APITHERAPY FOR MENTAL DISORDERS

AND SUBSTANCE ADDICTIONS Moisés Asís, MSW, JD, PhD. (CMACC 12/2009, New York)

APITHERAPY: Definition (2007)

• “It is the Complementary and Alternative Medicine that promotes the use of bee products (honey and honeydew, propolis, beeswax, pollen and bee bread, apitoxin or bee venom, drone larvae, royal jelly, and whole bees) for nutrition, enhancement of health and life quality, prevention and treatment of diseases, and for cosmetics. Apitherapy comprises, among its many procedures, the apitoxitherapy or bee venom therapy, and the apipuncture or acupuncture by beestings or apitoxin microinjections.”

Some Apitherapy procedures

...Some Apitherapy procedures

…Some Apitherapy procedures

…Some Apitherapy procedures

Mental Disorders and Addictions

• Intrapsychic Factors

• Social/Family • Biological &

Genetic• Motivational• Emotional• Other Factors

ALL DISEASES ARE PSYCHOSOMATIC

• … but some ones are more psychosomatic than others.

D.E.W.N.I.S.: Apitherapy Protocol for Mental Disorders & Addictions:

1. Detoxification2. Energy3. Wellness in General4. Nutrition5. Immune System Boost6. Synergy with Other Procedures &

Medications

Apitherapy will be used

• For treatment of mental disorders and addictions.

• For synergies of such treatments.

• For treatment of medical conditions associated to such conditions and treatments.

Some D.E.W.N.I.S. Tips:

1. Clear drugs from body, and manage withdrawal, purification of organism: ad libitum tea with honey, propolis, other bee products.

2. Diet on high doses of honey, propolis, pollen for withdrawal symptoms and for synergy with other treatments.

3. Bee products for drug-related medical problems.4. Psychotherapy, counseling, social work.5. Involve, educate patients, families, community.6. Improving self-image is important: Use Apitherapy

cosmetics.7. Beekeeping is an activity requiring discipline, physical

activity, contact with nature, and body clean from drug/alcohol odors.

Honey• Its fast assimilation prevents

alcoholic fermentation.• Euphorizant.• Very valuable for fast

detoxification of alcoholics.• For weakness (asthenia)

and mental/physical exhaustion.

• Depressive conditions.• Beneficial on body weight

and blood lipids in type 2 diabetes.*

• For dengue virus prevention.

…Honey

• Antitoxic properties.• High energy value (3.3 cal/g)• Insomnia.• Antioxidant, nutritive, and

energetic properties.• Antianemic.• Increases libido, has

aphrodisiac properties.• Antitumor activitiy in lung

carcinoma.*

…Honey

• For stress and hyperactivity.

• Helps heal radiotherapy-impaired wounds.*

• Improves sleep.• Hepatoprotective

effects.• Prevents liver damage.

Facilitates the production of liver glycogen.**

…Honey• Laryngitis, rhinitis,

sinusitis, coryza (head cold).

• Excellent dressings for wound care. Heals faster than conventional wound dressing.*

• Effective for MRSA (methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus) infection, in 70% of cases.**

• Antifungal.• Action against

Pseudomonas aeruginosa.***

…Honey• Honey is promising in

restorative sleep, memory and off-line processing, immune system enhancement, useful in poor memory, cognitive dysfunction, depression, Alzheimer’s type dementia. (Ronald Fessenden, 1st Int. Symp. On Honey & Human Health, Sacramento, Ca, Jan. 8, 2008).

• Honey decreases anxiety and improves memory during ageing. Slows aging process.*

Pollen and Bee Bread

• Contains almost all vitamins.

• It is the best known source of protein in nature: it contains the 22 essential aminoacids.

• Recommended for liver disorders.

• Disintoxicant.• Antioxidant activity*.

…Pollen and Bee Bread

• Strong free radical scavenger activity, antioxidant and antiinflammatory activities.*

• Euphorizant.• strengthens the nervous

system functioning.• Stimulant.• Recommended for

depressive disorders, anxiety, anemia, sexual dysfunctions, infertility.

Propolis• Contains gammaglobulins.• Antitoxic properties.• Can be either

immunostimulant or immunodepressant.

• Extraordinary antioxidant properties.

• Stimulates collagen synthesis of vascular walls.

• Stimulates wound healing.*• Very valuable in cases of

rhinitis, inflammation of nasal mucosa, septal erosion, and other disorders of respiratory pathways.

…Propolis• Has activity against microbial activity of Escherichia coli,

Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus mirabilis, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus, and fungus Candida albicans. Also parasites (example: Leishmania tropica).*

• Effective against microbial dental infections and gum disease.** • Caffeic acid, crysin, and naringin have radioprotective effect.***• Protects against pesticide toxicity, alleviates toxicity of

aluminium chloride.****• Pinocembrin, the most abundant flavonoid in propolis, has

neuroprotective, antioxidant, antibacterial, and antiinflammatory properties.*****

…Propolis• Hepatoprotective. Its

minerals (copper, iron, manganese, zinc), flavonoids (mainly pinocembrin, caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE), ), and phenolic compounds have hepatoprotective effects, prevent liver damage, cancer.*

• Artepillin C, CAPE, galangin, kaempferol, quercetin, etc., are antioxidant and antiangiogenic.

