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NEW WORLD NEW WORLD EXPERIMENTS: EXPERIMENTS:
ENGLAND’S ENGLAND’S SEVENTEENTH-CENTURY SEVENTEENTH-CENTURY
COLONIESCOLONIES
America: Past and PresentAmerica: Past and PresentChapter 2Chapter 2
Breaking AwayBreaking Away Rapid social change in seventeenth-Rapid social change in seventeenth-
century Englandcentury England English population mobileEnglish population mobile Different motives for migrationDifferent motives for migration
• religious versus economicreligious versus economic• personal: to escape bad marriages, jail personal: to escape bad marriages, jail
terms, or lifelong povertyterms, or lifelong poverty
The Stuart MonarchsThe Stuart Monarchs
Four Colonial SubculturesFour Colonial Subcultures The ChesapeakeThe Chesapeake New EnglandNew England Middle ColoniesMiddle Colonies The CarolinasThe Carolinas
The Chesapeake: Dreams of The Chesapeake: Dreams of WealthWealth
Richard Hakluyt and other visionaries Richard Hakluyt and other visionaries keep alive the dream of English keep alive the dream of English coloniescolonies
Anti-Catholicism prompts English Anti-Catholicism prompts English people to challenge Spanish claims in people to challenge Spanish claims in New WorldNew World
Entrepreneurs in VirginiaEntrepreneurs in Virginia Joint-stock companies provide financingJoint-stock companies provide financing English stockholders in Virginia Company English stockholders in Virginia Company
expect instant profits expect instant profits Jamestown settled 1607Jamestown settled 1607 Colony’s location in a swamp unhealthyColony’s location in a swamp unhealthy Competition from expansive PowhattansCompetition from expansive Powhattans Colonists do not work for common goodColonists do not work for common good
Chesapeake Colonies, 1640Chesapeake Colonies, 1640
Spinning Out of ControlSpinning Out of Control 1608-1609--John Smith imposes order1608-1609--John Smith imposes order 1609--London Company reorganizes 1609--London Company reorganizes
colonial governmentcolonial government 1610-- “Starving Time” ended by arrival of 1610-- “Starving Time” ended by arrival of
Lord De La Warr, fresh settlersLord De La Warr, fresh settlers Conflict with PowhattansConflict with Powhattans
• Contributes to “starving time”Contributes to “starving time”• 1622—natives attempt to drive out English1622—natives attempt to drive out English• 1644—second attempt to drive out English; 1644—second attempt to drive out English;
Powhattan empire destroyedPowhattan empire destroyed
““Stinking Weed” Stinking Weed” 1610--John Rolfe introduces tobacco1610--John Rolfe introduces tobacco 1618-- “Headrights” instituted to 1618-- “Headrights” instituted to
encourage development of tobacco encourage development of tobacco plantationsplantations• HeadrightHeadright: 50-acre lot granted to each : 50-acre lot granted to each
colonist who pays his own colonist who pays his own transportation, or for each servant transportation, or for each servant brought into the colony brought into the colony
• Allows development of huge estatesAllows development of huge estates 1618--House of Burgesses instituted 1618--House of Burgesses instituted
for Virginia self-governmentfor Virginia self-government
Time of ReckoningTime of Reckoning Population increase prevented by Population increase prevented by
imbalanced sex ratioimbalanced sex ratio• 3,570 colonists to Virginia 1619-16223,570 colonists to Virginia 1619-1622• Men outnumber women 6:1 after 1619 Men outnumber women 6:1 after 1619
Contagious disease kills settlersContagious disease kills settlers• 1618: Virginia population numbers 7001618: Virginia population numbers 700• 1618-1622: 3,000 immigrate1618-1622: 3,000 immigrate• 1622: Virginia population numbers 1,2401622: Virginia population numbers 1,240
1622--Powhattan attack kills 347 settlers1622--Powhattan attack kills 347 settlers
Corruption and ReformCorruption and Reform 1624--King James I dissolves London 1624--King James I dissolves London
Company Company Virginia becomes a royal colonyVirginia becomes a royal colony House of Burgesses continues to House of Burgesses continues to
meetmeet
Maryland: A Troubled Refuge Maryland: A Troubled Refuge for Catholicsfor Catholics
Initiated by Sir George Calvert (Lord Initiated by Sir George Calvert (Lord Baltimore) as refuge for English Baltimore) as refuge for English CatholicsCatholics
1632--Calvert’s son Cecilius (21632--Calvert’s son Cecilius (2ndnd Lord Lord Baltimore) gains charter to Maryland Baltimore) gains charter to Maryland
Requires toleration among Catholics Requires toleration among Catholics and Protestants and Protestants
Maryland: A Troubled Refuge Maryland: A Troubled Refuge for Catholics (2)for Catholics (2)
Wealthy Catholics unwilling to Wealthy Catholics unwilling to relocate in Americarelocate in America
Common settlers demand greater Common settlers demand greater voice in Maryland governmentvoice in Maryland government
Protestants refuse to tolerate Protestants refuse to tolerate CatholicsCatholics
Protestants seize control in 1655Protestants seize control in 1655 Scattered riverfront settlements of Scattered riverfront settlements of
