Migration part 2

Characteristics of Refugees

• Move with only what they can carry or easily transport.

• Most move first on foot, bicycle, wagon or open boat-very low tech. transport.

• Most have no official documentation such as passports, identification or other official papers.

An Example of Forced Migration-The Trail of Tears

From 12 to 30 million Africans were forced from their homelands in the 18th century. It took

generations to restore the population balance.

Regions of Dislocation-Africa• Endemic African

Problems:• Weak and corrupt

governments.• Lack of national

cohesion.• Lack of a democratic

tradition• Historic ethnic

conflicts• Excessive number of

weapons left over from the Cold War.

• Sub-Saharan Africa-over 8 million official international refugees-the largest # in the world.

• Collapse of order in Somalia

• Civil Wars in Liberia and Sierra Leone

• Sudan’s civil war• Rwanda massacres

and economic disaster.

The Sudan –Fighting in the Darfur region of the Sudan has generated thousands of refugees. In eastern Chad, the Iridimi refugee camp is home to almost 15,000 refugees from the Darfur province, including the women in this photo.

Regions of Dislocation• South West & Central

Asia:• Kurds in Iraq, Turkey

and Syria displaced during Gulf Wars.

• Palestinians displaced by several wars with Israel.

• Afghanistan-many refugees during the long Soviet occupation, Taliban regime and war.

• South and South East Asia:

• Civil War in Sri Lanka-Tamils versus Sinahlese

• Vietnam and Cambodia after the Vietnam War

• Myanmar (Burma) military rule has driven many to exile.

Major Modern Migrations

• Europe to North America & South America• Africa to the Americas (Slave Trade)• UK to Australia, New Zealand• India to East Africa, SE Asia

• China to SE Asia• Eastern US to Western US

• Western Russia to Eastern Russia

Review World Regions for Test

Trans-Siberian Railway increased migration to the east.

International Migration – Movement across country borders (implying a degree of

permanence).

Historic US Migration• Westward to the frontier.• Black migration to

northern cities in WWI and WWII period

• 1950s, 60s Cubans to Florida from Castro’s Cuba

• In recent decades the migration from the Rust belt to the Sunbelt took place.

• Some blacks returned to the South

Waves of Immigration-US 1820-2001

Changing immigration laws, and changing push and pull factors create waves of immigration.

National Migration Flows• Also known as internal migration

- eg. US, Russia, Mexico

Post-September 11

Guest Workers

• Guest workers – migrants whom a country allows in to fill a labor need, assuming the workers will go “home” once the labor need subsides.

- have short term work visas- send remittances to home country- France-many from Algeria- Germany-many from Turkey, Eastern

Europe

The End