Map Drawing skill - Tamil PPT

tiugl§fŸtê tuyh‰iw¥ òçªJbfhŸSjšm¿Kf«

tuyhW flªj fhy ãfœÎfis mt‰Wl‹ bjhl®òila, kåj®, Ïl«, fhy« Ït‰Wl‹ bjhF¤jë¡»wJ. vdnt kåj®, Ïl«, fhy« M»a _‹W TWfS« tuyh‰W¡F äfÎ« K¡»a«. Ïitna tuyh‰iw (History), fijæªJ (Story) ntWgL¤Â¡ fh£L»‹wd. xU ãfœéš Ï«_‹W TWfSŸ x‹W Ïšiy våD« mJ tuyhwhfhJ. vªj xU tuyh‰W¡ fU¤J«,ãfœÎ v‹d?ãfœ¤Âat® / ãfœéš g§Fbfh©lt® ah®? (kåj®)v§F ãfœªjJ? (Ïl«)v¥bghGJ ãfœªjJ? (fhy«)v‹w eh‹F édh¡fS¡F« éilfis¤ j‹df¤nj bfh©oU¡F« v‹gÂš Iaäšiy.

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• f‰wš mQFKiwfŸ gy ÏU¥ÃD« tuyh‰iw¥ bghU¤jtiu ãytiuglK« fhy¡nfhL« khzt®fël« f‰wiy¡ bfh©L brštÂš vëa mQFKiwahF«.

• ãytiugl« - xU ãfœÎ v§F, v¥nghJ, eilbg‰wJ v‹gij és¡»oD«, ‘Ïl¤Â‰nf’ K¡»a¤Jt« më¤J, tuyh‰W¡ fU¤ij¥ òçªJbfhŸs cjÎ»wJ.

• fhy¡nfhL - vªj ãfœÎ v¥nghJ, ahuhš, v§F eilbg‰wJ v‹gij vëÂš òçªJbfhŸs cjéoD« fhy¤Â‰nf K¡»a¤Jt« bfhL¡»wJ.

• t«rhtë tiugl«, ah® ahbušyh« v¥nghJ vªãy¥gFÂia M£Á brŒjd® v‹gij és¡»oD« M£Áahs®fS¡nf (kåj®)

gæ‰Áæ‹ neh¡f§fŸ

• tuyh‰W ãfœÎfis¡ F¿pLfŸ têahf ãy¥gl¤Âš F¿¤J¡fh£o és¡f« më¡F« Âw‹ bgWjš

• F¿¥Ã£l nguuÁ‹ gutiy ãytiugl¤Âš F¿¤J, t©z« Ô£o F¿¥ò vGJ« Âwid ts®¤jš

• F¿¥Ã£l tuyh‰W ãfœÎfS¡F¡ fhy¡nfhL tiuªJ mj‹tê tuyh‰W¡ fU¤J¡fis¥ òçªJbfhŸsš. nkY«, fhy¡nfh£oid¤ j« rhjidfis és¡f¥ ga‹gL¤Jjš

• xU nguuir M©l k‹d®fis¡ fhytçir¥go òçªJbfhŸs t«rhtë tiugl« tiuÍ« Âwid ts®¤jš

• jkJ _jhija® F¿¤j kuòtê tiugl« tiujš k‰W« mt®fis ãidÎT®jš• tuyh‰W¤ bjhl®òila Kiw¡F¿pLfis¥ òçªJ mt‰iw ãytiugl¤Âš

ga‹gL¤J« Âwid ts®¤jš• tuyh‰W¢ Áw¥òä¡f Ïl§fis ãytiugl¤Âš rçahd¥ òŸëæš F¿¤J¡fh£L«

Âw‹bgWjš• òéæaš TWfŸ v›thW tuyh‰W ãfœÎfis ã®zæ¡»‹wd v‹gij¥

òçªJbfhŸsš

ãytiuglK« ãfœÎfS«

m¿Kf«

ãytiugl« v‹gJ xU ãfœÎ v§F, v¥nghJ, eilbg‰wJ v‹gij és¡»oD«, ‘Ïl¤Â‰nf’ K¡»a¤Jt« më¤J, tuyh‰W¡ fU¤ij¥ òçªJbfhŸs cjÎ»wJ. Ït‰iw¥ ngh®fŸ, òu£ÁfŸ, bt‰¿¥ ghijfŸ, gaz tê¤jl§fŸ ngh‹w ãfœÎfŸ eilbg‰w Ïl§fisÍ« tUl§fisÍ« vëÂš kd¤Âš gÂÎ brŒa ga‹gL¤jyh«. nkY«, mj‹ têahf tuyh‰W¡ fU¤Jfis vëÂš òçªJbfhŸs ÏaY«.

