DR. R.B. JAIN, PROFESSOR,

DEPTT. OF COMMUNITY MEDICINE

PGIMS, ROHTAK, HARYANA

WHAT ARE THE DIFFERENCES?

GROUP ‘A’ GROUP ‘B’

WHAT ARE THE DIFFERENCES?

GROUP ‘A’ GROUP ‘B’

WHAT ARE THE DIFFERENCES?

GROUP ‘A’ GROUP ‘B’

WHAT ARE THE DIFFERENCES?

GROUP ‘A’ GROUP ‘B’

WHATMAKES THE DIFFERENCE

MOTIVATION

DR.AJAY TYAGI, JUNIOR RESIDENT DEPTT. OF COMMUNITY MEDICINE

PGIMS, ROHTAK, HARYANA

PLANNING HARD WORK+¿ MOTIVATION+¿

WHAT IS MANAGING?

Managing requires the creation and maintenance of an environment in which individuals work together in groups toward the accomplishment

of common objectives

IMPORTANCE OF PERSONAL DIGNITY

The concept of individual dignity means that people must be treated with respect, no matter what their position in the organization

WHAT IS MOTIVATION?

• Derived from Latin word, ‘movere’, meaning “to move”.

• Motivation is a general term applying to the entire class of drives, desires, needs, wishes, and similar forces

DEFINITIONS

• “The process of initiating action” is technically called ‘motivation’.

• Motivation is a process that starts with a physiological or psychological need which activates a behavior or a drive that is aimed at a goal.

• The process that accounts for an individual’s intensity, direction, and persistence of efforts toward attaining a goal.

• The process of activating, maintaining and directing behaviour towards a particular goal.

DIRECTING BEHAVIOUR TOWARDS CERTAIN

GOAL IS THE ESSENCE OF

MOTIVATION

• Motivated behavior is usually goal oriented;

• The goal may be associated with a drive such as hunger or thirst (called primary motivation).

• Motivation can be learned (in which case it is called secondary motivation)

MOTIVATION CYCLE

Steps in the Motivational Cycle

STEP 1: Need/ Drivehunger

STEP 2: Buildup of tension• Worry with time• Set aside other needs

STEP 3: Focused activitiesSearch for food

STEP 4: Achievement of goalFound food

STEP 4: Satisfaction and tension reduction

Feel freedom to satisfy other needs

PRIMARY MOTIVATION

STEP 1: Goal Complete a work in 2

months

STEP 3: Focused activities• Collect all needed resources• Plan• Hard work

STEP 4: Achievement of goalComplete the work

STEP 4: Satisfaction and tension reduction

Feel freedom to satisfy other needs

Steps in the Motivational CycleSECONDARY MOTIVATION

STEP 2: Buildup of tension• Worry that time will run out• Doubt about abilities• Fear of failure• Set aside other needs

A MODEL OF HOW GOALS

CAN IMPROVE PERFORMANCE

A Model of How Goals Can Improve Performance

Goals need to beSpecificDifficultParticipatively set

Goals can motivate forDirecting attentionEncouraging effortEncouraging persistenceFostering goal attainment strategies and action plans

Improved Performance

Feedback on performance

WHY DO WE NEED MOTIVATION?

• To reach our full potential and to perform to the best of our ability.

• To avoid the negative feelings.

THEORIES OF MOTIVATION

THINK OF YOUR OWN MOTIVATORS

Maslow’s-Hierarchy of Needs Theory

• This theory was proposed by Abraham Maslow • It is based on the assumption that people are

motivated by a series of five universal needs.• These needs are ranked, according to the order in

which they influence human behavior, in hierarchical fashion.

• The order of needs starts from basic survival or lower order needs to higher order needs i.e. from the level of physiological needs to self transcendence.

• As one level of need is satisfied another higher order need will emerge and assume importance in life.

MASLOW’S HIERARCHY OF NEEDS

Self -

Actualization

Esteem needs

Belongingness & love needs

Safety needs

Physiological needs

Food, water …

security, stability, dependency, protection, freedom from fear and anxiety, and a need for structure, order, and law; job security.…

relationship with other members of the society, want to become an accepted member of an organised group, need a familiar environment such as family…

desire for self-respect, self-esteem, desire for reputation, prestige, status, fame, glory, dominance, recognition, attention, importance, and appreciation…

self-realization, continuous self-development, and the process of becoming all that a person is capable of becoming …

McCLELLAND’S THEORY OF NEEDS

• According to David McClelland, regardless of culture or gender, people are driven by three motives:

ACHIEVEMENT ,

AFFILIATION, AND

POWER

McCLELLAND’S THEORY OF NEEDS

ACHIEVEMENT

McCLELLAND’S THEORY OF NEEDS• ACHIEVEMENT : The

need for achievement is characterized by the wish to take responsibility for finding solutions to problems, master complex tasks, set goals, get feedback on level of success.

