Post on 24-Feb-2016
description
New Testament
History and
Geography
New Testament History and GeographyMattathiasd. 166 BC
JudasHigh Priest165-162 BC
Eliezerd. 162 BC
Johnd. 160 BC
SimonHigh Priest142-135 BC
Mattathiasd. 134 BC
Judahd. 134 BC
John Hyrcanus IRuled
134-104 BC
JonathanHigh Priestd. 166 BC
Alexander JanneusRuled
103-76 BC
Antigonusd. 107 BCAlexandra
SalomeRuled
76-67 BC
Aristobulus IRuled
104-103 BC
Absalom?
Antipater Alexanderd. 53 BC
Hyrcanus IIHigh Priest / King75-66, 63-40 BC
Aristobulus IIRuled (POMPEY)
66-63 BC
AntigonusRuled
(UNDER PARTHIANS)40-37 BC
HEROD the Great
Ruled 37-4 BC Mariamne IMarried to
Herod the Great
Phasaelus
HEROD and the HASMONEANS
Contested the ThroneAlexandra
New Testament History and Geography
JUDEA, SAMARIA, AND IDUMEA ITUREA AND TRACHONITISGALILEE AND PEREA
ANTIPATER48 – 43 BC
“Procurator of Judea”Supporter of Hyrcanus II
PHASEAL43 – 40 BC
“Tetrarch of Judea”Killed during
Parthian invasion
Philip4 BC – AD 34
“Tetrarch”
Doris37 BC - Divorced
ANTIPATERRemoved as Heir
Mariamne (2)5 BC – Divorced
Jewish
HEROD PHILIP5 BC – Removed as Heir
Cleopatra“of Jerusalem”
Archelaus4 BC – AD 6
“Ethnarch of Judea”
Herod Antipas4 BC – AD 36“Tetrarch”
MalthakeSamaritan
II
III
IVWill
Will Will
HEROD AGRIPPA IAD 37 – 44
HEROD THE GREAT
43 – 37 BC“Tetrarch of Judea”
37 – 4 BC“King of Judea”
Mariamne (1)29 BC - Executed
Hasmonean
Salome
HEROD AGRIPPA II AD 50 – 92
***Last Herod!***
Bernice
ARISTOBULUS 7 BC ExecutedHasmonean
Herodias
Glaphyra
Salome
Herodias
I
Glaphyra
ALEXANDER7 BC ExecutedHasmoneanI
Herodias
NTHG
Archelaus“Ethnarch” of Judea, Samaria, and Idumea
Herod Antipas “Tetrarch” of Galilee and Perea
Philip “Tetrarch” of Iturea and Trachonitas
HEROD’S WILL
JUDEA
IDUMEA
SAMARIAPEREA
GALILEE
ITUREA
TRACHONITISDecapolis
New Testament History and Geography
Rise of Roman Control
The Demise of ArchelausJoint embassy of Jews and Samaritans complain of injusticeArchelaus is dismissed by Augustus and his estate is liquidatedAugustus Calls for another Census of JudeaThis census was carried out by Quirinius, Governor of Syria This apparently conflicts with Luke 2:2A Jewish man from Gamala rebelled over this census (Acts 5:37)This revolt was the beginning of the Zealots as a major party
New Testament History and Geography
Roman Governors Under AugustusCoponius as Governor (AD 6-9)First Roman Prefect of JudeaKept custody of High Priestly garments in Antonian FortressSeat of the Government is moved from Jerusalem to Caesarea
Roman governors resided in Jerusalem only during festivalsThis is why Pilate is in Jerusalem at the time of Jesus’ trial
Samaritan uprising occurs during Coponius’s ruleBones are spread in the sacred precincts of the TempleThis was likely an effort to defile the Jewish Temple in favor of their
ownThis adds to the Good Samaritan and the Samaritan woman at the
well
New Testament History and Geography
Roman Governors Under AugustusMarcus Ambivius (AD 9-12)Little is knownName might have been “Amphiboulos”
Annius Rufus (AD 12-15)In office when Augustus dies (August 19, AD 14)Replaced when the new Emperor comes to power
New Testament History and Geography
Rise of Tiberius Julius CaesarTiberius Claudius Nero/Tiberius Julius Caesar (AD 14-37)Mother divorced Claudius Nero and married Caesar Augustus
Marcus Vispasianus Agrippa was originally the heir-apparentAgrippa’s death put Tiberius next in line being the step-sonNote: Agrippa was close friends with Herod the Great
Tiberius was a good general but a bad emperorIt seems that Tiberius did not want to be Caesar
He moved to the Island of Capri after AD 26Did not attend any meetings of the senateSejanus, his commander of the Praetorian Guard, governed for him
New Testament History and Geography
Rise of Tiberius Julius CaesarSejanus and TiberiusSejanus was anti-Jewish in his policies and in practice
He expelled the Jews from RomeHe persecuted the Jews in Alexandria, EgyptSejanus is likely the one who appointed Pontius Pilate
Sejanus plotted to overthrow Tiberius in Tiberius’s absenceTiberius finds out and returns to Rome and has Sejanus executedSejanus supporters are also interrogated and executedThis might explain why the Jewish reference to Pilate as not being a “Friend of Caesar” was so effective in manipulating his decision