• Activity against leukemia.**

…Propolis• Protects collagen against free

radicals.• Caffeic acid methyl caffeate,

phenylethyl caffeate, and phenylethyl dimethyl caffeate have antitumor properties.

• Propolis ethanolic extract enhances apoptosis-inducing potential in cancer cells.*

• Quercetin, caffeic acid, and crysin kill leukemia cells**.

• CAPE (caffeic acid phenylester etyl) suppresses the growth of neurofibromatosis tumor.***

• Flavonoids have antitumor, antioxidant, antimicrobial, antiinflammatory, antiviral action****

…Propolis• Action against breast and

prostate cancers.*• CAPE protects against liver

cancer at doses of 200-400 mg/kg.**

• CAPE induces apoptosis of human pancreatic cancer cells and suppresses the growth of neurofibromatosis tumor.***

• Propolis is effective against depression and fatigue.

• Water-soluble components of propolis may mitigate amnesia at doses of 100 mg/kg, and have potential for preventing Alzheimer’s disease.****

Royal Jelly• Immunostimulant.• Stimulant, invigorating, and

euphorizant.• Improves physical, sexual,

and intellectual performance.• Significant delay in the onset

of lupus.*• Antidepressant.• Regulates arterial pressure.• Antibacterial,

antiinflammatory, vasodilative, hypotensive, disinfectant, antioxidant, antihypercholesterolemic, antitumor, antibrowning.**

• Antitoxic.

…Royal Jelly• Increases content of

haemoglobin, leukocites, glucose, and blood red cells.

• Effective for mood disorders.

• Enhances strength and metabolism.

• Adenosine monophosphate N1-oxide may help heal brain injuries.*

• Protective effect on liver tissue.**

• Action against Pseudomonas aeruginosa.***

Drone Larvae

• Exhaustion and weakness (asthenia)

• Sexual weakness (asthenia)

• Anorexia• Insomnia• Depression • Anxiety• Hepatitis

…Drone Larvae

• Pharyngitis, laryngitis, rhinitis due to cocaine

• Improves digestive functions.

• Tonic, stimulant• Premature aging.

Beeswax

• For inflammations of nasal mucosa.

• In avitaminosis A: 4,100 IU of vitamin A/100 g

• Antioxidant properties.• Removes teeth tartar

and nicotine stain, activates salivation and and gastric fluid, strengthens gums.

Apitoxin or Venom• Immunostimulant.• Effective for arthritis, multiple

sclerosis, lupus, chronic fatigue syndome.

• Normalization of arterial hypertension.

• Improves brain activity and metabolism of central and peripheric nervous systems.

• Increases peristaltic movements.

• Increases metabolism.• Improves liver functioning.• Induces cancer cell death

(apoptosis) in many cancer cell lines.*

…Apitoxin or Venom

• Helps to repigmentation in vitiligo skin.*

• Melittin promotes apoptosis of human hepatocellular carcinoma by activating Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase.**

• Active against trypanosomiasis.***

Mental Disorders: DSM-IV

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders is a reference work consulted by psychiatrists, psychologists, physicians in clinical practice, social workers, medical and nursing students, pastoral counselors, and other professionals in health care and social service fields. The book's title is often shortened to DSM, or an abbreviation that also indicates edition, such as DSM-IV-TR, which indicates fourth edition, text revision of the manual, published in 2000, and contains some 370 diagnostic entries.

Some DSM Disorders

• Mood Disorders: Mood Episodes, Major Depressive Episode, Manic Episode, Mixed Episode, Hypomanic Episode, Depressive Disorders, Major Depressive Disorder, Dysthymic Disorder, Bipolar Disorders, Cyclothymic Disorder.

• Anxiety Disorders: Panic Attack, Agoraphobia, Panic Disorder, Social Phobia, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Acute Stress Disorder, Generalized Anxiety Disorder.

• Somatoform Disorders: Somatization Disorder, Conversion Disorder, Pain Disorder, Hypochondriasis, Body Dysmorphic Disorder.

• Dissociative Disorders: Dissociative Amnesia, Dissociative Fugue, Dissociative Identity Disorder (frmly. Multiple Personality Disorder), Depersonalization Disorder.

• Sexual Dysfunctions, Sexual Desire Disorders, Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder, Sexual Aversion Disorder, Sexual Arousal Disorders, Male Erectile Disorder, Orgasmic Disorders, Dyspareunia, Vaginismus.

• Eating Disorders: Anorexia Nervosa, Bulimia Nervosa.• Sleep Disorders, Dyssomnias, Insomnia, Hypersomnia, etc.• Delirium, Dementia, Amnestic & Other Cognitive Disorders.

Commonly Prescribed Psychotropic Medications• Antipsychotics (used in the treatment of

schizophrenia and mania). Typical Antipsychotics: Haldol (haloperidol), Loxitane (loxapine), Mellaril (thioridazine), Moban (molindone), Navane (thiothixene), Prolixin (fluphenazine), Serentil (mesoridazine), Stelazine (trifluoperazine), Thorazine (chlorpromazine), Trilafon (perphenazine).