neh¡f«

• ngh®fŸ eilbg‰w Ïl§fisÍ«, tUl§fisÍ« vëjhf kd¤Âš gÂÎbrŒjš

• xU òu£Á njh‹¿a Ïl«, mj‹ ngh¡F k‰W« Koit¡ fhy¤njhL òçªJbfhŸsš

• bt‰¿¥ ghijfŸ k‰W« gaz tê¤jl§fŸ ngh‹w ãfœÎfis t©z« k‰W« m«ò F¿æ£L¡ fh£lš

• xnu fhy¡f£l¤Âš ãyéa gšntW nguuRfë‹ gutšfis t©z§fŸ bfh©L ntWgL¤Â¡fh£lš

• xU kuig¢ rh®ªj k‹d®fŸ j§fŸ nguuir v›thW go¥goahf¡ f£obaG¥Ãd® v‹gij t©z§fŸ mšyJ F¿æLfŸ têahf és¡Fjš

A) Kjš ÏªÂa RjªÂu¥ ngh® brašghL 1 ÏªÂa ãytiugl¤Âš F¿¡f¥g£LŸs òu£Á Ïl§fis¥ gh®¤J¥ gÂiy¡ TWf

1. 1857Ïš eilbg‰w òu£Á ÏªÂahéš v¥gFÂæš Ôéukhf¥ guéaJ?

2. òu£Á bjhl§»a Ïl« vJ?3. òu£Áæš g§F bfh©l K¡»a¤

jiyt®fŸ aht®?4. y£RäghŒ nghç£l Ïl« vJ?5. bj‹åªÂahéš òu£Á eilbg‰w Ïl«

vJ?6. ntW v‹bd‹d fU¤Jfis ãytiugl« _y«

òçªJbfhŸsyh«?

brašghL 2 ãytiugl« gh®¤J¥ gÂiy¡ TWf

B) rK¤Âu F¥jç‹ bt‰¿fŸ

•rK¤Âu F¥jç‹ jiyefu« vJ?•rK¤Âu F¥j® bt‰¿ bg‰w bj‹åªÂa¥ gFÂfŸ vit?•rK¤Âu F¥j® bt‰¿¥ bg‰w Ïl§fis vGJf.

C) flš tê cyf tiugl¤Âš gh®¤njhnyhänah lahì‹ ghijia m«ò¡F¿æ£L¡ fh£Lf

brašghL 3 : go¤J¥gh®¤J¥ ghijia¡ fh£Lf

».Ã. 1487Ïš ngh®¤J¡ÑÁa fl‰gaâ gh®¤njhnyhänah la° ÏªÂahé‰F¥ òÂa tê f©LÃo¡F« neh¡»š jdJ gaz¤ij k¤Âa¤jiuflš mUnf mikªJŸs è°g‹ JiwKf¤ÂèUªJ bjhl§»dh®. Kjèš M¥Ãç¡fhé‹ nk‰F fl‰fiuia x£o bj‹Âiræš gaâ¤J¤ bj‹M¥Ãç¡fhé‹ bj‹Kidia milªjh®. Ã‹ jdJ gaz¤ij¡ »H¡F neh¡» gaâ¤J ÏªÂa bgU§fliy milªjh®. m§F mtuJ f¥gš òayhš jh¡f¥glnt mtUila FGéd® ehL ÂU«g t‰òW¤Âd®. vdnt la° Û©L« nk‰Fneh¡» gaz« brŒJ òašKidia milªjh®. bjhl®ªJ tl¡F neh¡» gaâ¤J or«g® 1488Ïš è°g‹ JiwKf¤ij tªjilªjh®.

lahì‹ ghij 1487-1488

brašghL 4 : Ñœ¡fhQ« bkfšy‹ tiugl¤ij¥ gh®¤J édh¡fS¡F éil jUf.

édh¡fŸ

1. bkfšy‹ jdJ flš gaz¤ij vªj Ïl¤Âš, v¥nghJ Jt¡»dh®?

2. bkfšy‹ jdJ flš gaz¤ij¤ Jt¡»a JiwKf« mikªj flè‹ bga® v‹d?

3. bkfšy‹ Kjèš v¤Âiria neh¡» gaz« brŒjh®?

4. mt® gaz« brŒj bgU§flšfŸ ahit?5. mt® vªj f©l¤ÂèUªJ gaz¤ij¤

bjhl§»dh®?6. mt® gaz« brŒj f©l§fë‹ bga®fis

vGJf?7. bkfšyå‹ flš gaz¤Â‹ ghij ck¡F cz®¤J«

òéæaš c©ik v‹d?8. bkfšy‹ v¤jid M©LfŸ gaz« brŒjh® ?

brašghL 5 :bkhfyha® t«r mur®fë‹ nguuR gutš tiugl¤ij¥ gh®¤J édh¡fis totik¡f.

f‰wš éisÎfŸ

• tuyh‰W¡ fU¤JfS¡F tiugl és¡f« më¡F«Âw‹ bgW»wh‹. Ïj‹_y« mªãfœÎfis kd¤Âš vëÂš gÂÎ brŒJ bfhŸ»wh‹.

