Post on 22-Feb-2016
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Nationalism Chapter 24 section 3
Key Terms• Russification• Camillo di Cavour• Giuseppe Gabraldi• Junker• Otto von Bismarck• Realpoltik• Kaisers
Setting the Stage• Prince Metternich
wanted to maintain old Europe
• 15 years later Metternich said old Europe is nearing the end
• Nationalism a growing force during the 1800’s
Setting the Stage• Fostered by some
of the decisions made at the congress
• Congress created political boundaries
• They ignored national groups
• Placed group under control of large empires
Nationalism: A Force for Unity and Disunity
Some had different ethnic groups
Austria empire home to Croats Czechs Germans Hungarians Italians Poles Serbs Slovenes
Cavour Unites Italy• Camillo di Cavour-
leader for Italian reunification
• Thought Italian nationalist movement was strong enough to unite Italy
• Founded nationalist newspaper Il Risorgimento (rebirth)
Cavour Unites Italy• 1852• Cavour becomes
prime minister• Believe thriving
economy was important
• Believed Italy should be a monarchy
• Supported France in its war with Russia
Cavour Unites Italy• France
supported them with the war with Austria
• 1860 northern Italian states were liberated from Austria
Garibaldi Brings Unity• Giuseppe
Garibaldi- was called the sword of Italy
• 1833 joined the Young Italy movement
• Learned guerilla warfare from his exile in South America
• Returned to Italy in 1854
Garibaldi Brings Unity Named after their
colorful uniforms Using guerilla warfare
gained control of Sicily in 1860
Cavour annexed territory in central Italy
1870 French forced to withdraw troops from Rome
The Red Shirts• Garibaldi agrees to
unite southern areas
• Conquers Piedmont-Sardinia
• Italian troops enter Rome
• Italy unified• King Victor
Emanuel their leader
Steps Towards Unification
• 1848 Italy and Germany not a unified nation
• Napoleon nurtured Nationalism when he united the German states into a confederation
• 39 separate states with a common language and culture were poised to unite
Revolution in Prussia
• Revolution swept through Europe in 1848
• German liberals revolted in Prussia
• Support a republic or constitutional monarchy
• German unity should promote individual rights and liberal reforms
Bismarck’s Plan for Germany
• Junker- strongly conservative member of Prussia’s wealthy landowning families
• Leading force in unification
• 1847 becomes prominent in politics
• 1862 Wilhelm I chose Bismarck as Prussia’s Prime Minister
Bismarck’s Philosophy
• Was not a liberal• Supported the King of
Prussia• Prussia’s destiny to
lead German unification
• Bismarck philosophy was practical rather than idealistic
• Realpolitik- policies based on Prussian interests
Blood and Iron
• Argued German unity would not be won by speeches and majority vote but by “blood and iron”
• Liberal parliament would not approve funds for the military
• He dismissed the assembly and collected the taxes anyway
Bismarck’s First War
• Built up the Prussian Army
• 1864 formed and alliance with Austria against Denmark
• Schelswig and Holstein should be controlled German Federation
• After a fight Denmark gave the territory to Austria and Prussia
The Austro-Prussian War
• Met with Italy for support
• Promised land (Venetia)
• Persuaded Napoleon III to keep France neutral
• To provoke Austria sent troops into Holstein
• Austria declared war on Prussia
The Austro-Prussian War
• Prussia’s king Wilhelm blamed Austria for starting the war
• Highly skilled and well equipped Prussian army defeats Austrians in seven weeks
• Austro-Prussian War dissolved the German Confederation
• Forced Austria to surrender Holstein
The Franco-Prussian War
• Only three states out of Prussian control
• Another war needed to include southern states
• 1870 conflict brewing with France
• Alsace and Lorraine sparked feeling of nationalism in southern German states
The Franco-Prussian War
• These states supported Prussia and the north German states in a war against France
• 1871 Bismarck secured a Prussian victory
• Prussia won the war• The peace treaty
declared the unification of Germany
Creating the German Empire
Victory established a unified German Empire
Allied German states met a Versailles
Proclaimed Wilhelm I the first kaiser or emperor
Bismarck the first chancellor
Germany rose in power
The Empire’s Growth and Change
• 1871 Germany prospered
• Second Reich• Holy Roman
Empire was the First Reich
Bismarck and the Wilhelm II
• Bismarck did not want to expand German borders
• He did not believe France was a threat
• Entered into numerous alliances– Austria, Hungary– Italy and Russia– Protect each
other from attack
A Shift in Power• 1815 Congress of
Vienna established 5 Great Power in Europe
• 1815 Great Powers equal in strength
• 1871 Germany and Britain the most powerful militarily and economically