during the trial of Jesus since he was likely a supporter of Sejanus
New Testament History and Geography
Roman Governors Under TiberiusThe Change in Policy under TiberiusAugustus switched governors every three yearsTiberius gave governors much longer terms (parable of the flies)
Valerius Gratus (AD 15-26)Changed High Priest four times during his time as governor
The first High Priest he removed was Annas (Ananus in Josephus)The last High Priest he chose was Joseph Caiaphas
Changing the High Priest was likely a means of gaining money
New Testament History and Geography
Pontius PilatusThe Roman Standards AffairPilate secretly brought military standards into Jerusalem at nightThe people protested, following him back to CaesareaPilate threatens to have them executed
The Jews gathered lay their necks bare for the executioner Pilate, not wanting an early bloodbath, removed the standards
The Guilded Shields AffairPilate sought to dedicate Roman shields to be hung in the templeJews protest to Tiberius and Pilate is ordered to stand down
New Testament History and Geography
Pontius PilatusThe Temple Aquaduct AffairPilate secures funds from temple treasury to build an aquaduct
The aquaduct was a great benefit to the templePilate may even have done this as a political gesture of good will
Temple authorities saw it as a secular use of sacred fundsCrowds gather to protest and are forcibly broken upThis is likely what is referenced in Luke 13:1
New Testament History and Geography
Pontius PilatusPilate and the Trial of JesusSejanus, Pilate’s patron, falls from power in AD 31
Pilate’s fear of uprising and reprisals from Caesar may be due to his insecurity following the execution of his patron
The better choice for the trial of Jesus between AD 30 and 33 would more likely be the latterPilate is removed from power in AD 36Tradition has him being exiled to Vienne in Gaul (France)Tradition also has him committing suicide (sources are late)
New Testament History and Geography
Pontius PilatusPilate and ArcheologyArcheology had questioned the existance of Pontius PilateAn inscription found in Caesarea settled it showing that Pilate was clearly historical
TIBERIEVM VSPILATVS
ECTVSIVDEPONTIAPRAEF
…S
New Testament History and Geography
Gaius Julius Caesar Augustus GermanicusEmperor Caligula (AD 37-41)“Caligula” means “little combat boots” Nickname came from the mini uniform he wore as a child Rise to PowerSon of Germanicus, a famous Roman generalCaesar Augustus was his mother’s grandfatherHe was very popular with the people He promised change from the unpopular reign of TiberiusNote: One of his best friends was Herod Agrippa I (Herod of Acts 12)
New Testament History and Geography
Gaius Julius Caesar Augustus GermanicusDescent into MadnessCaligula did well in the first six months of his reignHe became deathly ill and came back a “new man”
Required the death of those who had promised their lives to the gods should he recoverAppointed his sister as heir, breeding many rumorsBuilt the ultimate bridge to nowhereHad himself deified while still alive and built a temple in his own honorDeified his sister upon her untimely deathEntertained every form of immorality
New Testament History and Geography
Gaius Julius Caesar Augustus GermanicusRoman Governor of JudeaMarcellus (Marrullus), who was appointed by TiberiusCaligula did not make changes to the governor of Judea Military Achievements Germania
Campaign is interrupted by conspiracyCaligula executes some of his high officials and returns to Rome
Britania Caligula marched his armies to the shores across from BritainHe orders his men to collect sea shells as spoil and returns to Rome
New Testament History and Geography
Gaius Julius Caesar Augustus GermanicusThe Assassination of Caligula/GaiusStabbed by Three Praetorian Guards in a secluded hallway.
Some of the Senate were in on the assassination plotOther members of the imperial line were also executed
Praetorian Guards placed Claudias into powerFirst of many power moves made by the Praetorian GuardThe Senate opposed Claudius at firstHerod Agrippa I helped to negotiate between the Claudius and the
Senate