• ãfœÎfŸ eilbg‰w Ïl« k‰W« fhy¤njhL bjhl®ògL¤J«Âw‹ bgW»wh‹.• ãfœÎfë‹ ngh¡ifÍ«, gutiyÍ« vëÂš òçªJ kd¤Âš gÂÎ brŒ»wh‹.• xU ãfœÎ eilbg‰w gšntW Ïl§fis mj‹ K¡»a¤Jt« fUÂ ntWgL¤Â¡fh£L«Âw‹

bgW»wh‹.

thœéaš ga‹ghL• tê jl tiugl (Route Mape) cjéÍl‹ gaz§fŸ nk‰bfhŸsyh«.• j‹Dila _jhija®fë‹ go¥goahd K‹nd‰w¤ij bt›ntW t©z§fŸ mšyJ F¿pLfŸ

têahf¤ jdJ rªjÂædU¡F és¡F»wh‹.• thœ¡ifæš ãfœÎfŸ v›tsÎ K¡»a¤Jt« thŒªjit v‹gij cz®»wh‹.

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2. nguuÁ‹ všiy k‰W« gutš

m¿Kf«

• Ïka«Kjš Fkçtiu guéÍŸs ÏªÂa Jiz¡f©l¤Âid¥ gšntW fhy¡f£l§fëš bt›ntW k‹d®fŸ M£Á òçªJŸsd®. x›bthU k‹dU« j‹eh£L všiyfis éçÎgL¤JtÂš F¿¡nfhshf ÏUªjd®. mur®fëš xU Áynu “kfh” v‹w milbkhêÍl‹ miH¡f¥gL»‹wd®. V‹ m›thW miH¡f¥g£ld®? mt®fë‹ M£Á všiy guªJéçªJ ÏUªjjhny m›thW miH¡f¥g£ld®. nguuRfë‹ všiy k‰W« gutšfis¥ òçªJbfhŸtj‰F tiugl§fŸ khzt®fS¡F¥ bgçJ« cjÎ»‹wd.

neh¡f«• nguuÁ‹ všiyfis m¿jš, mt‰iw ãytiugl¤Âš F¿¤jš.• nguuÁ‹ jiyefu¤ijÍ«, K¡»a efu§fisÍ« bt›ntW F¿pLfëš F¿¤jš.• neuo M£Á¡F£g£l gFÂiaÍ«, kiwKf M£Á¡F£g£l gFÂiaÍ« ntWgL¤Â¡fh£Ljš. • ãytiugl« TW« fU¤JfS¡nf‰g F¿¥òl‹ és¡f« vGJjš ngh‹w Âw‹fis nk«gL¤Jjš.

Ma¤j¢ brašghL• khzt®fns! c§fsJ kht£l všiyfis¤ ÂirÍl‹ vGJf. • ä‹ eGt« / m£y° cjéÍl‹ jäœehL kht£l§fis¡ fh£L« òwtç ãy¥gl¤ij¥

gh®¤J¢ rçgh®¡f. njitahd bghU£fŸ • ÏªÂa¥ òwtç tiugl« - A3 Size – 5• ÏªÂa eÂfŸ tiugl« - A3 Size – 10• t©z vGJnfhš (Sketch Pen)• ÏUòwK« gir jléa ehlh (Double Tape)• F©^Á• bj®khnfhš – 5• t©z¥ bg‹ÁšfŸ (Crayons) • ÏªÂa khãy§fŸ tiugl« - A3 Size – 6• mê¥gh‹, bg‹Áš, gir • f¤jç¡nfhš (Scissor)

• brašghL - 1 f©LÃo! f©LÃo!!

• brŒKiw

• g§nf‰ghs®fis 5 FGthf¥ Ãç¡f. eÂfŸ tiuag£l ÏªÂa òwtç gl¤ij¡ FGé‰bfh‹whf¡ bfhL¤J, eÂfë‹ bga®fis vGj¢ brŒf.

• ä‹eGt« / m£y° cjéÍl‹ eÂfë‹ bga®fis¢ rçgh®¡f.• gæ‰We® t©z« Ô£o RU£l¥g£l Ó£LfŸ ml§»a

bg£oia¡ FG¤jiyt®fël« fh£o mtutU¡F¥ Ão¤jkhd t©z¤ij¤ nj®Î brŒa¢ brhšYf.

• Ã‹d® V‰fdnt jah® brŒJ it¤JŸs nguuRfë‹ gutš J©Lfis¡ FG¤jiyt®fŸ t©z mo¥gilæš tif¥gL¤Â¤ j¤j« FGé‰F vL¤J¢ bršf.

• Ã‹ FGéš mk®ªJ gutš J©Lfis x‹¿iz¤J nguuÁ‹ bgaiu¡ f©LÃo¡f¢ brhšYf.

• Kjèš nguuir¡ f©LÃo¡F« FGédiu¥ ghuh£Lf. mt®fŸ mt‰iw Flannel gyifæš bghU¤Â¡ fh£Ljš nt©L«.