• Atypical Antipsychotics: Abilify (aripiprazole), Clozaril (clozapine), Geodon (ziprasidone), Risperdal (risperidone), Seroquel (quetiapine), Zyprexa (olanzapine).

• Mood Stabilizers (used in the treatment of bipolar disorder): Depakene (valproic acid), Depakote, Eskalith, Lithobid (lithium), Lithonate, Lithotabs, Lamictal (lamotrigine), Neurontin (gabapentin), Tegretol (carbamazepine), Topamax (topiramate).

…Commonly Prescribed Psychotropic Medications

• Anti-depressants. Tricyclics*: Anafranil (clomipramine), Asendin (amoxapine), Elavil (amitriptyline), Norpramin (desipramine), Pamelor (nortriptyline), Sinequan (doxepin), Surmontil (trimipramine), Tofranil (imipramine), Vivactil (protiptyline). 

• Anti-depressants. SSRIs**: Celexa (citalopram), Lexapro (escitalopram), Luvox (fluvoxamine), Paxil (paroxetine), Prozac (fluoxetine), Zoloft (sertraline).

• Anti-depressants. MAOIs***: Nardil (phenelzine), Parnate (tranylcypromine).    

• Anti-depressants. Others: Desyrel (trazadone), Effexor (venlafaxine), Remeron (mirtazapine), Serzone (nefazodone), Wellbutrin (bupropion).

…Commonly Prescribed Psychotropic Medications

• Anti-panic Agents*: Klonopin (clonazepam), Paxil (paroxetine), Xanax (alprazolam), Zoloft (sertraline).

• Anti-obsessive Agents: Anafranil (clomipramine), Luvox (fluvoxamine), Paxil (paroxetine), Prozac (fluoxetine), Zoloft (sertraline).

• Antianxiety Agents: Ativan (lorazepam), BuSpar (buspirone), Centrax (prazepam)**, Inderal (propranolol)**, Klonopin (clonazepam), Lexapro (escitalopram), Librium (chlordiazepoxide), Serax (oxazepam)**, Tenormin (atenolol), Tranxene (clorazepate), Valium (diazepam), Xanax (alprazolam). 

• Stimulants (used in the treatment of ADHD)***: Adderall (amphetamine and dextroamphetamine), Cylert (pemoline), Dexedrine (dextroamphetamine), Ritalin (methylphenidate).

PSYCHOTROPIC MEDICATIONS: SIDE EFFECTS

The dramatic increase in the use of psychotropic medications is evident. A Health and Safety Alert, Excessive Psychotropic Medication and Psychotropic Medication Side Effects (2002), describes the following serious side effects common to most psychotropic drugs:

• Allergic reaction (difficulty breathing, swelling of lips/face/tongue, rash or fever).

• Change in level of alertness (excess sleepiness, insomnia or confusion).• Eating problems (nausea, vomiting, weight gain or loss). • Change in stool pattern (constipation, diarrhea). • Change in heartbeat (slow, fast, irregular) or blood pressure (high or low). • Fainting or dizziness, especially with change in position such as upon

standing.• Abnormal posture, movement, or gait. • Yellowing of eyes or skin.• Unusual bruising or bleeding.

Concerns on Side-Effects of Psychotropic Medication

• http://www.medicationsense.com/articles/oct_dec_03/suicides_homicides. html

: Suicides and Homicides in Patients Taking Paxil, Prozac, and Zoloft: Why They Keep Happening -- And Why They Will Continue –

• http://organicconsumers.org/school/antidepressants060413.cfm : Experts Say Antidepressant Drugs Cause Suicides Instead of Preventing Them -  

• http://www.antidepressantsfacts.com/2000-05-16-School-Shootings-Psychotropic-Drugs.htm

: School Shootings Linked to Psychotropic Drugs Such as Prozac, Ritalin, Luvox, and Paxil -

www.free_republic.com Brandeis University via sciencedaily.com ^ |

2006-01-04 • Psychotropic drug prescriptions for teenagers

skyrocketed 250 percent between 1994 and 2001, rising particularly sharply after 1999, when the federal government allowed direct-to-consumer advertising and looser promotion of off-label use of prescription drugs, according to a new Brandeis University study in the journal Psychiatric Services.

APITHERAPY OF MENTAL DISORDERS

Apitherapy of Nervous Exhaustion• Honey + pollen + soy lecithin, oral.

Apitherapy of InsomniaHoney diluted in water, oral.

• Honey from linden (Justicia pectoralis), oral.• Honey from acacia (Acacia sp.) or other fluid

honey, massage.• Pollen from linden (Justicia pectoralis), oral.

Apitherapy of Stress and Anxiety Disorders (panic disorder, phobias, obsessive-compulsive disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, and generalized anxiety disorder)

• Drone larvae (lyophilized or freeze-dried) + propolis (powder), 2 capsules a day, for 2 - 3 months.

• Honey (1 kg) + pollen (100 g); mixed and left in enfleurage over 48 hours; one spoonful (or more) half an hour before breakfast. Honey (500 g) + pollen (20 g) + royal jelly (2 g); mix pollen and royal jelly with honey, store in hermetic amber bottles in a dry and fresh place; teaspoons 2 - 3 times a day before meals, for 1 – 1.5 month and, if necessary, to repeat treatment after a 2 -3 weeks break. Crystallized honey is preferred.

