several challenges most importantly the
war. Through their efforts, agriculture, education, health, hygiene and sanitation
have all improved. Survey results further show that NGOs have been good drivers in
restoring peace in the community. In their efforts they have demonstrated the
capacity to make a significant and measurable contribution to deliver services close to
the people. Most of these NGOs have targeted their efforts towards the marginalized
groups that appear to be under served by the government; that is, the aged, physically
and mentally disabled persons, the poor as well as various social groups that have
been marginalized.
Their efforts have been however limited by several challenged including funding and
limited support from the government and other development partners. In lieu of this,
Local leaders and the government should thus encourage participative decision
making, consultation and open communication channels with NGO management to
develop a shared commitment to community development.
5.2.3 Objective 3: To find out the challenges facing NGOs in Gulu Municipality
Discussions with both local leaders and NGO management revealed that NGOs face
a relatively small resource base, corruption, high community dependency syndrome,
low community support, and are characterized by limited technical capacities.
Sometimes, limited strategic perspectives and weak linkages with other actors in
development are weak, worsened by limited managerial and organizational capacities.
Additionally, the relationship between NGOs and government involve political, legal,
ideological, and administrative constraints and because of their voluntary nature, there
36
may be questions related to accountability and credibility of NGOs and their claims to
mandate their objectives and advocacy. It is on this note that the researcher
encourages NGOs to strengthen their linkages and stick to strategic plans to offer
more efficient services to the community in promoting development.
5.2.4 Objective 4: To determine the Level of development in Gulu Municipality
It was revealed and observed that there is a great improvement in the development of
Gulu municipality as a result of NGOs participation in the community with a mandate
to promote peace, improve education services, and reduce poverty by promoting
agriculture, foster health and hygiene through sensitization, thereby improving the
standard of living. These NGOs have successfully acted as intermediaries between
actors in the development arena, building bridges between people and the
communities on one side, and government and other development agencies on the
other side. In an advocacy role, NGOs frequently represent issues and views
important in the dynamics of the development process. It is based on this background
that survey results tested positive in regard to NGO efforts in bringing about
development.
5.3: Conclusions
5.3.1 Objective 1: To determine the extent of NGOs Programme in Gulu Municipality
It can be concluded that Non Governmental Organizations (NGOs) play an increasing
role in community development. They help bring resources closer to the people and
bridge the gap between government and the community. One of the mandates of
NGOs is to bring services closer to the people as a development strategy. Based on
the survey findings, the provision of, education service, health and sanitation as well
as agriculture have all improved, indicating that this objective has been achieved.
5.3.2 Objective 2: To determine the relationship between NGO Programmes and
Development of Gulu Municipality
Furthermore, survey findings are a more indicative of a positive relationship between
NGOs and Development. Findings revealed an improvement in the community
standard of living. This was confirmed by a remarkable compliance that all
development indicators such as health, education, and sanitation improved as a
ofNGO programs in the community.
5.3.3 Objective 3: To find out the challenges facing NGOs in Gulu
37
Contrary to public perceptions, most NGOs operate with very limited material
resources. In many cases, members and activists are investors in their own
organizations; they use private cars, equipment, and flats to ensure uninterrupted
operation of their organizations. Uncertainty of funding for monthly rent and
overhead expenses inadvertently impacts NGO vision and performance. Besides
limited funding, NOOs also face other challenges including corruption, political
interference, and inadequate community support.
5.3.4 Objective 4: To determine the Level of development in Gulu Municipality
The fact that respondents are predominantly in conformity that there is a high level
of development in Gulu municipality- there is considerable peace in the region, the
level of employment though still low has improved, literacy rate has improved, and
there is a considerable number of new schools in the region. Besides, the community
is more aware of the danger of HIV/AIDS and malaria as a result of NGO
sensitization campaigns. Therefore, one can conclude that NGOs play a great role in
the development.
