What is Nanotechnology?

What use is it?

Prof. Joe ShapterSchool of Chemical and Physical Sciences

Flinders University

What is Nanotechnology?Born in 1959 -- “There’s plenty of room at the bottom”

Richard Feynman

It is now possible to view, manipulate and modify “things” on the molecular and atomic scale.

- ‘Nanoscience’

Nanotechnology is

Application of nanoscience to make useful devices.

Expanding field encompassing all sciences (Chemistry, Physics, Biology, Engineering, Maths)

Technology that will change our lives in the same way that silicon technology has

What is Nanotechnology?

Born in 1959 -- “There’s plenty of room at the bottom” Richard Feynman

nano technology

10-9 one billionth useful things

here it is referring to nanometers

What is Nanotechnology?

Expanding field encompassing all sciences(Chemistry, Physics, Biology, Engineering, Maths)

Scanning tunneling microscope (STM) image ofXenon on Nickel at 4 K

Fe atoms on Cu surfaces C60 on Cu (at a step)

CO on Pt(111)

The art of atomic or molecular control The art of atomic or molecular control for the development of useful devices.for the development of useful devices.

Why control things at this level??Why control things at this level??

atoms, molecules, proteins, lipids, etc. Planned control

Size Does Matter

This is gold

New Sunscreens

New Sunscreens

Current Commercial Applications for Nanomaterials

Electronics: Integrated circuits, FETs, static discharge removal Automotive: stronger tires, lighter yet stronger materials, catalysts,

fuel line safety, airbag and other sensors Sports: nanotubes in tennis racquets and bikes, nanotechnology

enabled golf balls (even a sliced ball goes straight) Cosmetics: transparent sunscreens, sustained delivery of bioactive

molecules Textiles: Self cleaning clothes Building: Thermal isolation, self cleaning surfaces Energy: hydrogen storage, fuel cell components, smart lighting Biomedical: Antifouling coatings, imaging tools, sensors

Richard Smalley’s ViewProblems to be solved

1. Energy2. Water3. Food4. Environment5. Poverty6. Terrorism and war7. Disease8. Education9. Democracy10. Population

Richard E. Smalley, “Future Global Energy Prosperity: The Terawatt Challenge” MRS Bulletin 30 412 – 417 (2005).

Frontiers of Materials Research presentation given on December 2, 2004.

Energy

Possible Energy Sources

Hydroelectric

Solar (PV, Collectors, etc.)

Tidal or Wave

Geothermal

Biofuels

Wind

Fossil Fuels

Nuclear

Carbon Footprint

E.G . Hertwich and G . P . Peters, Environ. Sci. Technol. 2009, 43, 6414–6420

Photovoltaic Approaches

Dye Solar Cells

Dye Solar Cells with Nanotubes

CNT-Polymer Solar Cell

with Ralph Krupke, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Germany

CNT-Polymer Solar CellCNT-Polymer Solar Cell

with Ralph Krupke, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Germany

Medicine

Size Does Matter

Sirtex Medical Inc.

Radioactive Y in particles on the micron scale

Sirtex Medical Inc.Radioactive Y in particles on the micron scaleBeta emitters--pentration depth of 2.5 mm

4 months

14 months

Before

8 months

Making Onions

Dendrimers are a novel class of 3D nanoscale, core-shell structures that can be precisely synthesised for a wide range of applications.

Control the size very preciselyPut things in each layerCoat the Outside in Different ways

Making the Lame Walk

From Prof. Sam Stupp, Northwestern University, USA

NanoTreatment

Fluorescent Quantum Dots Used in Cancer Surgery Fluorescent Quantum Dots Used in Cancer Surgery

Surgeon is able to

find the lymph nodes

which harbour spreading

cancer cells

(metastatic lesions)

27

John Frangioni, Harvard Med SchoolShuming Nie, Georgia Tech

Semiconductor nanoparticles that glow:

Colour depends on size(Quantum Dots)

Water Filtration

RO Membranes

Water FiltrationWater Filtration

Credit: M. Denomme, University of Kentucky

Jason Holt, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory

Ultimate Goal?

Hydrophilic dye

Eosin Yellow

Transport Experiments Perfluorodecane-thiol (PFDT)

Highly Hydrophobic

t = 0 min t = 30 min

Potential Hazards

A few myths:

Nanoparticles are new things

Our bodies have never seen them before

What is the effect of nanoparticles on the human system?

