Introduction to the Microscope

CarePartsFocusing

• Always carry with 2 hands

• Only use lens paper for cleaning

• Do not force knobs

• Always store covered

• Keep objects clear of desk and cords

• Place the Slide on the Microscope

• Use Stage Clips • Click Nosepiece to the lowest

(shortest) setting• Look into the Eyepiece• Use the Coarse Focus

• Follow steps to focus using low power

• Click the nosepiece to the longest objective

• Do NOT use the Coarse Focusing Knob

• Use the Fine Focus Knob to bring the slide

What can you find on your slide?

• Simple

• Compound

• Stereoscopic

• Electron

Simple Microscope

• Similar to a magnifying glass and has only one lense.

Compound Microscope

• Lets light pass through an object and then through two or more lenses.

Stereoscopic Microscope

• Gives a three dimensional view of an object. (Examples: insects and leaves)

Electron Microscope

• Uses a magnetic field to bend beams of electrons; instead of using lenses to bend beams of light.

A Lense

• Enlarges an image and bends the light toward your eye.

Eyepiece Lense

Usually has a power of 10 x

Eyepiece Lense

X

Objective Lense

=

Total Magnification

Low Power = 4 x

Medium Power = 10 x

High Power = 40 x

CLASSIFICATIONS OF MICROSCOPE

•OPTICAL

•ELECTRON

OPTICAL MICROSCOPE

• MAGNIFICATION POWER IS LIMITED BY THE SMALLEST WAVE LENGTH ( 4000 ANGSTROMS)

• 1 ANGSTROM= 1 X 10-10 m.

•ANTON VAN LEEUWENHOEK-

•Invented the first optical microscope

ELECTRON MICROSCOPE

• USES ELCTRON TO LIGHT AN OBJECT. THIS TYPE OF MICROSCOPE CAN RSOLVE MUCH SMALLER OBJECTS DOWN TO A WAVELENGHT OF 0.5 ANGSTROM

LOUIS DE BROGLIE

• DEVELOPED ELECTRON MICROSCOPE

• TOGETHER WITH GEORGE THOMSON

ERNST RUSKA

• MADE THE FIRST CRUDE ELECTRON MICROSCOPE .

TYPES OF OPTICAL MICROSCOPE

• 1. SIMPLE MICROSCOPE–TH SIMPLEST FORM OF

MICROSCOPE WHICH CONSISTS OF ONE DOUBLE CONVS LENS WITH A SHORT FOCAL LENGTH . THE LENS IS CAPABEL OG MAGNIFYING AN OBJECT FROM 15 X TO 2000X

COMPOUND MICROSCOPE

• USES VISIBLE LIGHT TO PRODUCE A MAGNIFID IMAGE OF AN OBJECT

• COMPOSED OF OBJECTIVE LENS AND OCULAR LENS.

SPECIAL PURPOSE OF OPTICAL MICROSCOPE

• STEOREOSCOPIC M ICROSCOPE–PRODUCES A 3-

DIMENSIONAL IMAGE THAT HAS ITS RIGHT SIDE UP

ULTRAVIOLET MICROSCOPE

• USES ULTRAVIOLET Wavelength OF THE SPECTRUM INSTAD OF VISIBLE WAVELENGTH.

PETROGRAPHIC MICROSCOPE

• USED TO IDENTIFY AND ESTIMATE THE MINERAL CONTENT OF IGNEOUS AND MTAMORPHIC ROCKS.

DARK FIELD MICROSCOPE

• USES LIGHTING IN THE FORM OF A HOLLOW INTENSE CONE OF LIGHT CONCENTRATD ON TH SPECIMEN.

TYPES OF ELECTRON MICROSCOPE

• 1. SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPE

- USING ELECTRONS TO MAGNIFY OBJECTS.

- 100000 UP TO A MILLION TIMES.

TRANSMISSION ELECTRON M ICROSCOPE

•CAPABLE UP TO 1 MILLION TIMES MAGNIFICATION

Eyepiece

Body Tube

Revolving NosepieceArm

Objective Lens

StageStage Clips

Coarse Focus

Fine Focus

Base

Diaphragm

Light

Microscope

One or more lense that makes an enlarged image of an object.

STAND•MADE OF HEAVY FOOT AND A HORSE- SHOE SHAPED BASE THAT SUPPORTS THE MICROSCOPE

BODY TUBE• CYLINDRICAL PART

WHERE THE LENSES ARE ATTACHED AND CAN BE RAISED OR LOWERED FOR BETTER FOCUSING.

COARSE ADJUSTMENT KNOB

• THIS IS DONE AFTR THE OBJECTIVE LENS IS LOWERE NEAR THE OBJECT.

FINE ADJUSTMENT KNOB

•FOR FURTHER FOCUSING OF AN OBJECT

STAGE

• A PLATFORM WITH AN OPENING TO LET THE LIGHT PASS WHERE THE SPECIMEN IN A GLASS SLID IS PLACED.

STAGE CLIPS

•KEEP THE GLASS SLIDE IN PLACE SO THAT IT WILL NOT MOVE.

ARM•CONNECTS THE BAS AND STAGE WITH THE TUBE

OPTICAL PARTS

•1. DRAW TUBE

•- HOLDS THE EYEPIECE

EYEPIECE

• LOCATED AT THE TOP OF THE BODY TUBE. IT IS THE PART WHER YOU PEEP DURING AN OBSERVATION

OBJECTIVES

•LENS LOCATED NEAR TH OBJCT MAGNIFIS UP TO 90 X

• 4X- LOW POWRED

• 10 X- MEDIUM POWERED

• 40 X- HIGHPOWERED

• 100X- OIL IMMERSION

REVOLVING NOSE PIECE

LOCATED AT THE BOTTOM OF THE BODY TUBE WHICH CARRIES THE MAGNIFYING LENSES OBJECTIVES

MIRROR

• USED TO FOCUS RAYS OF THE LIGHT SOURCE TOWARD THE OBJECT

DIAPHRAGM

•CONTROLS THE AMOUNT OF LIGHT THAT NTRS TH STAGE OPENING

CONDENSER LENS

• USED TO FURTHER CONTROL THE LIGHT AS NEEDED.

•OTHER TOOLS USED IN SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATIONS

AUTOCLAVE• LIKE AN OVEN USED

TO STRELIZE CONTAINERS , INSTRUMENTS AND OTHER MATRIALS USED IN EXPERIMENT

CENTRIFUGE• A MACHINE USED TO SEPARATE COMPONENTS OF A MIXTURE SOLIDS AND LIQUIDS

•IT ROTATES VERY FAST AND BY CENTRIFUGAL FORCE THE SOLIDS ARE EITHER PRECIPITATED OR SEPARATED FROM THE MIXTURE

COMPUTER• THIS IS AN INDESPENSABLE

TOOL IN ANY RESEARCH. IT CAN STORE DATA, ACQUIR INFORMATION FAST VIA INTERNET, MAKS INTRPRETS GRAPHS VERY FAST

SPECTROPHOTOMETER

• SPECTROMETER- PRODUCE LIGHT OF ANY COLOR

• PHOTOMETER- MEASURES INTNSITY OF LIGHT