poor tobacco planters poor tobacco planters
Reforming England in AmericaReforming England in America PilgrimsPilgrims
• Separatists who refused to worship in Separatists who refused to worship in the Church of England, fled the Church of England, fled
• Escape persecution in HollandEscape persecution in Holland 1620--Plymouth founded 1620--Plymouth founded Plymouth a society of small farming Plymouth a society of small farming
villages bound together by mutual villages bound together by mutual consentconsent
1691--absorbed into Massachusetts 1691--absorbed into Massachusetts BayBay
““The Great Migration”The Great Migration” Puritans Puritans
• Wish to remain within the Church of Wish to remain within the Church of England, work to eliminate all remaining England, work to eliminate all remaining vestiges of the Roman Catholic pastvestiges of the Roman Catholic past
1629--Puritans despair as King 1629--Puritans despair as King Charles I begins Personal RuleCharles I begins Personal Rule
1630--John Winthrop leads Puritan 1630--John Winthrop leads Puritan group to Massachusetts, brings group to Massachusetts, brings Company CharterCompany Charter
““A City on a Hill”A City on a Hill” 1630-1640--16,000 immigrated1630-1640--16,000 immigrated Settlers usually came as family unitsSettlers usually came as family units Area generally healthyArea generally healthy Puritans sacrifice self-interest for the Puritans sacrifice self-interest for the
good of the communitygood of the community
““A City on a Hill” (2)A City on a Hill” (2) Puritans establish CongregationalismPuritans establish Congregationalism
• a state-supported ecclesiastical system a state-supported ecclesiastical system in which each congregation is in which each congregation is independently governed by local church independently governed by local church membersmembers
Puritan civil government permits Puritan civil government permits voting by all adult male church voting by all adult male church membersmembers
Elected officials not to concern Elected officials not to concern themselves with voters’ wishes themselves with voters’ wishes
““A City on a Hill” (3)A City on a Hill” (3) Local, town governments autonomousLocal, town governments autonomous Most participated in public life at town Most participated in public life at town
levellevel Townships commercial properties, Townships commercial properties,
shares of which could be bought and shares of which could be bought and soldsold
Village life intensely communalVillage life intensely communal Laws and Liberties passed in 1648 to Laws and Liberties passed in 1648 to
protect rights, ensure civil orderprotect rights, ensure civil order
Limits of Dissent: Limits of Dissent: Roger WilliamsRoger Williams
An extreme SeparatistAn extreme Separatist Questioned the validity of the Questioned the validity of the
colony’s chartercolony’s charter Champions “liberty of conscience”Champions “liberty of conscience” Williams expelled to Rhode Island, Williams expelled to Rhode Island,
16361636
Limits of Dissent:Limits of Dissent:Anne HutchinsonAnne Hutchinson
Believed herself directly inspired by Believed herself directly inspired by the Holy Spiritthe Holy Spirit
Believed “converted” persons could Believed “converted” persons could live without the Moral Lawlive without the Moral Law
Charged that Congregational Charged that Congregational ministers preached a “covenant of ministers preached a “covenant of works”works”
Banished to Rhode Island by General Banished to Rhode Island by General Court Court
Mobility and DivisionMobility and Division New Hampshire--insignificant until New Hampshire--insignificant until
eighteenth centuryeighteenth century Rhode Island--received dissenters Rhode Island--received dissenters
from Massachusettsfrom Massachusetts Connecticut--founded by Thomas Connecticut--founded by Thomas
HookerHooker New Haven--absorbed into New Haven--absorbed into
ConnecticutConnecticut
New England Colonies, 1650New England Colonies, 1650
Diversity in the Middle ColoniesDiversity in the Middle Colonies New YorkNew York New JerseyNew Jersey PennsylvaniaPennsylvania DelawareDelaware
Middle Colonies, 1685Middle Colonies, 1685
Anglo-Dutch Rivalry on the Anglo-Dutch Rivalry on the HudsonHudson
Location: Hudson RiverLocation: Hudson River New Netherlands originally property New Netherlands originally property
of Dutch West Indies Companyof Dutch West Indies Company Population included Finns, Swedes, Population included Finns, Swedes,
Germans, Africans, as well as DutchGermans, Africans, as well as Dutch 1664--English fleet captured colony1664--English fleet captured colony
Anglo-Dutch Rivalry on the Anglo-Dutch Rivalry on the Hudson (2)Hudson (2)
New York made personal property of New York made personal property of James, Duke of YorkJames, Duke of York
Property included New Jersey, Property included New Jersey, Delaware, Maine, and various islandsDelaware, Maine, and various islands
Inhabitants had no political voice Inhabitants had no political voice beyond the local levelbeyond the local level
James derived little profit from the James derived little profit from the colony.colony.