5.4: Recommendations
5.4.1 Objectivel: Determine the extent of NGOs Programme in Gulu Municipality
In regard to the major role NGOs play in community development, more is expected
to be put in place to improve on their working environment for the well being of the
society. This can be achieved by strategizing community priorities to address the most
pressing needs of the community. Therefore, NGOs have to fashion out ways to get
rid of the increasing challenges posed by poverty, HIV/AIDS, and socio economic
powerlessness. In this regard they need to extend their collaborations with other
development stakeholders such as government and other national and international
private agencies.
5.4.2 Objective 2: To determine the relationship between NGO Programmes and
Development of Gulu Municipality
On the positive note, though there is increasing number of NGOs with a mandate to
foster development, and a lot of society benefits have been observed, their work can
be more positive if they work with the actual communities and help them empower
38
themselves. This would solve the challenges of bureaucracy resulting centralizing
NGO activities.
5.4.3 Objective 3: To find out the challenges facing NGOs in Gulu Municipality
There has been a general criticism on how NGOs have used their funding and other
monies received or raised. I would therefore recommend that a good monitoring and
evaluation structure be developed and followed to overcome the challenges caused by
corruption.
Due to much pressure obtaining and maintaining funding, much effort is spent on
marketing and others on looking for funding. I would further recommend that they
stick to their planned schedules and allocate more time to ensure efficient service
delivery.
NGOs should also create Networks and collaborations with other organizations, and
the government to reduce on their resource constraints.
5.4.4 Objective 4: To determine the Level of development in Gulu Municipality
It is greatly recognized that NGOs have all the drivers to development. However, their
efforts are usually frustrated by challenges related to inadequate resources and
inadequate support from both the government and the community.
A great majority of NGOs largely depends on donor funding and often collapse when
these funds cease. Perhaps more importantly, even when funding from such sources
continues, the greater dependence on them may also threaten NGO performance.
Therefore, an interactive, authentic partnership among NGOs, public and private
organizations are required for sustainable impact on development.
5.5: Limitations to the study
1. Some of the respondents also never participated in the questionnaires and this
posed a problem of delays since the researcher had to look for them. This was
however solved by making second visits in search for information.
2. The size of the sample was relatively small because only few individuals
agreed to be interviewed and fill in the questionnaires. There was also limited
time to collect all the data required for analysis. This was solved by drawing
up the work plan for the study which was followed correctly. Ruyter and
Scholl (1998) remind that small survey samples reduce the representativity of
a research and qualitative method does not meet the demands of the validity
39
and reliability criteria. However, although the sample size was small, it still
represented a significant share of the entire population.
3. There were also several practical problems during the interviews that might
have weakened the data. Several interviews were done while the respondent
was working and had to answer to a telephone or meet an employee. These
things may have disturbed the interviewee’s concentration and distorted the
answers.
4.
5.6: The contributions of the study
1. The study contributed in identifying challenges that frustrate NGO programs
in Gulu municipality. These would help stake holders and NGO management in
identifying solutions to these problems.
2. To the researchers, the issue raised in this study contributed in generating
more knowledge from various perspectives. The findings of this study formed a
basis for further research in other related areas of interests.
