Post on 03-Jun-2018
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Michael Faraday first proposed the idea in his "Bakerian lecture for 18
Royal Society.
The first practical MHD power research was funded in 1938 in the U.S
Westinghouse in its Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania laboratories, headed by
karlovitz.
The initial patent on MHD is by B. Karlovitz, U.S.Patent No. 2,210,918
for the Conversion of Energy", August 13, 1940. Toward the end of the 1960s, interest in MHD declined because nucle
was becoming more widely available.
In the late 1970s, as interest in nuclear power declined, interest in MH
increased. UNESCO became persuaded the MHD might be the most e
to utilise world coal reserves
In 2001 AIAA use MHD generators for supersonic flights
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The word magneto hydro dynamics (MHD) is derived from mmeaning magneticfield, and hydro- meaning liquid, and -dymeaning movement.
An MHD generator is a device for converting heat energy ofdirectly into electrical energy without conventional electric g
MHD power generation is a new system of electric power gewhich is said to be of high efficiency and low pollution.
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The direct energy conversion methods that nowadays are taken intoin terms of industrial application are:
Direct energy conversion stages
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It is well known that when two systems at different temperatplaced together, both will reach a final temperature which is
the initial temperature of the two systems. It can be said tha
transferred between the system and the outside world (of th
system) as a result of temperature difference only. As a resul
can be measured, and a unit of heat can be defined as the henecessary for the production of a standard change in temper
One of the important unit of heat is the calorie. One calorie(
quantity of heat necessary to raise the temperature of 1 g of
from 14.5C to 15.5C. The heat capacity C is an important
characteristic of body
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In a simple heat engine, heat is extracted from a sourcetemperature and rejected to another source at a lower tempe
with a useful work output. the heatQhfrom the boiler, which
temperature Th, is transferred to a heat engine, and heatQci
transferred from the engine to the radiator, which is at a lowetemperatureTc. For an engine to operate indefinitely, it shou
to its initial state periodically after following a certain cycle; fr
first law (dU= 0).
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Plasma is a state of the matter similar to gas, in which a part of molare ionized. Usually the plasmas are subdivided into several typolog
pending on the temperature level. The behavior of the plasma is rat
ferent from that of neutral fluid, because electromagnetic forces aff
dynamics of the particles. For increasing values of temperature, the
firstlypasses from a solid to a liquid state, then to a neutral gas and
risingdegree of ionization. Depending on such ionization degree we
speak ofcold plasma, thermonuclear plasma and fusion plasma.
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In a plasma, the kinetic energy of electrons and ions is greater thanionization potential, and for that it can subsist in equilibrium condit
The presence in the gas of both positive and negative charged parti
the dynamic behavior of the gas rather different with respect to a n
gas, due to the presence of long range forces. For this reason it is no
to take into account only collisions when one consider the interacti
particles. On the contrary, sometimes the collisions can be neglecte
approximation, the dynamic being well described only consideringe
magnetic interactions . The two independent characteristics of a pla
the charged particle density n and the temperature T.
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The underlying principle of MHD power generation is e
simple. Typically, an electrically conducting gas is produced at
pressure by combustion of a fossil fuel. The gas is then directe
through a magnetic field, resulting due to the Hall effect. The
system constitutes a heat engine, involving an expansion of thfrom high to low pressure in a manner similar to that employ
conventional gas turbo-generator.
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. In the MHD system, the kinetic energy of the gas is convertdirectly to electric energy as it is allowed to expand.
The induced EMF is given by:
The force acting on the particle is given by:
Where:
u = velocity of the conductor(Particle).B = magnetic field intensity.Q = Charge of conductor.
E = u x B
F = Q . (u x B)
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The MHD systems are broadly classified into two types:
OPEN CYCLE SYSTEM
CLOSED CYCLE SYSTEM
Seeded inert gas system
Liquid metal system
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The conversion efficiencyof a MHD system can be around 50% much hig
compared to the most efficient steam plants. Still higher efficiencies are
future, around 6065 %, with the improvements in experience and tech
Large amount of power is generated.
It has no moving parts, so more reliable.
The closed cycle system produces power, free of pollution.
The sizeof the plant is considerably smaller than conventional fossil fuel
Although the cost cannot be predicted very accurately, yet it has been re
capital costs of MHD plants will be competitive to conventional steam pla
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It has been estimated that the overall operational costs in a plant would be a
less than conventional steam plants.
Direct conversion of heat into electricity With no need for a turbine(compar
gas turbine power plant) or both the boiler and the turbine (compared with
power plant) ,these cuts reduces losses of energy.
These systems permit better fuel utilization. The reduced fuel consumption w
additional economic and special benefits and would also lead toconservatio
resources.
Ability to reach the Maximum operating power very quickly.
It is possible to use MHD for peak power generations and emergency situatio
MHD equipment for such duties is simpler, has capability of generating powe
units and the ability to rapid start to full load.
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It is estimated that by 2020, almost 70 % of the total electricity generated in
will be from MHD generators.
Research and development is widely being done on MHD by different countworld.
Nations involved:
USA
Russia
Japan
China
Australia
Italy
Poland
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