• k‰w FGéd®fS¡F¡ F¿¥òfŸ bfhL¤J¡ f©LÃo¡f cjÎf.

vL¤J¡fh£L

• všiyfis x‹w‹Ã‹ x‹whf¡ TWf.• jiyefu¥ bgaiu¡ TWf.• K¡»a efu§fis¡ TWf.• murç‹ jªij bgaiu¡ TWf.• murç‹ kf‹ bgaiu¡ TWf.• jiyef® k‰W« K¡»a efu§fis v¥go¡ F¿¥gJ v‹gij tiuªJ fh£Lf.• jiyef®• K¡»a efu§fŸ (F¿¥ò (Legend) vGJ« Kiwia és¡Ff.)• neuo M£Á¥ gFÂ k‰W« kiwKf M£Á¥ gFÂia v¥go

ntWgL¤Â¡ fh£LtJ vd¢ brŒJfh£L« Kiwæš és¡Ff.

• brašghL - 2• Ïnj nghš ÏªÂa khãy§fis¤ jå¤jåahf bt£o, òwtç ãytiugl¤Âš VnjD« xU

khãy¤ij¥ bghU¤j¢brŒJ mt‰¿‹ všiy khãy§fis¥ bghU¤j¢ brŒjš.• brašghL - 3• bj‹åªÂa nguuRfëš gšyt®fhy¡ f£ol¡fiy guéÍŸs Ïl§fis tiugl¤Âš F¿¡f. • brašghL - 4• ÏªÂa tiugl¤Âš m¡g® nguuÁ‹ všiyfis¡ F¿¡f. mJ j‰nghija ãytu¥go

vªbjªj ehLfŸ k‰W« khãy§fis cŸsl¡»ajhf ÏU¡»wJ vd¡ F¿¥ò vGJf. • f‰wš éisÎ• khzt®fshš, vªj xU nguuÁ‹ všiyfisÍ« ÂirnahL ãytiugl¤Âš Kiwahf¡ F¿¤J¡ fh£l

ÏaY«.• xU nguurç‹ neuo k‰W« kiwKf M£Á¥gFÂfis bt›ntW t©z§fëš F¿¤J¡ fh£l

KoÍ«.• jiyefu« k‰W« K¡»a efu§fis bt›ntW Kiw F¿pLfŸ _y« R£o¡fh£l ÏaY«.• thœéaš ga‹ghL• jkJ ÅL, njh£l« Kjèat‰¿‹ eh‹F ÂirfëY« Ñœ nkš msÎ k‰W« bj‹ tl msit m¿jš.• jkJ ÅL k‰W« njh£l¤Â‹ eh‹F òwK« všiyfis¡ f©l¿ªJ ntè mik¤jš.• ÅL, kid, taš Kjèat‰iw th§F« nghJ« é‰F« nghJ« mt‰¿‹ eh‹Fòw všiyfisÍ«

rçgh®¤J Mtz¥gL¤Jjš.

3. fhy¡nfhL

• m¿Kf«• fhy¡nfhL v‹gJ xU F¿¥Ã£l fhy¡f£l¤Âš eilbg‰w K¡»a ãfœÎfis, mit

eilbg‰w fhytçir¥go R£o¡fh£o és¡f cjÎ« xUtif tiuglkhF«. ÏJ xU nfhlhfnth, m£ltizahfnth mšyJ bjhl®glkhfnth mikayh«. RU§f¡ T¿‹ fhy¡nfhL v‹gJ K¡»a tuyh‰W ãfœÎfis¡ fhytçiræš btë¥gL¤j cjÎ« tiugl« rh®ªj és¡fkhF«.

• fhy¡nfh£o‹ tiffŸ• 1) K‹ndh¡F¡ fhy¡nfhL 2) Ã‹ndh¡F¡ fhy¡nfhL 3) x¥Ã£L¡ fhy¡nfhL

4) gl¡ fhy¡nfhL vd eh‹F tif¥gL«.• 1) K‹ndh¡F¡ fhy¡nfhL• xU F¿¥Ã£l¡ fhy¡f£l¤Âš eilbg‰w K¡»a ãfœÎfis, mit eilbg‰w

fhytçir¥go VWtçiræš vGÂ és¡fkë¡f¥ ga‹gLtJ K‹ndh¡F¡ fhy¡nfhL vd¥gL«.• 2) Ã‹ndh¡F¡ fhy¡nfhL• K¡»a ãfœÎfis, mit eilbg‰w fhytçir¥go Ïw§Ftçiræš vGÂ és¡fkë¡f¥

ga‹gLtJ Ã‹ndh¡F¡ fhy¡nfhL vd¥gL«.

• 3) x¥Õ£L¡ fhy¡nfhL• xU F¿¥Ã£l fhy¡f£l¤Âš ÏU ntW Ïl§fëš eil¥bg‰w ãfœÎfis

x¥Ã£L és¡f¥ ga‹gLtJ x¥Õ£L¡ fhy¡nfhL vd¥gL«.• 4) gl¡fhy¡nfhL• bjhl®ãfœÎfis mt‰¿‹ gl¤Jl‹ fhy tçir¥go és¡Ftj‰F

Ï¡fhy¡nfh£LKiw ga‹gL»wJ. • vL¤J¡fh£lhf¡ fhªÂíæ‹ ÏªÂa RjªÂu¥ nghuh£l ãfœÎfis és¡F«

gl§fis¡bfh©L fhy¡nfhL tiujš.• neh¡f§fŸ• xU F¿¥Ã£l fhy¡f£l¤Âš eilbg‰w K¡»a ãfœÎfis¤ bjçÎ brŒjš.• nj®bjL¤j ãfœÎfis¡ fhyKiw¥go tçir¥gL¤Jjš.• ãfœÎfS¡F¥ bghU¤jkhd fhy¡nfh£o‹ tifia¤ nj®ªbjL¤J tiujš.• ãfœÎfis¡ fhy¡nfh£oš rçahf¡ F¿¤J¡ fh£lš.• fhy¡nfh£il¤j« thœ¡ifæš ga‹gL¤Jjš.