• Complement: Passion flower (pasiflora, pasionaria, or maracuyá, Pasiflora incarnata) infusion or tincture.

Apitherapy of Mood Disorders (depressive disorders and dysthymic

disorder; bipolar disorders and cyclothymic disorder)

• Honey + propolis (powder), 2 capsules a day for 2 - 3 months.

• Honey (500 g) + pollen (20 g) + royal jelly (2 g); mix pollen and royal jelly with honey: store in hermetic amber bottles and in a dry and fresh place; teaspoons 2 - 3 times a day before meals, for 1 – 1.5 month and, if necessary, to repeat treatment after a 2 – 3 weeks break.

Apitherapy of Dissociative Disorders (dissociative amnesia, fugue, identity disorders [MPD], depersonalization

disorder)

• Drone larvae (lyophilized or freeze-dried) + propolis (powder), 2 capsules a day for 2 – 3 months.

• Honey (500 g) + pollen (20 g) + royal jelly (2 g); mix pollen and royal jelly with honey: store in hermetic amber bottles and in a dry and fresh place; teaspoons 2 - 3 times a day before meals, for 1 – 1.5 month and, if necessary, to repeat treatment after a 2 – 3 weeks break.

Apitherapy of Somatoform Disorders (somatization disorder, conversion

disorder, hypochondriasis)

• Drone larvae (lyophilized or freeze-dried) + propolis (powder), 2 capsules a day, for 2 - 3 months.

• Honey (500 g) + pollen (20 g) + royal jelly (2 g); mix pollen and royal jelly with honey: store in hermetic amber bottles and in a dry and fresh place; teaspoons are taken 2 - 3 times a day before meals, for 1 – 1.5 month and, if necessary, to repeat treatment after a 2 - 3 weeks break.

Apitherapy of Sexual Dysfunctions (hypoactive sexual desire disorder, erectile

dysfunction or impotence, sexual arousal disorder, hypoactive sexual desire disorder)

• Drone larvae (lyophilized or freeze-dried), 2 capsules a day for 2 – 3 months.

• Propolis supositories ( 2,5 %), 5 g each night before sleep, for 2 continuous weeks followed by another 2-week break.

• Venom apipuncture for 7 days in points ST36, LR3, LI4, LI10, LI11, KI2, KI3, KI9, KI14, KI15, KI17, BL11, BL13, BL22, BL23, BL31, BL32, BL40, BL42, BL43, CV3, CV4, CV5, CV6, GV4, GV14.

• Venom micro-stings on the base or pelvic inlet of penis bulbous branch.

…Apitherapy of Sexual Dysfunctions (hypoactive sexual desire disorder, erectile

dysfunction…)

• Honey oral.• Pollen, 2 teaspoons a

day, 2-3 months.• Also, diet supplemented

with honeycomb, bee bread and royal jelly.

• In addition, 30 g de ginseng (Panax quinquefolium, P. repens, P. schinseng) + red pitahaya (Acanthocereus pitajaya), 3 times a day.

…Apitherapy of Sexual Dysfunctions (hypoactive sexual desire disorder, erectile

dysfunction…)

In addition, 1 teaspoon of juice or infusion of any of the following plants:

• ashwagandha (Withania somnifera),

• black pepper (Piper nigrum), • coriander (Coriandrum

sativum), • English lavender (Lavandula

stoechas), • thyme (Thymus sp.), • celery (Apium graveolens

dulce),

• basil (Ocimum basilicum), • orégano (Origanum vulgare), • damiana (Turnera

aphrodisiaca), • muira puanua

(Ptychopetalum olacoides), • cinnamon (Cinnamum

zeylanicum), • bay laurel (Laurus nobilis), • catuaba (Erythroxylum

vacciniifolium).

Addictions. What can we do when the person suffers instead of or moreover an addiction?

• Most definitions refer to addiction as the compulsive need to use a habit-forming substance, or an irresistible urge to engage in a behavior. Two other important defining features of addiction are tolerance, the increasing need for more of the substance to obtain the same effect, and withdrawal, the unpleasant symptoms that arise when an addict is prevented from using the chosen substance.

Addictions include• Alcohol• Amphetamines• Caffeine• Cannabis (marijuana,

hashish, Cannabis sativa)• Cocaine• Hallucinogens (LSD,

psilocybin, mescaline)• Inhalants (glues, cleaners,

paints, solvents, inks, nail polish, brake fluid, etc.)

• Nicotine (tobacco)• Opioids (heroin, morphine)• Phencyclidine

• Sedatives, hypnotics, or anxiolytics, painkillers, other prescription medicines

• Dissociative drugs (ketamine, dextromethorphan, PCP)

• Steroids• Ecstasy• Polysubstance• Other substances• Other activities: addiction

for gambling, some foods or eating, sex, shopping, etc., etc.