What about nanoparticles in our blood stream? Digestive system?

Will they cross the blood-brain barrier?

Currently it appears the immune system does not react to really small particles.

What is the effect of nanoparticles on the human system?

Life cycle analysis of nanoparticles for identifying Nanosafety research projects in CSIRO

Courtesy of Dr. Maxine McCall, CSIRO

The future lies in self-assembly of __________(3D)

There are now lots of examples of controlled assembly. The next step is to convince the molecules to self-assemble into something that you want.

Nature does this all the time

Future of NanotechnologyFuture of Nanotechnology

The ultimate nanotech?

What is Nanotechnology?

What use is it?

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-YbS-YyvCl4&feature=related

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RTp8kEuZ1eY http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IX-gTobCJHs

www.youtube.com/watch?v=LFoC-uxRqCghttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qIKY2vcDhkQ

RO Membranes

Osomosis

Reverse Osomosis

Systems Under InvestigationSystems Under InvestigationCould be Made from Polycarbonate, Alumina or Silicon

Pores have sizes from a few nanometres up to a few microns

What elements can we control to “program” our separations?

Systems Under InvestigationSystems Under Investigation

Pore Size

Chemical Nature of the Pores

Switchable “Gate Keepers”

Electroless DepositionDeposition dependent on:

Concentration of gold pH Temperature

Hydroxylated alumina surface

SEM images of surface after 24h of gold plating

Verify gold deposition inside the pores by removing the PA template

Systems Under InvestigationSystems Under Investigation

Pore Size

Chemical Nature of the Pores

Switchable “Gate Keepers”

Systems Under InvestigationSystems Under Investigation

Pore Size

Chemical Nature of the Pores

Switchable “Gate Keepers”

Systems Under InvestigationSystems Under Investigation

Pore Size

Chemical Nature of the Pores

Switchable “Gate Keepers”

Switchable Surfaces

Switchable Surfaces

Nanoscience and NanotechnologyNanoscience and Nanotechnology From Greek: “nano” meaning dwarf “Nano” indicates scaling factor of 10-9 (billionth) Adult just shy of 2 billion nanometers (nm) tall

Nanoscience: study chemical/physical consequences of manipulating materials on the nm length scale

Nanotechnology: development of tools for manipulating nm scale materials and of new products and processes

Size does matter -- even in the most basic things

Very Reactive

Nanoparticles in use for 1000s of years Faraday did the first study

What’s new??

Self-cleaning paints

Lifetimes??

What is Nanotechnology?

Device Manufacture

Nanotech.Nanotech.

Molecular EngineeringMolecular Engineering

Attachment of Solar Active ElementsAttachment of Solar Active Elements

Solar Cell Output

Voltage (V)

Cur

rent

Den

sity

(A

cm

-2)

ANT (Advanced Nanopowder Technology) (Micronisers PL does very similar things as well)

Makes ZnO particles which are very small and all the same size

AMBRI

Dendritic Nanotechnologies Limited (Melbourne)

functions and dimensions that scale very closely to a wide variety of important biological polymers and assemblies (i.e. proteins, DNA, etc).

plexiglassepoxies

Dendritic Nanotechnologies Limited (Melbourne)

Dendrimers are a novel class of 3D nanoscale, core-shellstructures that can be precisely synthesised for a wide range of applications.

Building on a central core, dendrimers are formed by the step-wise, sequential addition of concentric shells consisting of branched molecules and connector groups. Each branched shell is referred to as a generation. Up to ten generations can be incorporated into a single dendrimer molecule.

Dendritic Nanotechnologies Limited (Melbourne)Dendrimers possess inherently valuable physical, chemical and biologicalproperties. These include:

* Precise architecture, size and shape control * High uniformity and purity * High loading capacity * High shear resistance * Low toxicity * Low immunogenicity

The surface properties of dendrimers may be manipulated:

* Polyvalency * Flexible charge and solubility properties * Flexible binding properties * Transfection

The way we live will be changedMedicine (Health Care)ComputingGoing to the Beach!!TV--HousesEverything else?

JobsThere will be many less factoriesNO dirty windows or clothes??

Outcomes of NanotechnologyOutcomes of Nanotechnology

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-jJywQvnVnc

Current Approach to Water Filtration