• Ma¤j¢ brašghL• khzt®fns c§fŸ thœ¡ifæš elªj K¡»a ãfœÎfis tçir¥go vGJ§fŸ.• ne‰W¡fhiyKjš khiytiu tF¥Ãš eilbg‰w ãfœÎfis neuthçahf¡ F¿¤J¡ fh£L§fŸ.• njitahd bghU£fŸ • bg£o, ä‹d£ilfŸ• brašKiw• F¿¥Ã£l¥ ghl¥gFÂæš cŸs K¡»a ãfœÎfis milahs« fh©f.• ãfœÎfis¡ fhy tçir¥go mL¡Ff.• tiua¥nghF« fhy¡nfh£o‰F¤ jiy¥ig¤ nj®ªbjL¡f. • vL¤J¡fh£L - bkhfyha¥ nguuÁš m¡gç‹ fhy« ».Ã.1542 - 1605.• msÎnfhè‹ cjéahš, bg‹Áiy¡ bfh©L br§F¤jhf 5 br.Û, mfy¤Â‰F Ïiz¡nfhLfŸ tiuf.• ãfœÎfë‹ bjhl¡f M©o‰F« (».Ã.1542) ÏWÂ M©o‰F« (».Ã.1605) Ïilg£l

M©il¡ (63) fz¡»L.• 10 M©LfS¡F x® myF cau« njitbaåš, Ïilg£l M©LfS¡F¤ njitahd

cau«/Ús¤ij¡ fz¡»Lf.• jhë‹ cau« nghJkhdjhf cŸsjh vd¥ gh®¡f. Ïšiynaš msÎ¤Â£l¤ij kh‰Wf (1 myF 20

M©L).• njitahd (1 myF 10 M©LfŸ våš) 7 myF cau¤Âš Ïiz¡nfhLfis¡ FW¡fhf Ïiz¡f.• j‰nghJ br§F¤jhd xU br›tf« »il¡F«.• mÂš ÑnH bfhL¡f¥g£LŸsJ ngh‹W ÏlJòw«, msÎ¤Â£l¤Â‹go tUl§fis vGJf.• tyJòw¤Âš K¡»a ãfœÎfis, M©nlhL F¿¡f.

• brašghL - 1• xU tUl¤Âš bfh©lhl¥gL« éHh¡fis¥ g£oaèLf. m›étu§fis¡ bfh©L

fhy¡nfhL tiuf.• brašghL - 2• ÏªÂa RjªÂu¤Â‰F¥Ã‹ gjé t»¤j #dhÂgÂfë‹ ãH‰gl§fis¢

nrfç¡f. mt‰iw¡ bfh©L gl¡fhy¡nfhL tiuf.• brašghL - 3• kh®Fé° nA°o§°(».Ã.1813-1823 )fhy K¡»a ãfœÎfis¥

Ã‹ndh¡F¡ fhy¡nfh£oš F¿¡f.• f‰wš éisÎ• tuyh‰W ãfœÎfis¡ fhytçir¥go òçªJbfhŸ»‹wh‹.• xU ãfœit k‰bwhU ãfœÎl‹ x¥Ã£L¥ òçªJbfhŸ»‹wh‹.• fhy¡nfh£oš ãfœÎfë‹ fhytçir, fh£Á¥gL¤j¥gLtjhš ãfœÎfŸ eilbg

‰w M©Lfis kd¤Âš vëjhf¥ gÂÎ brŒ»‹wh‹.• tuyh‰W ãfœÎfis mt‰¿‹ fhuzfhça¤ bjhl®òl‹ òçªJbfhŸs

Ï¡fhy¡nfhL cjÎ»wJ.

• tuyh‰W ãfœÎfŸ k‰W« fhy¥ÃçÎfŸ (Íf§fŸ) v¥go x‹w‹Ã‹ x‹whf¤ bjhl®»‹wd v‹gij¥ òçªJbfhŸ»‹wh‹.

• x¤j ãfœÎfis/fhy¥ÃçÎfis (Íf§fis) tif¥gL¤jÎ«, x¥Ã£L¥gh®¡fÎ« fhy¡nfhL cjÎ»‹wJ.

• tuyh‰¿id fhy¡nfh£o‹_y« k»œ¢ÁÍl‹ f‰»‹wd®.• Fiwthd fhy¤Âš ãiwa étu§fis m¿ªJ¡bfhŸ»‹wd®. • nk‰brhšy¥g£l mid¤J Âw‹fS« tuyh‰iw¡ fhytçir¥go òçªJbfhŸs

äfÎ« Jizòç»‹wd.