185 Million People the World Over Abuse of Illegal Drugs (The Boston Globe, 2005). Abuse of Illegal, Legal, and Prescription Drugs Are a Challenge for

Modern World

Journal of the American Medical Association 293(3):298, 2005:

• 17,000 deaths related to illegal drugs in the U.S.

• 20,308 deaths related to homocide.

• 20,308 deaths related to suicide.

• 26,347 deaths related to car accidents

• 85,000 deaths related to alcohol consumption.

• 435,000 deaths related to tobbaco comsumption.

Main Causes of Death in U.S. (pop. 300 million inhabitants):

• Heart Diseases 710.760• Malignant Neoplasms (Cancer) 553.091• Tobacco, Alcohol, & Ill. Drugs 537.000• Cerebrovascular Disorders 167.661 • Respiratory Disorders 122.009• Non Intentional Injuries 97.900• Diabetes mellitus 69.301• Influenza and Pneumonia 65.313• Alzheimer’s Dementia 49.558• Nephritis, Nephrotic Syndr., Nephrosis 37.251 • Septicemia 31.224• Other Causes 499.283

Reward and Addiction. Intervening mechanisms

• Human beings and other organisms have rewarding behaviors: pleasant stimuli provide positive reinforcement, which lead to a repetition of behavior.

• There are natural rewards and artificial rewards (drugs).

Natural Rewards

• Food

• Water

• Sex

• Nurturing

Tolerance• When drugs such as heroin are used repeatedly over time, tolerance

may develop. • Tolerance occurs when the person no longer responds to the drug

in the way that person initially responded. Stated another way, it takes a higher dose of the drug to achieve the same level of response achieved initially. So for example, in the case of heroin or morphine, tolerance develops rapidly to the analgesic effects of the drug. [The development of tolerance is not addiction, although many drugs that produce tolerance also have addictive potential.]

• Tolerance to drugs can be produced by several different mechanisms, but in the case of morphine or heroin, tolerance develops at the level of the cellular targets. For example, when morphine binds to opiate receptors, it triggers the inhibition of an enzyme (adenylate cyclase) that orchestrates several chemicals in the cell to maintain the firing of impulses.

• After repeated activation of the opiate receptor by morphine, the enzyme adapts so that the morphine can no longer cause changes in cell firing. Thus, the effect of a given dose of morphine or heroin is diminished

Dependence: Definition• With repeated use of heroin or any other drug,

dependence also occurs. • Dependence develops when the neurons adapt to the

repeated drug exposure and only function normally in the presence of the drug.

• When the drug is withdrawn, several physiologic reactions occur.

• These can be mild (e.g. for caffeine) or even life threatening (e.g. for alcohol).

• This is known as the withdrawal syndrome. In the case of heroin, withdrawal can be very serious and the abuser will use the drug again to avoid the withdrawal syndrome.

The action of heroin (morphine)

• Heroin is an addictive drug, although not all users become addicted; other factors are important in producing addiction, such as the environment and the personality of the user.

• Heroin produces euphoria or pleasurable feelings and can be a positive reinforcer by interacting with the reward pathway in the brain.

Narcotics: Heroin, Opium, Morphine, Meperidine, Phentanyl, Oxycodone, Hydrocodone, Codeine, Darvon, etc. “Designer Drugs”: Analogs of Phetanyls, Meperidines, Amphetamines

(MDMA, Ecstasy), and PCPs (PCP, PCE)

• Euphoria, pupilar constriction, breath depression, nausea reflex, bradicardia, hypotension, constipation.

• Hepatitis B, VIH/AIDS, subacute bacterial endocarditis, cerebral abscesses …(more)

Heroin-Related Disorders

• Malnutrition• Dehydration• Weight loss• Fatigue• Constipation• Collapsed veins• Abscesses• Inflammation under the

skin• Kidney failure

• HIV (shared needles)• Pneumonia & other

pulmonary complications• Infection of the heart

lining and valves• Clogged blood vessels

that lead to the lungs, heart, liver, brain, and kidneys.

• Spontaneous abortions, premature births and stillbirths

HIV/AIDS, Hepatitis and Other Infectious Diseases

• Drug injectors who do not enter treatment are up to six times more likely to become infected with HIV than injectors who enter and remain in treatment.

• Drug users who enter and continue in treatment reduce activities that can spread disease, such as sharing injection equipment and engaging in unprotected sexual activity.

• Participation in treatment also presents opportunities for screening, counseling, and referral for additional services.

• The best drug abuse treatment programs provide HIV counseling and offer HIV testing to their patients.

Heroin Withdrawal Symptoms

• Drug craving• Restlessness• Insomnia• Cold flashes with goosebumps (“cold

turkey”)• Diarrhea and vomiting• Uncontrollable kicking movements

(“kicking the habit”)

Heroin Traditional Treatment

• Detoxification (clearing drug from patient’s body and managing withdrawal).

• Life in a drug-free environment.

• Outpatient drug-free programs (counseling)…

…Heroin Traditional Treatment. Drug therapies:

• Methadone (synthetic opiate that blocks the effect of heroin for 24 hours).

• LAAM (ORLAAM) [levo-alpha-acetyl-methadol], synthetic opiate that blocks the effects of heroin for up 72 hours.

