Post on 07-Apr-2018
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Manajemen Jaringan Komputer
Routing
JTI FTI UII, Genap 2009/2010, Sofyan Wijaya
Ref APNIC Training Course 2008, Advanced Routing, Routing Principles
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Indeks
Route Summarization / Agregation Routing Protocol
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Route Summarization /Agregation
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Route Summarization/Aggregation
Untuk mempresentasikan beberapa seri networksmenjadi 1 buah alamat saja
Keuntungan dari route summarization
Konvergensi lebih cepat
Mengurangi ukuran routing table Mempermudah
Menyembunyikan perubahan pada jaringan dalam
Mengisolasi perubahan topologi
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Contoh Summarization Router C summarises its networks (2 x/24) before announcing to its
neighbors (routers B and D) Router A combined the networks received from B, C, D and
announce it as single /16 routing to Internet
193.168.64.0/20
193.168.128.0/20
193.168.0.0/24193.168.0.0/16
193.168.128.0/20
193.168.0.0/23
193.168.64.0/20
193.168.1.0/24Internet
A
B
C
D
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Route Summarization
Subnet 193.168.0.0/24 and 193.168.1.0/24 combiningthen to become a bigger block of address /23
Network Subnet Mask Binary
193.168.0.0 255.255.255.0 x.x.00000000.x
193.168.1.0 255.255.255.0 x.x.00000001.x
Summary 193.168.0.0/23 x.x.00000000.x
193.168.0.0 255.255.254.0 x.x.00000000.x
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Konfigurasi Summarization
Manual configuration is required with the use ofnewer routing protocols
Each of the routing protocols deal with it in a slightlydifferent way
All routing protocols employ some level of automaticsummarisation depending on the routing protocolbehavior (be cautious about it)
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Discontiguous Networks
A network not using routing protocol that support VLSMcreates problem Router will not know where to send the traffic
Creates routing loop or duplication
Summarisation is not advisable to network that are
discontiguous Turn off summarisation
Alternative solution but understand the scaling limitation
Find ways to re-address the network
Can create disastrous situation
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Discontiguous Network
In classful routing those subnets are not advertisedto different part of the network because of theautomatic bit boundary assumptions
Those network subnets are not visible to each other
C
192.168.32.4
192.168.32.0
BA
172.168.0.0
172.168.100.4
172.168.0.0
Frame Relay192.169.0.0
IP datagramDA=172.168.100.4SA=192.168.32.4
Router C
Routing TableNetwork Next Hop Outgoing
172.168.0.0 ????? ?????
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Routing Protocol
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Apakah itu Routing Protocol?
A set of rules defined to facilitate the exchangesof routing information between routers (Layer 3device) inside networks
Build routing tables dynamicallyto let the route
find its path in a network having more than onepath to a remote network.
Maintains the devices connectivity within thenetwork about the available network connections.
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Perilaku Routing Protocol
Mechanism to update Layer 3 routing devices, toroute the data across the best path
Learnsparticipating routers advertised routes toknow their neighbors
Learned routes are stored inside the routing table
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Kebutuhan dalam Routing
Activation of the protocolsuite from such deviceparticipating the network
Knowledge of the network destination
Must have available entry in the routing table
Must have valid and current route entry
Interface presenting the best route path
Outbound interface with the lowest metric path
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Informasi dalam Routing Table
Network Field Outgoing Interface
Metric Field
Next-hop field
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Network Field
Contains information of entries Networks learned (destination logical network or subnets)
Manually (static or default routes)
Dynamically (learned from routing protocol as dynamic routes)
Information recorded is the entry where to forward trafficto its destination when the datagram is received
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Outgoing Interface Field
Interface to where the router sends the datagram Informs the administrator of interface where the
update came through
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Metric Field
To determinte which path to use if there are multiplepaths to the remote network
Provide the value to select the best path
But take note the administrative distance selection
process
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Routing protocol metrics
Routing protocol Metric
RIPv2 Hop count
EIGRP Bandwidth, delay, load, reliability, MTU
OSPF Cost (the higher the bandwidth indicates alowest cost)
IS-IS Cost
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Administrative distance
Is the method used for selection of route priorityof IP routing protocol, the lowest administrativedistance is preferred Manually entered routes are preferred from dynamically
learned routes Static routes
Default routes
Dynamically learned routes depend on the routingprotocol metric calculation algorithm and defaultmetrics values the smallest metric value are preferred
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Next hop field
Destination address of the next forwarding router Address of the next hop (outgoing interface) usually within
the same subnet
Identify the next hop so that the router can create the
layer2 frame with the destination address
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Routing table updates
Routing table entry accuracy is required makesure of the following: Table entry are current and correct New networks are inserted in the table Best path is available to reach the destination network
Alternative routes are available to reach the destinationnetwork Networks that is no longer available should not be seen
in the routing table
Depends on the routing protocol
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Routing decisions
The main goal of the routing decision is to maintainavalid and free from routing loop to the destination networkregardless of whether it is single path or multiple path
The decision is made base on the metric value in therouting table
sum of the metrics associated with the default routing protocolvalue and the intermediate connections
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Types of routing protocols
Routing protocol are essentially application insidethe router to designed to ensure correct and timelyexchange of information within the network
IP routing protocol has several distinctions which can
be divided into different groups The first is the group is on how the routing protocol
handles the subnet mask sent during the routing update
The early routing protocol doesnt support this but the
newer ones like (RIP2, OSPF, ISIS, BGP4) supports it,
this distinction is called classful and classless
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Classful routing protocol (obsolete)
Periodic updates is done by the routing protocol does not carry subnet or routing mask because the
assumption is always based on network bit boundaries
does not support VLSM which makes it inefficient foraddressing the network
This was obsolete for long time but for knowledgepurposes there are two protocols design for it.
RIPv1
IGRP It has created constrains to the IP network design
due to its limitations
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Classless routing protocol
Classless routing protocol was designed toovercome the constraint from classful
OSPF
IS-IS
EIGRP (Cisco) BGP
leads also to the development of RIP2
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Characteristics of classless
Support for different subnets mask value Routers can be configured to have different subnet mask
(VLSM)
Supports routes summarisation
Manual configuration Supports for Classless Interdomain Routing (CIDR)
architecture
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Routing Protocol by AS
Interior Gateway Protocol RIP
OSPF
GGP
HELLO IGRP
EIGRP
Exterior Gateway Protocol
BGP EGP
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Kuis
Routing Table? Aggregate?
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Problem Solving, Pemicunya Ibaratnya kalian adalah team it consultant yang diminta untuk mendesain jaringan komputer di
kampus UII, kebutuhan dari UII adalah untuk memberikan fasilitas kepada mahasiswa
Kondisi UII
Belum terkon
Terdiri dari fakultas FTSP, FMIPA, FTI, FK
Ada kemungkinan pengembangan jaringan
Kebutuhannya berupa
Layanan SIM dan internet gratis dengan login
Layanan jaringan baik menggunakan kabel dan hospot hingga ke fakultas
Antara jaringan umum untuk akses internet dengan jaringan khusus untuk akses SIM, terproteksi
Dilakukan filter juga untuk akses internet
Dosen atau karyawan yang akan bekerja dari rumah diberikan jalur private agar dalam terhubung kejaringan lokal UII
Perlu pengaturan Alokasi bandwidth untuk akses ke internet
Identifikasi dan buatkan gambaran tentang
Desain jaringan
Alokasi IP Address Router dan Server-Server yang dibutuhkan
Service yang harus ada
Dikumpulkan dalam bentuk file presentasi, dan dipresentasikan