5.7: Areas for future Research
1. The impact of inadequate funding on NGO service delivery in Uganda
2. Examine the impact of inadequate skilled personnel on NGO service delivery
40
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43
APPENDCES
Appendix 1: RESEARCH INSTRUMENT
Date of dd mm Yy Questionnai Data entry
data re number—*
collection nurnber.—*
Section 1. DATA COLLECTION
1.2 Name of the enumerator__________________________________________________
1 .3Name of the respondent (Optional)
1.4 Sex and age of the respondent Male Female Age
(years)
Section 2. GEOGRAPHIC LOCATION
2.1 District_______________________________ 2.2 Division_________________
2.3 ward 2.4 Village
INSTRUCTION
Please rate the responses on the following continuum:
5=Strongly agree
4=~Agree
3=Undecided
2=Disagree
1 =strongly disagree
1. As a result of increased agricultural programs in the district by NGOs most
people are eating more than three meals a day:
2. Several agencies have participated in creating community awareness on
HIV/AIDS in the district. Of all these Agencies NGOS have done a great job
in creating this awareness
44
3. Because of NGOs expanded programs on health most people in the district are
having access to quality and affordable health services:
4. Improved sanitation practices exist in the district as a result of NOOs
concerted efforts to promote better hygiene and sanitation practices
5. Gulu district dwellers have access to affordable, portable and clean water
services due to NGOs efforts on water improvement programs
6. The current relative Peace in the district has come about as result of NGOs
efforts to promote peace and reconciliation
7. Most people in Gulu District can read and write because NGOs have invested
heavily in the Education Sector:
8. Several thousands of acres of trees have been planted in the district as a result
of NGOs efforts to conserve the environment
9. 3.9 Vocational skills training has increased the number of employment in the
District
10. Your household income sources has increased to more than 3000 shs/day as a
result ofNGO programs
11. You can now read and write as a result of NGOs investment in Education
program
12. As a result of improved medical services life expectancy has increased in the
district
13. Cases of Diseases prevalence like AIDs, malaria, have significantly reduced in
the district
14. Most people in the District are now living in permanent or semi permanent
Building as a result of improved household income savings
15. Many Jobs have been created in the last 30 years as a result of NGOs presence
in the district
16. List the Challenges Facing NGOs operations in the district;
17. What should be done to improve the performance of NGOS?
45
Appendix II: BUDGET
SIN ITEM UNIT No. Of Unit AMOUNT
QUANTITY Units Price (UGX)
(UGX)
1 Research assistant 2persons lOdays 10,000 200,000
2 Stationary lump sum assorted 15,000
3 Transport hire Lump sum Number of 50,000
trips
4 Secretarial work Lumpsum 100,000
TOTAL 365,000
46
APPENDIX III : TIME FRAME
TIME FRAME
OCT-APR APR- JUNE- JUL
ACTIVITY 2013 JUNE JUL AUG Responsibility
Developing research Denis, Dr
proposal ssendagi
Denis, Dr
Defending proposal ssendagi
Denis, Dr
Data Collection ssendagi
Denis, Dr
Data Analysis ssendagi
Denis, Dr
Report Writing ssendagi
Denis, Dr
Dissertation Submission ssendagi
47
RESEARCHER’S CURRICULUM VITAE
Personal Profile
Name: Okumu Denis
Date of Birth: 15th May 1976
Nationality: Ugandan
Email :okumudenis2OO4~yahoo . co .uk
Mobile Tel: +2567768857 12
Educational Background
DEGREES
2011-2013: Masters of Business Administration (NGO) Management, Kampala
International University (Student)
1999- 2003: Bsc (Hons) Agriculture, Makerere University Kampala
DIPLOMA COURSES
2005- 2006: Post graduate Diploma in Project Planning and Management, Gulu
University
Certificate courses
August 2009 completed a one month certificate course in Human Resource
Management from CORAT Africa Nairobi Kenya
2008 May completed a three weeks strategic planning certificate course administered
by CORAT Africa, Nairobi Kenya
In September 2005 completed a four months certificate course in Strategic
procurement and Logistic Management organized by Makerere University Institute of
Adult and continuing Education.
SECONADRY AND PRIMARY EDUCATION
1998 Obtained an advance level Certificate of Education from St Josephs College
Layibi
1994 Obtained Uganda certificate of Education from St Joseph College Layibi
1990 Completed Primary leaving Examinations from Bishop Negri primary School48
Work Experience
1. June 2006- Dec 2012
Employer: Caritas
Job Title: Food security and Livelihood Coordinator
2. Oct 2003- May 2006:
Employer: World Vision Uganda
Job Title: Extension Facilitator (DAP II)
3. August 2003:
Employer: ACF_ USA
Job Title: Food security Worker
Other Relevant Data
Offers consultancy on Food security and Livelihood issues
49