• Naltrexone, blocks for @ 1 year.• Suboxone and Subutex (brand names of

buprenorphine).• Naloxone, treatment of cases of overdoses. Blocks

the effects of morphine, heroin, and other opiates.

Ecstasy

Long-term Effects of Ecstasy: Neurotoxic?

• When people use Ecstasy repeatedly or long term, there may be changes in their brain chemistry that suggest that the serotonin neurons are damaged.

• One major clue is that serotonin itself and its metabolites (remind students that serotonin that is taken back up into the terminal is metabolized by enzymes) are diminished in the brains of animals treated with ecstasy.

• Moreover, the best evidence that we have so far is that even 7 years after a brief exposure to Ecstasy, serotonin levels in monkey brains have not fully returned to normal.

Stimulants: Cocaine, Crack, Amphetamines, Metamphetamine, Metylphenidate, Diet Pills

1. Joy, euphoria, restlessness, irritability, insomnia, pupilar dilatation, tachycardia, arrhythmia, chest pain, hypertension, anorexia, hyperpyrexia, hyperreflexia.

2. Inflammation of nasal mucosa, septal erosion or nasal perforation; confusion, sensory hallucinations, paranoia, depression.

3. Sudden cardiac arrest, hypertensive crisis, seizures.

4. Withdrawal syndrome: severe depression with suicida/homocidal ideation,tiredness, prolonged sleep, voracious appetite.

Long-term effects of drug abuse (PET Scan)

Normal

Cocaine Abuse (10 d.a.)

Cocaine Abuse (100 d.a.)

Measuring Brain Activity in Response to Drug Use Position Emission Tomography (PET)(PET)

ControlControl On CocaineOn Cocaine

www.drugabuse.gov

The brain on drugsThe brain on drugs

1-2 Min 3-4 5-6

6-7 7-8 8-9

9-10 10-20 20-30

PET Scan: The “memory” of drugsPET Scan: The “memory” of drugs

NaturalNatural CocaineCocaine

Brain FrontBrain Front

Brain BackBrain Back

Non-activatedNon-activatedAmygdalaAmygdala

Activated Activated AmygdalaAmygdala

Drugs have long-term consequences

Tobacco-Related Disorders (22.3% of deaths in the United States)

• Acute Risks: Shortness of breath, exacerbation of asthma, harm to pregnancy, sexual impotence, infertility, and increased serum carbon monoxide.

• Long-Term Risks: Heart attacks and strokes, lung and other cancers (larynx, oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, colon, pancreas, bladder, cervix, some leukemia), C.O.P.D. (chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases: chronic bronchitis and emphysema), long-term disability, and need for extended care.

…Tobacco-Related Disorders

• Environmental Risks: Increased risk of lung cancer and heart disease in spouses; higher rates of smoking in children of tobacco users; increased risk of low birth weight, S.I.D.S. (Sudden Infant Death Syndrome), asthma, middle ear disease, and respiratory infections in children of smokers.

• The risk of stomach ulcers increases.

• The senses of smell and taste are dulled.

• Smokers are more likely to develop cataracts and other eye problems.

• Teeth turn yellow.• Premature wrinkling.

Cannabis-Related Disorders : Marijuana, THC Capsules, Hashish,

Hashish Oil (0.03%)

• Euphoria, sensory stimulation, pupilar constriction, conjuntival injection, photofobia, nystagmus, diplopia,

• Increases appetite, autonomic system dysfunction (tachycardia, hypertension, orthostatic hypotension), temporary bronchodilatation

• Gynecomastia (abnormal breast augmentation).

• Reactive disease of respiratory pathways

• Decreased sperm counts• Panic, delirium, psychosis,

flashbacks

…Marijuana-Related Disorders

• Depression• Fatigue• Weight increase, lethargy,

amotivational syndrome• Effects on fetus: Low birth

weight, developmental difficulties, excessive trembling and irritability.

• HOWEVER, 11 States have decriminalized possession of small amounts of marijuana, it is used legally.

• Marijuana is prescribed for stimulating appetite in cancer and AIDS patients.

• Marijuana reduces nauseas of chemotherapy, and in general.

Alcohol: Beer, Wine, Distillated Liquors (5.55%)

• ↓ level of consciousness, poor coordination, ataxia, nystagmus, conjuntival injection, slurred speech, stupor, large intestine bleeding, orthostatic hypotension.

• Respiratory depression, pancreatitis, cirrhosis, coma, death.

• Belligerant, excited, combative, psychotic state.

Depressors: Benzodiapines (Valium, “V´s”, Librium, Serax, Klonopin, Tranxene, Xanax, Halcion,

Rohypnol, “Ruffies”), Barbiturates (Nembutal, Seconal, Amytal, Tuinal), Metaqualone (0.03%)

• Sedation of CNS, pupilar constriction, disorientation, slurred speech, incoordinated walk

• Respiratory depression, hypothermia, coma, death

• Paradoxic disinhibition, hyperexcitability

• Withdrawal syndrome from anxiety, agitation, and headaches to convulsions, delirium, hallucinations, hyperpyrexia, and death .…(more)

…Depressors: Benzodiapines (Valium, “V´s”,

Librium, Serax, Klonopin, Tranxene, etc.