Confusion in New JerseyConfusion in New Jersey Colony sold by Duke of York to Lord Colony sold by Duke of York to Lord
Berkeley and Sir George CarteretBerkeley and Sir George Carteret Settlers refuse to pay rents Settlers refuse to pay rents
• grounds: New York governor had grounds: New York governor had promised representative assembly promised representative assembly
Berkeley splits colony by selling out Berkeley splits colony by selling out to Quaker groupto Quaker group
Confusion in New Jersey (2)Confusion in New Jersey (2) West Jersey becomes Quakers’ West Jersey becomes Quakers’
colonycolony Democratic system of government Democratic system of government
introducedintroduced Diverse, contentiousDiverse, contentious Neither Jersey prospers, reunited by Neither Jersey prospers, reunited by
the crown in 1702the crown in 1702
Quakers in AmericaQuakers in America Pennsylvania founding inseparable Pennsylvania founding inseparable
from Quakersfrom Quakers ““Quaker” a derogatory term for Quaker” a derogatory term for
those who “tremble at the word of those who “tremble at the word of the Lord”the Lord”
Members call sect “Society of Members call sect “Society of Friends”Friends”
Quaker Belief and PracticeQuaker Belief and Practice Founder: George Fox (1624-1691) Founder: George Fox (1624-1691) Believed in “Inner Light” Believed in “Inner Light”
• Rejected idea of original sin, Rejected idea of original sin, predestinationpredestination
• Each may communicate directly with Each may communicate directly with GodGod
• Each has responsibility to cultivate Inner Each has responsibility to cultivate Inner LightLight
Persecuted as dangerous anarchistsPersecuted as dangerous anarchists
Penn's "Holy Experiment"Penn's "Holy Experiment" Aristocrat William Penn converts to Aristocrat William Penn converts to
the Society of Friends the Society of Friends Obtains a charter for PennsylvaniaObtains a charter for Pennsylvania "Holy Experiment"--a society run on "Holy Experiment"--a society run on
Quaker principlesQuaker principles Promotes religious tolerationPromotes religious toleration Protects rights of property-less Protects rights of property-less
Settling PennsylvaniaSettling Pennsylvania Immigrants recruited from England, Immigrants recruited from England,
Wales, Ireland, and GermanyWales, Ireland, and Germany Quaker population racked by Quaker population racked by
contentioncontention Non-Quaker population does not Non-Quaker population does not
share Penn’s idealsshare Penn’s ideals 1701--Penn grants self-rule to 1701--Penn grants self-rule to
Pennsylvania colonists, Pennsylvania colonists, independence to Delawareindependence to Delaware
Planting the Carolinas Planting the Carolinas Reliance on slave labor produced Reliance on slave labor produced
superficial similarity to Chesapeakesuperficial similarity to Chesapeake Diversity of settlers, environment Diversity of settlers, environment
produced great divergence from produced great divergence from ChesapeakeChesapeake
Proprietors of the CarolinasProprietors of the Carolinas Granted by Charles II in 1663 to eight Granted by Charles II in 1663 to eight
“Proprietors” to reward loyalty“Proprietors” to reward loyalty Tried to recruit settlers from Tried to recruit settlers from
established American coloniesestablished American colonies• they were not easily persuadedthey were not easily persuaded
Few inhabitants in first yearsFew inhabitants in first years
The Barbadian ConnectionThe Barbadian Connection Anthony Ashley Cooper encourages Anthony Ashley Cooper encourages
settlement by planters from Barbadossettlement by planters from Barbados Barbadians settle around CharlestonBarbadians settle around Charleston ““Fundamental Constitutions of Carolina” Fundamental Constitutions of Carolina”
drawn up by John Lockedrawn up by John Locke Barbadians reject Fundamental Barbadians reject Fundamental
Constitutions for greater self-governmentConstitutions for greater self-government French Huguenot settlers opposeFrench Huguenot settlers oppose 1729--Strife prompts Crown to take over, 1729--Strife prompts Crown to take over,
divide Carolinadivide Carolina
Founding of GeorgiaFounding of Georgia Georgia founded in 1732 Georgia founded in 1732 Strategic purpose: buffer between Strategic purpose: buffer between
Carolinas and Spanish Florida Carolinas and Spanish Florida Charitable purpose: refuge for Charitable purpose: refuge for
imprisoned debtors from Englandimprisoned debtors from England By 1751 a small slave colonyBy 1751 a small slave colony
The Carolinas and GeorgiaThe Carolinas and Georgia
Living with DiversityLiving with Diversity All colonies faced early struggle to All colonies faced early struggle to
survive survive Distinct regional differences Distinct regional differences
intensified and persisted throughout intensified and persisted throughout the colonial period the colonial period
Colonists eventually saw themselves Colonists eventually saw themselves as a distinct peopleas a distinct people