Mid-Term Study Guide Answers

Chapters 1-9~ 2014 Exam

Chapter 1

1. What does Stoic mean?

• Believed that a divine intelligence ruled all of nature.

• Brave, courageous, smart, good character

2. Three Economic Reasons why Roman Empire Collapsed.

• 1. Unemployment

• 2. Taxes

• 3. Decline in Trade

Chapter 2

3. Three Facts about Charlemagne

• 1. Crowned Holy Roman Emperor

• 2. Ruled the Franks from 768 to 814 c.e.

• 3. United the Christian lands of Europe.

4. What is the main job of a vassal?

• Protection to a lord and promises to be loyal to that lord. Gave the lord money and food as well as knights in times of need.

5. Know the dates of the following:

• Fall of Rome: 476 c.e.

• Clovis rules the Franks: 481 c.e.• Charlemagne crowned Holy Roman Emperor: 800 c.e.• Feudalism established in England: 1066 c.e.

6. Why did the Roman Empire Fall?

• Political instability (no central government), economic problems (money issues) and weak frontiers (barbarians attacked).

Chapter 3

7. Three Facts about Catholic Church

• 1. Largest land holder in Europe. Owned valuable property & land.

• 2. Everything evolved (centered) around the church.

• 3. Church Officials were leaders in the government.

• 4. 1/10 (tithe) of someone’s earnings went to the church.

8.Where might a Christian pilgrim go during the Middle Ages?

• A cathedral or any other sacred place known to Christians.

9. Why was the Catholic Church so powerful?

• Has the power to excommunicate (kick out someone from church), to abolish (get rid of) selling of official positions and prohibiting (not allowing) bishops electing kings to powerful positions within the church.

10. Why would a church official need to be educated?

• To read from the Bible. To teach others about religion and to help with governmental duties.

Chapter 4

11. Why were many medieval towns built by rivers & trade routes?

• By River: for protection and trade

• By Trade Routes: to help their towns prosper through traveling merchants.

12. What group of people continued to thrive not only in politics, but also

economics?• Merchants

13. What does “Specialization” mean in the world of trade?

• It allows a craftsperson of a certain area to concentrate in one thing so they are known for that craft.

Chapter 5

14. What was the key event for commoners to have a voice in

England?

• King Edward’s I model parliament.

15. What document gave power to the nobles that a king could not take

away?

• Habeas corpus

• Magna Carta

16. Why did commoners have a voice in many areas after the black plague?

• The plague caused many workers to demand for more money and power since too many people had died. These people were also able to acquire land that was left abandoned after its owner died.

17. During the Hundred Years’ War, which group lost the most power and which group gained the most power?

• Lost: Lords

• Gained: Commoners & Monarchs

Chapter 6

18. What was the capital of the Byzantine Empire?

• Constantinople

19. What is Justinian’s Code?

• He took many laws from the Romans and changed them to fit his Empire in the Western world.

• Systematic Body of Law

20. What is the significance of the dome in many of the churches in the

Byzantine Empire?

• The dome represents heaven.

21. Give three examples of the Constantinople’s geography.

• 1. It is surrounded on three sides of water.

• 2. It was located at the crossroads of Europe and Asia.

• 3. It had a harbor that could easily be blocked against enemy ships.

22. Who was responsible for rebuilding Constantinople after a riot

that was meant for its emperor?

• Justinian

Chapter 7

23. Although Arabs living on the Arabian peninsula were not united as a nation, they were in what two ways?

• 1. Cultural

• 2. Language

24. Who are the “people of the book” according to Muslims and why?

• Jews and Christians because they also believed in one God.

25. Muhammad taught that the rich should share their wealth with the poor, why did this upset leaders in

Mecca?

• Leaders in Mecca were controlling the wealth and didn’t want to give any to the poor.

26. What does the word “Muslim” mean?

• Muslim means one who surrenders to God.

27. Explain who the Sunni & the Shi’a Muslims felt should be the next “leader” of the Islamic religion.

• Sunnis believe that the best “man” for the job should be the next leader. A Council should pick the leader.

• Shi’a believe that only descendants (relatives) of Muhammad should be the next leader.

Chapter 8

28. Explain why Islam is considered more than a religion, but rather a way

of life for Muslims.

• Muslims have to follow the rules of Islam throughout their lives. For instance, they can’t gamble, eat pork, or drink alcohol.

• They must also follow the 5 Pillars of Faith/Islam.

29. What is jihad?

• Jihad means to overcome struggle and to strive to overcome challenges.

30. What are the Five Pillars of Islam? Make sure you explain what each

means as well.