• Acute overdosis can produce respiratory arrest and death

• Withdrawal syndrome: restlessness, tearing, yawning, pupilar dilatation, rhinorrea, nasal pathways discomfort, sneezing, sweating, rubor, tachycardia, hypertension, muscle tremors, dizziness, vomiting, diarrheas.

Hallucinogens: Fencyclidine (PCP), Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD),

Mescaline, Peyote, Psilocybin• Perceptual distortion

and hallucinations (visual, auditory), nystagmus, depersonalization syndrome, dizziness, tremors, tachycardia, hypertension, hyperflexia.

• Flashbacks• Panic, paranoia,

psychosis

Inhalants: Nitrous Oxyde, Amyl Nitrite, Butyl Nitrate, Chlorhydrocarburates (Spray Cans), Hydrocarbures (Gasoline,

Glues, Solvents, White-out)

• Euphoria, disorientation, sedation, conjuntival injection, acute toxicity for CNS, liver, and kidneys.

• Nitrates: sudden hypoxemia, hypotension

• Damage to peripheral nerves, CNS, liver, kidneys.

• Arrhythmia and cardiac arrest.

Food-Addiction Related Diseases

• Anorexia, Bulimia, Pica• Obesity• High Blood Pressure• Blood-Clot Disorders (DVT,

stroke, embolism, other cerebrovascular accidents)

• Sleep Apnea• Type 2 Diabetes• Increase Risk of Some

Cancers• Heart Disease• Respiratory Problems

Components of Comprehensive Drug Addiction Treatment

Matching Patients to Individual Needs

• No single treatment is appropriate for all individuals.• Matching treatment setting, interventions, and services to each

individual’s particular problems and needs is critical to his or her ultimate success in returning to productive functioning in the family, workplace, and society.

• Effective treatment attends to multiple needs of the individual, not just his or her drug use.

• To be effective, treatment must address the individual’s drug use and any associated medical, psychological, social, vocational, and legal problems.

Duration of Treatment

• Individuals progress through drug addiction treatment at various speeds, so there is no predetermined length of treatment.

• Good outcomes are contingent on adequate lengths of treatment.

• Generally, for residential or outpatient treatment, participation for less than 90 days is of limited or no effectiveness, and treatments lasting significantly longer often are indicated.

• For methadone maintenance, 12 months of treatment is the minimum, and some opiate-addicted individuals will continue to benefit from methadone maintenance treatment over a period of years.

Medical Detoxification

Medical detoxification safely manages the acute physical symptoms of withdrawal associated with stopping drug use.

However, medical detoxification is only the first stage of addiction treatment and by itself does little to change long-term drug use.

While detoxification alone is rarely sufficient to help addicts achieve long-term abstinence, for some individuals it is a strongly indicated precursor to effective drug addiction treatment.

Counseling and Other Behavioral Therapies

Build skills to resist drug use

Replace

drug-using activities

Motivation

Improve problem-solving

abilities

Facilitateinterpersonal relationships,

family, community

www.drugabuse.gov

Medications for Drug Addiction

• Medications are an important element of treatment for many patients, especially when combined with counseling and other behavioral therapies.

• Methadone and levo-alpha-acetylmethadol (LAAM) are very effective in helping individuals addicted to heroin or other opiates stabilize their lives and reduce their illicit drug use.

• Naltrexone is also an effective medication for some opiate addicts and some patients with co-occurring addiction to alcohol.

• For persons addicted to nicotine, a nicotine-replacement product (such as patches or gum) or an oral medication (such as bupropion) can be an effective component of treatment.

• For patients with mental disorders, both behavioral treatments and medications can be critically important.

www.drugabuse.gov

Motivation to Enter/Sustain Treatment

• Treatment does not need to be voluntary to be effective. • Strong motivation can facilitate the treatment process. • Sanctions or enticements in the family, employment

setting, or criminal justice system can increase significantly both treatment entry and retention rates and the success of drug treatment interventions.

• Individuals who enter treatment under legal pressure have outcomes as favorable as those who enter treatment voluntarily. 

…For example, Smoking cessation programs face some barriers:

• Withdrawal symptoms.• Fear of failure.• Weight gain.• Lack of support.• Depression.• Enjoyment of tobacco.

• Of the 2.4 million deaths that occur each year in the US, cigarette smoking is a root cause of 400,000 of them (20% of all deaths), but nicotine is much more addictive than any other drug.

Effectiveness of Treatment

• According to several studies, drug treatment reduces drug use by 40 to 60 percent and significantly decreases criminal activity during and after treatment.

• For example, a study of therapeutic community treatment for drug offenders demonstrated that arrests for violent and nonviolent criminal acts were reduced by 40 percent or more.

• Methadone treatment has been shown to decrease criminal behavior by as much as 50 percent.

• Research shows that drug addiction treatment reduces the risk of HIV infection and that interventions to prevent HIV are much less costly than treating HIV-related illnesses.

• Treatment can improve the prospects for employment, with gains of up to 40 percent after treatment.

• Although these effectiveness rates hold in general, individual treatment outcomes depend on the extent and nature of the patient’s presenting problems, the appropriateness of the treatment components and related services used to address those problems, and the degree of active engagement of the patient in the treatment process.

