Migration and Industrialization

Chpt 13-14Pages 406-506

Chapter 13 Changes on Western Front

• Native Americans and Culture on Great Plains

• Believed land could not be owned

• Discovery of Gold - Colorado – 1858

• 1850s changed policies/treaties over land

Indian Wars 1860s-1880s

• Treaty of Fort Laramie• Sioux Indians agreed to live on

reservations along Missouri River• Sitting Bull was never signed treaty• Gold Rush – Black Hills Mts • Clash b/w Indians and Colonel

George Custer• Summer 1876 Custer’s Last Stand• a.k.a Battle of Little Big Horn

• Sitting Bull surrender 1881

• Assimilation and Dawes Act (1887) aimed at “Americanize” Native Americans

• Took Indian land and divided into allotments for individual Indians

• Impact – ended communal holding of property, which ensured all Indians a home and a place in the tribe

• Indian land depleted to 150 million acres to 78 million acres

• What was really devastating for Indians?– Dying off of the Buffalo

• Source of food, clothing, shelter, and fuel

• 1890 less than 1000

• Battle of Wounded Knee 1890• Sioux Indians were suffering

starvation/disease• Ghost Dance performed in hope of revival• Sitting Bull (leader)• Custer’s old regiment, rounded up 350

Indians took them to Wounded Knee Creek in S.D.

• Unknown shot fired, soldiers opened fire• Within minutes, 300 Indians slaughtered• This “ended” Indians wars….

• Cattle Becomes Big Business• After the War, beef huge demand, as more

moved into the cities; along with growth of RR from Texas to Midwest

• Map on page 415• Cattle Trails

• Legends of the West–Buffalo Bill’s Wild West

Show–Wild Bill–Calamity Jane–Annie Oakley–Sitting Bull

Settling of Great Plains• RR open the West • Union Pacific moved West and Central

Pacific moved East – yes, it was a race!• Homestead Act• 160 acres free land to any citizen • 600,000 families took this offer• Only 10% of intended land of

settlement was used way it was intended (corruption/poor management, difference in land quality)

• Morrill Act (1862, 1890)• Gave federal land to states to help

finance agricultural colleges• 1862, Iowa State Ag College and

Model Farm eventually renamed to ISU

• 1890, created colleges and universities intended for African Americans

Populist Movement

• Problems for Farmers• Crops failing• Mortgage farms manage debt• Land was becoming scarce• Couldn’t make payments on loans• High shipping prices on RR (grain)

• Farmers’ Alliance – sympathizers

• Membership 4 million• Populism – “People’s Party”,

movement of the people• Reform! Lift the burden of

debt from farmers and other workers, bigger voice in gov’t

• What did they want? (page 427)

Chapter 14 Industrial Age

• Transcontinental Railroad• Union Pacific moved West (blue)• Central Pacific moved East (red)

Chapter 15-16• Ellis and Angel Island• Melting Pot– Myth many returned to

home land within 5 yrs• Chinese Exclusion Act– Suspended immigration

from China for 10 yrs – became permanent in 1902 (repealed 1943)

• Civil Service Reform– Replaced Spoils System “reward

system”• Pendleton Civil Service Act

replaced reward system and now based on merit –qualifications because

• President Garfield Assassinated by angry office job seeker in 1881

Wright Brothers - 1903• Kitty Hawk, NC

Changes Every Day Life• Mass production• Montgomery Ward opened – 1st catalog with

150 items• Sears and Roebuck Co.• Campbell's Soup, Nabisco, Coca-Cola• Woolworth and “five and dime” stores• 1903 First World Series game – baseball• Modern Boxing endorsed by Teddy Roosevelt• NY Coney Island Amusement Park

• Booker T. Washington– He believed blacks should

concentrate on economic self improvement rather than social equality and civil rights