• thœéaš ga‹ghL• j§fŸ brhªj thœ¡ifæš elªj ãfœÎfis¡ fhytçir»ukkhf mL¡f f

‰W¡bfhŸ»wh‹.• gŸëæš eilbgW« ãfœÎfis¤ njÂthçahf¡ F¿¤J it¡f gHF»wh‹.• eh£F¿¥ò vGJ« gH¡f¤ij¡ f‰W¡bfhŸ»wh‹.• v§F ifbaG¤ÂoD« njÂÍl‹ ifbah¥gäl¡ f‰W¡bfhŸ»wh‹.

4. kuòtê

m¿Kf«• t«r« v‹gJ gu«giu, rªjÂ mšyJ kuò MF«. Mtë v‹whš

tçir, Ôghtë v‹whš Ôg§fë‹ tçir vd¥bghUŸ. t«rhtë våš mur®fë‹ / jåeg®fë‹ tçir / FL«g tçir mšyJ gu«giu vd¥bghUŸ. xU rªjÂæš tªjt®fis t«rhtëæd® v‹»‹nwh«. mjhtJ, xU _jhijaç‹ tê¤njh‹wšfŸ mšyJ xUtç‹ jiyKiwæd® / têtê tªnjh® vd¥bghUŸ.

kuòtê tiugl«• xU mur® mšyJ jå kåj® / FL«g« / t«r¤Â‹

_jhija®fis¡ fhytçir¥go és¡f cjÎ« xU tif gÂÎ mšyJ m£ltizna t«rhtë tiuglkhF«.

vL¤J¡fh£L neU FL«g kuòtê tiugl«

nkhÂyhš neU brhUguhâ

ItA®yhš neUfkyh neU

ÏªÂuh fhªÂbgnuh° fhªÂ

uhÉ› fhªÂnrhåah

fhªÂÃça§fh

fhªÂuhg£ tnjuh

buŒf‹ tnjuh

äuha tnjuh

uhFš fhªÂ

rŠrŒ fhªÂnkdfh fhªÂ

tU© fhªÂ

ea‹jhuh õhAš

»UZz F¤Á§Fndh¤j« F¤Á§

A®õh F¤Á§ mí¤ F¤Á§bAy‹ M«°£uh§

• neh¡f§fŸ• F¿¥Ã£l kuÃš njh‹¿a k‹d®fŸ, kåj®fŸ, mt®fë‹

rªjÂædç‹ bga®fŸ k‰W« fhy¤ij kuòtê tiugl« tiuªJ òçªJbfhŸsš.

• xU kuig¢ rh®ªj cW¥Ãd®fS¡»ilna cŸs cwÎKiwia¥ òçªJbfhŸsš.

• jiyKiwfë‹ tçiria¥ òçªJbfhŸsš.• khzt® j« jiyKiw g‰¿a tiugl« tiuªJ j« _jhija®fŸ g‰

¿a m¿it¥ bgWjš. • Ma¤j¢ brašghL• khzt®fns! xU btŸis¤ jhëš c§fsJ¡ bfhŸSjh¤jh,

bfhŸSgh£o, jh¤jh, gh£o, jªij, jhŒ k‰W« rnfhju, rnfhjçfŸml§»a xU FL«g tiu¥gl« (Family Tree) tiuªJ cwÎKiwia vGJf.

njitahd bghU£fŸ 1. btŸis jhŸ 2.°bf£¢

• kuòtê tiugl«• brŒKiw• nj®ªbjL¤j kuÃ‹ bgaiu¤ jiy¥ghf vGJf.• m«kuÃ‹tê tªj k‹d®fë‹ bga®fis¡ F¿¤J¡ bfhŸf.• k‹d®fë‹ bga®fis¡ fhytçiræš mL¡Ff.• mt®fS¡»ilnaahd cwÎKiwia m¿ªJbfhŸf.• k‹d®fë‹ rnfhju, rnfhjçfë‹ bga®fisÍ« F¿¤J¡bfhŸf.• jh¤jh• • kf‹• • ngu‹ cwÎKiwia¢ br§F¤J¡ nfh£oš F¿¡f.• rnfhju rnfhjçfë‹ cwÎ Kiwia¥ gL¡if¡ nfh£oš F¿¡f.• rnfhju rnfhjçfë‹ bga®fis vGJ«nghJ _¤jt® bgaiu ÏlJòw¤Â‹ Xu¤Âš

bjhl§» tçirahf tyJòw« neh¡» ef®¤Jf.• Ït®fëš bg©fë‹ bga® tUkhdhš m¥bgaiu ntW ãw ikahš vGJf.• X® murU¡F v¤jid thçRfŸ ÏUªjhY« mtU¡F¥Ã‹ muruhF« thçR¡nf mtuJ

M£Á¡fhy« F¿¥Ãl nt©L«. • kuòtê tiugl« tiuªj ÃwF F¿¥òfŸ (Legend) bfhL¡f¥gl nt©L«.