Self-Help and Drug Addiction Treatment

• Self-help groups can complement and extend the effects of professional drug addiction treatment.

• The most prominent self-help groups are those affiliated with Alcoholics Anonymous (AA), Narcotics Anonymous (NA), and Cocaine Anonymous (CA), all of which are based on the 12-step model and Smart Recovery.

• Most drug addiction treatment programs encourage patients to participate in a self-help group during and after formal treatment.

Cost-Effectiveness of Drug Treatment

• Drug addiction treatment is cost-effective in reducing drug use and its associated health and social costs.

• Treatment is less expensive than alternatives, such as not treating addicts or simply incarcerating addicts. For example, the average cost for 1 full year of methadone maintenance treatment is approximately $4,700 per patient, whereas 1 full year of imprisonment costs approximately $18,400 per person.

• According to several conservative estimates, every $1 invested in addiction treatment programs yields a return of between $4 and $7 in reduced drug-related crime, criminal justice costs, and theft alone. When savings related to health care are included, total savings can exceed costs by a ration of 12 to 1.

• Major savings to the individual and society also come from significant drops in interpersonal conflicts, improvements in workplace productivity, and reductions in drug-related accidents.

Apitherapy of Addictions

• Apitherapy Can Be an Non-Expensive, Affordable Part of the Solution

Apitherapy of Substance Addictions (cocaine, cannabis,

metamphetamines, opioids, and others)

• Beeswax, to chew and eat honeycomb pieces.

• Royal jelly, 1 teaspoon a day.

• Drone larvae oral.• Honey, 6 teaspoons every

20 minutes, 3 continued cycles.

• Honey, oral, ad libitum, disolved in tea (Camellia sinensis).

• Bee bread, ad libitum, disolved in tea.

Substance addictions (…)

• Pollen, ad libitum, disolved in tea.

• Propolis 500 mg capsules, 1 capsule 1 hour before each meal.

• Propolis ointment, massage with pressure in acupuncture points LI4, LI10, LI11, LI20,

• and in chiapi points (both sides of nasal septum, between nasal bone and nasal cartilage).

Substance addictions (…)

• For their role as hepatoprotectors, reconstituyents, immunoregulators, and biostimulants, bee products are an excellent supplement for guaranteeing that patients are receiving a daily total of:

• 5,000 IU of vitamin A, 75 mg of each component of vitamin B complex, 1,500 mg of vitamin C, 800 mg of vitamin E, 3,000 mg of glutathione, 1,000 mg de coline, 250 mg of L-carnitine, 500 mg of N-acetylcysteine, 400 mg of selenium, 50 mg of zinc, 4 mg of copper, 200 mg of chromium, flavonoids, and other antioxidants.

Substance addictions (…)

As desintoxicants and hepatoprotectors, these medicinal plants can also be used:

• milk thistle (Silybum marianum), • ginger (Zingiber officinale), • burdock (Arctium lappa), • dandelion (Taraxacum officinale) and • liquorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra). In the case of opioids, treatment can be

complemented with passion flower (Pasiflora incarnata) infusion or tincture.

Apitherapy of Alcohol and Nicotine Addictions

• Beeswax, to chew and eat honeycomb pieces.

• Beeswax chewing for withdrawal anxiety.

• Royal jelly, 1 teaspoon a day.

• Drone larvae oral.• Honey, 6 teaspoons every

20 minutes, 3 continued cycles.

• Honey, oral, ad libitum, disolved in tea (Camellia sinensis).

• Bee bread, ad libitum, disolved in tea.

…Apitherapy of Alcohol and Nicotine Addictions

• Propolis tinture in water, half an hour before meals reduce appetite.

• Propolis 500 mg capsules, 1 capsule 1 hour before each meal.

• Propolis ointment, massage with pressure in acupuncture points LI4, LI10, LI11, LI20,

• and in chiapi points (both sides of nasal septum, between nasal bone and nasal cartilage).

…Apitherapy of Alcohol and Nicotine Addictions

• In treating alcohol addiction, it is also recommended an infusion of 10 – 20 g of powdered root of pueraria (Pueraria lobata, P. thomsonii).

• Thanks to their role as hepatoprotectors, reconstituyents, immunoregulators, and biostimulants, bee products are an excellent supplent for guaranteeing that patients are receiving a daily total of 5,000 IU of vitamin A, 75 mg of each component of vitamin B complex, 1,500 mg of vitamin C, 800 mg of vitamin E, 3,000 mg of glutathione, 1,000 mg de coline, 250 mg of L-carnitine, 500 mg of N-acetylcisteine, 400 mg of selenium, 50 mg of zinc, 4 mg of copper, 200 mg of chromium, flavonoids, and other antioxidants.

…Apitherapy of Alcohol and Nicotine Addictions

As desintoxicants and hepatoprotectors these medicinal plants can also be used:

• milk thistle (Silybum marianum),

• ginger (Zingiber officinale), • burdock (Arctium lappa), • dandelion (Taraxacum

officinale) and • liquorice (Glycyrrhiza

glabra).

+ Questions?: apitherapy101@gmail.com . THANKS!!!