• Tuskegee University 1882– Agricultural and Vocational

training school in Alabama• W. E. B. Du Bois– He believed education was key

to equality and voting rights

• Jim Crow Laws• Poll Tax & Grandfather Clause– Tax to vote– Literacy Tests– Grandfather – could only vote if

their father or grandfather had voted in the past

– Majority southern states made it extremely difficult for blacks to vote

• Plessy v. Ferguson 1896– Legal Segregation– “Separate by Equal” clause

Chpt 17-18• Progressive Movement• Prohibition – booze was the

evil of society– Supported by Protestant

churches– 18th Amendment - 1920– Repealed by 21st Amendment in

1933

Women’s Movement• Susan B Anthony• Suffrage and 19th Amendment

effective in 1920

• President McKinley assassinated in 1901 by anarchist V.P. Teddy Roosevelt took over at age 42

• Roosevelt’s “Square Deal”• Approach to social problems,

big business, and labor union• He distinguished b/w “good”

and “bad”• Preferred regulating BIG

BUSINESSES

• Regulating Food and Drugs – Meat Inspection Act– Pure Food & Drug Act

• Conservation Reform– Avid hunter himself– Set aside millions of acres

as national forest lands• NAACP

• President Taft (Republican)

• Bull Moose Party– Teddy returned hunting trip

Africa– Progressive Party became

known as Bull Moose Party – Roosevelt “as strong as a bull moose”

– Split in Republican party– Wilson clear WINNER –

Democrat in office

President Wilson (1912-1921)

• Imperialism– Stronger nations extend their

economic, political, or military control over weaker territories

• Hawaii (1959)• Interest since 1840s• Sugar plantations• Permission naval base at

Pearl Harbor 1887• Territory in 1898

Age of Imperialism

• Raw materials – need to feed the factories• European Markets, Hawaii, and

South/Central America• Feelings of racial and cultural

superiority

Spanish American War 1989-1899• Out interest in Cuba-colony of

Spain• Yellow Journalism– Writing style exaggerates news to

LURE and enrage readers– Kinda like tabloids today

• U.S.S. Maine– Letter leaked to press, insulting

President McKinley “weak”– American resentment towards

Spain increased

• In response• McKinley ordered U.S.S.

Maine to Cuba to bring home American citizens in danger

• 1898 – ship blew up in Havana’s harbor

• 260 men killed• Congress declares WAR in

April

• Fighting actually began in Philippines – other side of the world

• George Dewey• Fired upon every Spanish fleet and

was victorious within in hours• Filipinos wanted freedom from

Spain just like Cubans and were willing to fights along side Americans

• Back in Cuba• American forces landed in

Santiago, Cuba – June of 1898• Rough Riders – volunteer cavalry

under command of Teddy Roosevelt along with African American regiments

• San Juan Hill – famous battle Teddy famous but played a minor role

• Treaty of Paris – ended war in Dec. 1898

Results of War

• Spain freed Cuba• Guam and Puerto Rico to U.S. as territories• Sold Philippines also

• Many Americans uncertain of our annexation of these territories and role of the U.S.

• Philippines gateway to Asia and it’s markets• Open Door Policy – no single nation would

have a monopoly on trade with any part of China

• Boxer Rebellion – group against America’s role “foreign devils”

• McKinley, Roosevelt, & Wilson continue to exert its power around the globe

• President Teddy Roosevelt– 1901 after McKinley’s assassination

• Panama Canal (began 1904)

• Bought construction “process” from French company for $40 million

• Colombia ruled Panama – fighting broke out

• U.S. paid Panama $10 million plus annual rent $250,000 Canal Zone

• Open in 1914

Roosevelt Corollary • U.S. would use force to protect its economic

interest in Latin America – this comes after Monroe Doctrine (early 1800s)

• President Wilson gave a moral twist to it – “missionary diplomacy”

Results – turn of the Century

1. Expanded access to foreign markets ensure growth

2. Built modern navy3. Exercised international police power

to ensure dominance in Latin America