• 1st Pillar: Shahadah: Declaring Faith• 2nd Pillar: Salat: Daily prayer• 3rd Pillar: Zakat: Giving Charity to the Poor• 4th Pillar: Siyam: Fasting during 9th month of the

Islamic calendar. • 5th Pillar: Hajj: Pilgrimage to Makkah.

31. What standards did the Qur’an and Muhammad set for Muslims’ conduct

during war?

• Muslim fighters must not mutilate (remove or destroy) the dead bodies of enemies, nor harm women, children, the elderly, and civilians.

32. What values does Shari’ah promote?

• The Shari’ah promotes obedience to the Qur’an and respect for others.

33. How are these behaviors regulated in the Islamic religion?

(Can’t eat pork, drink alcohol, gamble)

• These are forbidden in the Islamic religion.

34. What does Ramadan encourage?

• Ramadan encourages generosity, equality, and charity within the Muslim community.

Chapter 9

35. What three cities became center of Islamic culture and learning?

• 1. Cairo, Egypt• 2. Cordoba, Spain• 3. Baghdad, Iraq

36. Why was learning important to the Muslims?

• Learning is important because Muhammad stated, “The ink of scholars is more precious than the blood of martyrs.” Meaning it is more important to learn than it is to be good a fighting.

37. What does Islamic art include? What does it NOT include?

• Includes: calligraphy, geometric shapes

• Does Not Include: animals or humans because only God can create something that is alive.

38. How did Muslims accept other culture’s ideas?

Muslims accepted and embraced other culture’s ideas. They often spread other’s ideas ways of life to other

areas.

Vocabulary Review

39. Natural Law

• The concept that there is a universal order built into nature that can guide moral thinking.

40. serf

• A peasant bound to the land and subject to the will of its owner

41. Vassal

• A person under the protection of a feudal lord to whom he has vowed homage and fealty

42. crusader

• A person who fought during the crusades to win back the Holy Land from the Muslims.

• A crusader would wear a tunic (covering) which a red cross on it.

43. pilgrim

• A person that goes on a sacred journey for penance (forgiveness), to cure the sick or to worship at different holy sites.

44. monk

• A man who has taken a solemn vow to devote his life to prayer and service in a monastery.

45. feudalism

• The economic and political system that developed in Europe during the Middle Ages.

46. Magna Carta

• A written agreement from 1215 that limited the English king’s power and strengthened the rights of nobles.

47. guild

• An organization of people who work in the same craft or trade.

48. charter

• A written grant of rights and privileges by a ruler or government to a community, class of people, or organization.

49. hierarchy

• A system of organizing people into ranks, with those of higher rank having more power and privileges.

50. pilgrimage

• A journey to a holy site.

51. heretic

• A person who holds beliefs that are contrary to the teachings of a church or other group.

52. philosophy

• The study of wisdom and knowledge

• A scholar or thinker (philosopher)

53. persecute

• To cause a person to suffer because of his or her beliefs

54. excommunicate

• To formally deprive a person of membership in a church

55. habeas corpus

• The principle that accused persons cannot be held in jail without the consent of a court

56. Mecca

• Birthplace of Muhammad

• Location of the Ka’ba

57. chivalry

• The medieval knight’s code of ideal behavior, including bravery, loyalty, and respect for women

58. polytheist

• A person who believes in more than one god

59. caliph

• A title taken by Muslim rulers who claimed religious authority to rule

60. monarch

• A ruler, such as a king or a queen

61. barter

• To buy and sell by trading goods or services rather than money

62. trade

• The business of buying and selling or exchanging items

63. monotheist

• A person who believes in a single god

64. prophet

• A person who speaks or interprets for God to other people

65. Ka’ba

• A cube shaped shrine located in Mecca.

• Built by Abraham to honor one god.

66. scribe

• A person trained to write or copy documents by hand

67. economic

• Relating to, or based on the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services

68. military

• Of or relating to soldiers, arms, or war

69. political

• Of or relating to government, a government, or the conduct of government

70. social

• Of or relating to human society, the interaction of the individual and the group, or the welfare of human beings as members of society

71. peninsula

• A portion of land nearly surrounded by water and connected with a larger body by an isthmus; also : a piece of land jutting out into the water whether with or without a well-defined isthmus

72. nomad

• A person who moves from place to place, often in search of water and vegetation.

73. hajj

• A pilgrimage to the Ka’ba located in Makkah.

74. Salat

• The 2nd Pillar which means that Muslims must prayer 5 times a day and face towards Makkah.

75. Siyam

• This is the 4th Pillar which is the ritual fast. During the Siyam, Muslims do not eat from sunrise to sunset during Ramadan.