McCLELLAND’S THEORY OF NEEDS

AFFILIATION

McCLELLAND’S THEORY OF NEEDS• AFFILIATION : The need

for affiliation is characterized by a desire to belong, an enjoyment of teamwork, a concern about interpersonal relationships, and a need to reduce uncertainty.

McCLELLAND’S THEORY OF NEEDS

POWER

McCLELLAND’S THEORY OF NEEDS• POWER :The need for power is characterized by a drive to control and influence others, a need to win arguments, a need to persuade and prevail.

McCLELLAND’S THEORY OF NEEDS

• According to McClelland, the presence of these motives or drives in an individual indicates a predisposition to behave in certain ways.

• Therefore, from a manager's perspective, recognizing which need is dominant in any particular individual affects the way in which that person can be motivated.

Theory of “X” and Theory of “Y”

• Douglas McGregor observed two diametrically opposing view points of managers about their employees,

• one is negative called “Theory of X” and

• one is positive called “Theory of Y”

• EMPLOYEES DISLIKE WORK

• THEY MUST BE CONTROLLED TO ACHIEVE GOALS

• THEY AVOID RESPONSIBILITIES

• MOST PUT SECURITY ABOVE ALL

THEORY X THEORY Y

• EMPLOYEES LIKE WORK

• PEOPLE WILL EXERCISE SELF-CONTROL

• THEY SEEK RESPONSIBILITIES

• THEY ARE INNOVATIVE

Theory of “X” and Theory of “Y”

• EMPLOYEES DISLIKE WORK

• THEY MUST BE CONTROLLED TO ACHIEVE GOALS

• THEY AVOID RESPONSIBILITIES

• MOST PUT SECURITY ABOVE ALL

THEORY X THEORY Y

• EMPLOYEES LIKE WORK

• PEOPLE WILL EXERCISE SELF-CONTROL

• THEY SEEK RESPONSIBILITIES

• THEY ARE INNOVATIVE

Theory of “X” and Theory of “Y”

Theory of X assumes Maslow’s lower level needs dominate in employees.

Whereas Theory of Y, assumes Maslow’s higher level needs dominate in employees.

GOAL SETTING THEORY

• Edwin Locke proposed that setting specific goals will improve motivation.

• Salient features of this theory are the following: – Specific goal fixes the needs of resources and efforts – It increases performance – Difficult goals result higher performance than easy job – Better feedback of results leads to better performance

than lack of feed back. – Participation of employees in goal has mixed result,

however, it increases acceptance of goal and involvements.

GOAL SETTING THEORY

• Goal setting theory has identified two factors which influences the performance.

GOAL COMMITMENT

SELF EFFICIENCY

GOAL SETTING THEORY

GOAL COMMITMENT

GOAL SETTING THEORY

Goal commitment: • Goal setting theory

presupposes that the individual is committed to the goal.

• This commitment depends on the following: – Goals are made public – Individual has an internal

locus of control – Goals are self-set

GOAL SETTING THEORY

SELF –EFFICIENCY

GOAL SETTING THEORY

Self –Efficiency : • Self Efficiency is the belief or

self confidence, that he/she is capable of performing task.

• In the case of low self-efficiency level persons will lessen or even abandon when meeting challenges. But

• Persons with high self-efficiency put up extra-efforts when they face challenges

BARRIERS OF

MOTIVATION

NEGATIVE ATTITUDEPOSITIVE ATTITUDE

LACK OF SELF-CONFIDENCESELF-CONFIDENCE

NOT AGREE WITH THE TASKAGREE

UNFULFILLED BASIC NEEDSBASIC NEEDS FULFILLED

LACK OF REWARDREWARD

• PHYSICAL• SOCIAL

UNFAVOURABLE ENVIRONMENT

Practically, differnt points are:-• Inefficient administration• Incompetant supervision• Poor personal relationship• Poor leadership qualities• Low pay• Bad working conditions• Non-participation in plans of work

CAUSES OF DISSATISFACTION

• PHYSICAL• SOCIAL

HEALTHY ENVIRONMENT

LACK OF REWARD

UNFAVOURABLE ENVIRONMENT

UNFULFILLED BASIC NEEDS

NOT AGREE WITH THE TASK

LACK OF SELF-CONFIDENCE

NEGETIVE ATTITUDE

BARRIERS OF MOTIVATION

REWARD

HEALTHY ENVIRONMENT

BASIC NEEDS FULFILLED

AGREE

SELF-CONFIDENCE

POSITIVE ATTITUDE

SOME MOTIVATING

PERSONALITIES

He spent most of his childhood in financial problems. started working at an early age to supplement his

family's income. Wrote many inspirational books including “Wings of

fire” and “India 2020”. Has been awarded with most prestigious highest

civilian award “Bharat Ratna” in1997. who served as the 11thPresident of India from 2002

to 2007. popularly known as the “Missile Man of India”.

