MENG 344 Work Analysis and Design

Lotfi K. Gaafar

Key Contributors

Frederick Taylor

Under Taylor's management system, factories are managed through scientific methods rather than by use of the empirical "rule of thumb" so widely prevalent in the days of the late nineteenth century when F. W. Taylor devised his system and published "Scientific Management" in 1911.

Frederick Taylor

Taylor's core values: the rule of reason, improved quality, lower costs, higher wages, higher output, labor-management cooperation, experimentation, clear tasks and goals, feedback, training, mutual help and support, stress reduction, and the careful selection and development of people. He was the first to present a systematic study of interactions among job requirements, tools, methods, and human skill, to fit people to jobs both psychologically and physically, and to let data and facts do the talking rather than prejudice, opinions, or egomania.

Frederick Taylor

Father of scientific managementPrinciples

Develop a science for each element of work Select the best worker for each task Train the worker in the prescribed method Develop a spirit of cooperation between management

and labor Divide the work between management and labor into

equal shares, each doing what they do best

Taylor’s Contributions

Specified the work methodInstructed the operator in that methodMaintained standard conditions for

performing workSet time standard goalsPaid premiums for doing work as specified

Taylor’s Shoveling Experiment

before after study

No people 400-600 140

lb/shovel 3.5-38 21.5

Bonus no yes

Work unit teams individual

Cost/ton 7-8c 3-4c

Frank and Lillian Gilbreth

brought an engineer’s and psychologist’s skills to study the economy of movements

led to motion studywork simplification through elimination of

useless motions and wasteuse of flow diagrams, process charts, basic components of the motion pattern, or

therbligs

Frank Gilbreth

Born in 1871 in Fairfeild, Maine.Ambition to be a Construction Engineer.First job as a bricklayer.Introduced improvements in brick laying. Promoted to Foreman then superintendent.Became involved in the contracting

business.

Frank Gilbreth

Started contracting business in 1895.1911, started a firm of Consulting Industrial

Engineers.Gained international fame as a consultant.Had 12 children with Lillian Gilbreth.

Frank Gilbreth

Developed “time and motion” study as an approach to scientific management.

Motion study: finding the best method to perform a task.

Time study: establish work standards for a job.Used Cine camera in analysis.Constructed 3 dimensional models of motion

Frank Gilbreth

Devised several systems of analyzing work.Flow Process Chart breaking work into

basic elements of operations, inspections, transportations, storages and delays.

Frank Gilbreth

Developed “therbligs” e.g Grasp-begins when hand or body member touches an object, consists of gaining control of an object, ends when control is gained.

Therbligs held the stage for many years in work analysis.

Frank Gilbreth

The Principle of Motion EconomyLead to minimum effort and fatigue and

maximum achievement.Identified Two factors affecting job

execution: 1) Worker 2) Enviroment

Frank GilbrethContribution:

Workers were trained and placed in suitable areas of work.

Performance of the workers were monitored.Workers were restated if the were of low

performance.Believed in the value of questions and the need to

ask questions.

Frank Gilbreth

Scientific management was a philosophy of life achieved by cooperation of engineers, educators, physiologists, psychologists, psychiatrists, economists, sociologists, staticians and managers.

Died in 1924.

BiographyBiography

Lillian Moller GilbrethLillian Moller Gilbreth

Early Days and EducationDate of Birth: 24th of May 1878Place of Birth: Oakland, CaliforniaFirst Degree: BS degree in Literature (1900),

University of California (Berkeley)MS Degree: Literature (1902)Doctorate: Literature (got married)

Family Life and Career

Ph.D.: Psychology (4 children)Second degree: Engineering

(husband's encouragement)Partnership with her husband FrankDifference in their natures and its effect on business:

Frank:Frank: technical aspects of time managementtechnical aspects of time management Lillian:Lillian: human aspects of working efficiencyhuman aspects of working efficiency

Partnership with Lillian’s Husband

• Partnership lasted 20 years Partnership lasted 20 years • Shared work and ideasShared work and ideas• A sum up of their idea found in 2 booksA sum up of their idea found in 2 books

• ““Applied Motion Study ” Applied Motion Study ” • ““Fatigue Study”Fatigue Study”

Frank Bunker Frank Bunker GilbrethGilbreth

Radical Changes in Lillian’s Life• Husband’s early death (1924)Husband’s early death (1924)• Struggle with business career in convincing Struggle with business career in convincing

the companies of her ideas of efficiencythe companies of her ideas of efficiency• New techniques to perform household tasks New techniques to perform household tasks

(efficient kitchens)(efficient kitchens)

Lillian’s WorkApplying efficiency techniques for

handicapped to facilitate their livesDirecting doctors in treating patientsWrote on homemaking and parenting

““Living with Children”Living with Children” ““Homemaker and her Job”Homemaker and her Job” ““Foreman and Power Management in the Home”Foreman and Power Management in the Home”

Lillian’s Late Achievements

Education at the age of 50 MS in EngineeringMS in Engineering Doctorate in EngineeringDoctorate in Engineering

Served in the New Jersey State Board of RegentsDelegate to the World Power CongressProfessor at PurdueAdvisor for American PresidentsRetired at the age of 90Passing away at the age of 92

Lillian GilbrethLillian Gilbreth

Henry Ford

1896 Ford

Childhood:

Born in July 30, 1863

He lived in a prosperous family

Lived his childhood in a farm

At the age of 16 he left home to work

Building a career:First job as an apprentice machinist (1879).Returned to Greenfield Township and

marries Clara Bryant (1888).Worked in different factories in Detroit.Worked as an engineer for Edison

Illuminating Company(1891).

He completed his first automobile the Quadricycle.

Worked as chief engineer

and partner in Detroit

Automobile(1899).Establishment of Ford Motor

Company(1903).

Building a career:

Building a career: Introducing the Model T(1908).Mass productionThe moving assembly line(1913).Giving eighthour work.Edsel Ford was named the president of the

company(1919).Henry Ford Passed away(1947).