• vL¤J¡fh£L (t«rhtë tiugl«)• Ïil¡fhy¥ gšyt®fŸ (».Ã.340 - ».Ã.615)

FkhuéZQ I (»Ã 340-350)

fªjt®k‹ I (»Ã 350-375)

Åu T®¢r t®k‹ (»Ã 375-400)

fªj®t®k‹ (»Ã 400-436)

Á«kt®k‹

(»Ã 436-460)fªj®t®k‹

III(»Ã 460-475)

eªÂt®k‹

(»Ã 525-550)

Ïstur‹ éZQnfh

Á«kt®k‹ II

éZQnfhg‹

Á«kt®k‹ III(»Ã 550-575

Á«k éZQ(»Ã 575 - 615

Õk t®k‹

FkhuéZQ II

ò¤jt®k‹Fkhu éZQ III

• brašghL 1 - eha¡f®fë‹ kuòtê tiugl« (».Ã.1529-».Ã.1739)• eha¡f®fë‹ kuòtê bga®fis tUl«, khj«, thu«, ehŸ, kâ, édho v‹W vGj¥g£l

ä‹d£ilfë‹Ã‹ Á¿ajhf vGÂ khzt®fns tiuglkhf ã‰wš. • brŒKiw• khzt®fns ä‹d£ilfis¥ bg£oæèUªJ MS¡bfh‹whf vL¤J¡ bfhŸf.• m£ilæ‹ Ã‹òw« cŸs F¿¥òfis¥ go¡f.• Kjèš ‘tUl«’ v‹W vGÂa m£il¡fhu® tªJ ã‰f.• bjhl®ªJ, khj« v‹W vGÂa m£il¡fhu® tªJ ã‰f.• khj¤Â‹ bga®fŸ bfh©l m£il¡fhu® tçir¡»ukkhf ÏläUªJ tykhf ã‰f.• mjid¤ bjhl®ªJ thu v© m£ilfis¡ bfh©lt®fŸ tçirahf¤ bjhl®ªJ ã‰f.• »Hik m£il¡fhu® Ïu©lhtJ thu m£il¡fhuU¡F¡Ñœ ã‰f.• »Hik¡F¡Ñœ, ehŸfë‹ bga® bfh©l m£il¡fhu®fŸ ã‰f.• neu m£il¡fhu® br›thŒ¡»Hikæ‹Ñœ ã‰f.• fhiy, khiy m£il¡fhu®fŸ neu¤Â‰F¡ ÑnH ã‰f.• kâ k‰W« ãäl m£il¡fhu®fŸ fhiy neu¤Â‰F¡ÑnH x‹w‹ Ã‹ x‹whf ã‰f.• édho I, édho II m£il¡fhu®fŸ ãäl¤Â‰F¡ ÑnH ã‰f. • filÁ thçR v‹w m£il¡fhu® édho IIÏ‹ Ñœ ã‰fÎ«.

• nf£f¥gL« édh¡fS¡F cça éilia më¡f. • »UZz¥g eha¡fç‹ jªij bga® v‹d?• Åu¥g eha¡fU¡F« éRtehj eha¡fU¡F« cŸs cwÎ v‹d?• Kjyh« K¤J Åu¥g eha¡fU¡F«, ÂUkiy eha¡fU¡F« cŸs cwÎ v‹d?• ÂUkiyeha¡f®, Fkhu K¤J Ït®fSŸ _¤jt® ah®?• f°öç u§f¥g® éRtehjiu v‹d cwÎ brhšè miH¥gh®?• brašghL - 2 : JSt kuòtê tiugl«• ÑnH bfhL¡f¥g£LŸs g¤Âia¥ go¤J¥ gh®¤J JSt kuòtê tiugl¤ij tiuf.• JSt t«r¤ij¤ njh‰Wé¤jt® ÅueuÁ«k‹ (».Ã.1505-1509) ÏtUila

jªijah® eur eha¡f®. ÏtuJ gh£ldh® <°tu eha¡f®. ÅueuÁ«kUl‹ Tl¥Ãwªjt®fŸ »UZz njtuha®, m¢Rj njtuha® k‰W« u§fh njtuha®. ÅueuÁ«kU¡F¥ Ã‹ »UZz njtuha® (».Ã.1509-1530) M£Á¥ bghW¥ng‰wh®. ÏtU¡F xU kfD« xU kfS« ÏUªjd®. kfŸ bga® ÂUkyh njé, kf‹ bga® Ïstur‹. ÂUkiy Ïs« taÂnyna Ïwªjjhš ÏtuJ Á¤j¥gh m¢Rj uha® (».Ã.1529-1542) M£Á¥ bghW¥ng‰wh®. mtU¡F¥Ã‹ mtuJ kf‹ Kjyh« bt§flh (».Ã.1542) gjéna‰wh®. Ït® Á¿J fhy¤Ânyna Ïwªjjhš m¢Rjuhaç‹ kUkf‹ M£Á¥ bghW¥ng‰wh®.