A. P. J. Abdul Kalam

Lost his job in his early life. Started business and failed in 1832 at 23 yrs. Wife died of a fatal disease in 1835. Experienced nervous breakdown. Contested election for speaker in legislature and lost Applied for post of Land Officer and not selected. Contested for senate and lost in 1854. Contested for vice president and lost in 1856. Again Contested for senate and lost in1858.

AND TWO YEARS LATER…..

ON NOV. 6, 1860 ELECTED AS PRESIDENT OF AMERICAAbraham Lincoln

1969-A govt. servant at a salary of Rs. 400/- per month He started by selling yellow powder to neighbours and

then to nearby localities on cycle. Now he is having a fortune of more than Rs. 14 billion,

14000 employees and more than 200 managers Selling Nirma Washing Powder at Rs.3.50 when Surf

was sold at Rs.15 per kilogram

AND LOOK AT HIM After the kutch earthquake in Gujrat he hired 700

buildings to house the victims

Karsan Bhai Patel

A fat little girl Lost 25 kilogram and keeps the weight off permanently

by power walks and sensible eating habits At one time she was responsible for 37 out of 50 most

popular programmes on Indian cable television

At one time one of the most 50 powerful communicators

in Asia by Asia Week magazine. Absolute determination and self control

Ekta kapoor

SO WHAT WE NEED TO LEARN ?

SELF MOTIVATION

• Self motivation is the inspiration behind your behavior and actions.

• It is an important mechanism that will help you to reach your goal, without external influence.

• Self motivation improves your confidence and self-esteem, as well as gives you strength to achieve your goal.

• Self motivation is important in every aspect of your life, be it career, social life, relationship, health and fitness, spirituality or personality development.

• Firstly, you must find out what motivates you.

• Some people may get motivated by influential people; while, some by reading inspirational books, stories or poems.

• Self-motivation is a more efficient method.

• If you can motivate yourself, you do not have to depend on any external factors.

• Self motivation is the best inspirational technique.

DREAM

• Without having a dream, you cannot achieve anything.

• You must have observed how obsessed great men are with their dreams.

• Everyone is aware of Martin Luther King Jr's famous speech, 'I Have A Dream'.

• Only when you have a dream, you will be determined to follow it and make it real.

DREAM

CONCRETE PLANS

• Make difficult but realistic goals. • They should not be extraordinary

and unreachable.• Firstly, discover

– Your strengths, and also – Your limits/ weaknesses;

• only then, set your goals. • You should also have a blueprint

of your plan. • Your action plan must be flexible,

so that it lasts long.

CONCRETE PLANS

POSITIVE ATTITUDE

• Your attitude is your biggest asset. 

• Positive thinking is extremely important as your thoughts and attitude will influence your plans and actions.

• Do not let negative thoughts or people influence you.

• Write your positive aspects and achievements.

• It will definitely boost your self-confidence.POSITIVE

ATTITUDE

FIRST STEP

• Start with a small step• It takes a lot of effort to initiate the

planned course of action. • It is observed that most people have

their plans ready, but they find it extremely difficult to make a start.

• You must at least take a single step to begin your work.

• Once you begin, it is easier to continue.

• Do not fear making mistakes because the more you fear, the more likely you are to commit one

Remember that failure is followed by success.

FIRSTSTEP

CONSISTENCY

• Steadiness and regularity in your actions is very essential.

• It is possible that you may get discouraged or tired, after the initial excitement is over.

• But, you have to self-motivate and be focused.

• Strengthen your interest and desire to succeed.

• Do not complain about lack of resources or unsuitable situations. CONSISTENCY

• If you are really determined, you will accomplish your goal.

• You must not let any kind of obstacles affect you or your action plans.

CONSISTENCY

DELAYING IS YOUR ENEMY

• Delaying your day's work will lengthen your time in achieving your goal.

• Avoid being lazy. • Taking breaks to get refreshed

is accepted, but not putting things off for the next day. 

• Delaying  is a hindrance in your progress.

DELAYING IS YOUR ENEMY

• Harmful external forces likes negative thoughts and ideas must be completely blocked.

• You should never lose your mental balance under any circumstances.

• You should not be nervous or depressed.

DELAYING IS YOUR ENEMY

NEVER QUIT

• There may be times when things can go wrong.

• But, If you follow the right plan and procedure, you are sure to succeed.

• You must never lose hope. Keep on trying, find out what is wrong but do not quit.

• Memorize the famous quote “Losers quit when they are tired, Champions quit when they win gold”.

NEVER QUIT

TAKE HOME MESSAGE

• So, gear up and get started.

• Reward yourself, even if you make any single accomplishment.

• Believe in yourself so that you can easily self-motivate.

• Recall these self motivation skills daily, and you are sure to succeed!

DR. R.B. JAIN, PROFESSOR,

DEPTT. OF COMMUNITY MEDICINE

PGIMS, ROHTAK, HARYANATHANK YOU