• f‰wš éisÎ• F¿¥Ã£l kuÃš njh‹¿a k‹d®fŸ, kåj®fŸ, mt®fë‹ rªjÂædç‹

bga®fŸ k‰W« fhy¤ij és¡F« kuòtê tiugl« tiua ÏaY«.• xU kuig¢ rh®ªj cW¥Ãd®fS¡»ilna cŸs cwÎKiwia¥ òçªJbfhŸs

KoÍ«.• jiyKiwfë‹ tçiria m¿ªJbfhŸs KoÍ«.• khzt® j« jiyKiw¥ g‰¿a tiugl« tiuªJ j« _jhija®fŸ g‰¿a m¿it¥

bgw KoÍ«.• thœéaš ga‹ghL• ÏJ F¿¥Ã£l t«rhtëædçilna cŸs cwÎKiwfisÍ«, mt®fë‹ rªjÂædiu¤

jiyKiw mo¥gilæš és¡f cjÎ»wJ.• khzt®fŸ j« _jhija®fë‹ bga®fŸ, mt®fŸ thœªj fhy«, mt®fë‹

Áw¥òfis m¿ªJbfhŸs têtF¡»wJ.• _jhija®fë‹ Ãwªj ehŸ, Ïwªj ehis ãidÎTu cjÎ»wJ.• _jhija®fë‹ ãH‰gl§fis¥ ghJfh¡fÎ« mt®fS¡F kçahij brY¤jÎ«

cjÎ»wJ.

j.Óåthr‹KJãiy éçÎiuahs®

kht£l MÁça® fšé k‰W« gæ‰Á ãWtd«òè¡fiu – 636 808

jUkòç kht£l«

m£r Ô®¡f nfhLfë‹ mo¥gilæš tuyh‰W Ïl§fis¡ F¿¤jš

• ãytiugl« k‰W« òé khÂç M»at‰¿‹ K¡»a¤Jt¤ij m¿ªJ¡ bfhŸSjš.

• m£r, Ô®¡f¡ nfhLfŸ tiujš k‰W« ga‹ghLfŸ g‰¿ m¿ªJ bfhŸSjš

• ÂirfŸ, msitfŸ, F¿pLfŸ, t©z§fŸ, F¿¥òfŸ ngh‹w K¡»a TWfis¥ ga‹gL¤J« Âwid¥ bgWjš.

• jåkåj k‰W« r_f bghUjhsu ts®¢Á¡F ãytiugl m¿Î v›thW K¡»a¤Jt« thŒªjJ v‹gij cz®jš.

neh¡f§fŸ

• g§nf‰ghs®fis t£lkhf ã‰f¢ brŒjš.• Ã‹ò òékhÂç gªij x›bthUtçlK« kh‰¿ kh‰¿ g§nf‰ghs®fŸ

bfhL¡f nt©L«.• x›bthUtU« gªij Ïu©L iffshš Ão¡f nt©L«. • ÏÂš tyJ / ÏlJ if bgUéuš gªÂš vªj Ïl¤Âš ÏU¡»wnjh mªj Ïl¤Â‹

m£r/Ô®¡f nuif k‰W« Ú®/ãy¥gu¥igÍ« òé khÂçæš gh®¤J¡ Tw nt©L«.

• Ïj‹ _y« f©l§fŸ bgU§flšfŸ m£r, Ô®¡f nuifia¥ g§nf‰ghs®fŸ m¿ªJbfhŸSjš.

• ÏJngh‹W tyJ / ÏlJ if M£fh£oéuš gªÂš vªj Ïl¤Âš ÏU¡»wnjh mªj Ïl¤Â‹ f©l§fŸ k‰W« ehLfis¥ òékhÂçæš gh®¤J¡ Tw nt©L«.

• Ïj‹ _y« f©l§fŸ k‰W« ehLfë‹ mikél¤ij¥ g§nf‰ghs®fŸ m¿ªJbfhŸSjš.

Ma¤j¢ brašghL

ÂirfŸ (Directions)

tl¡F, bj‰F, »H¡F, nk‰Ftl¡F, tl»H¡F, »H¡F, bj‹»H¡F, bj

‰F, bj‹nk‰F, nk‰F, tlnk‰Fmo¥gil ÂirfŸ ardinal Directions)

Ïil¥g£lÂirfŸ(Intermediate Directions)

brašghL -1jäœehL muÁaš ãytiugl¤Â‹ cjéÍl‹ ÂU¢Áuh¥gŸë kht£l¤ij ikakhf¡ bfh©L, tl¡F, tl»H¡F, »H¡F, bj‹»H¡F, bj‰F, bj‹nk‰F, nk‰F, tlnk‰F Âirfëš cŸs kht£l§fis¡ f©LÃo¤J f£l§fëš vGjÎ«.

ÂirfŸ

• ãytiugl« (Map) vD« brhš nk¥gh (Mappa) vd¥gL« y¤Ô‹ bkhê¢ brhšyhF«. nk¥gh v‹w brhšY¡F nkiræ‹ ÛJ éç¡f¥g£l Jâ v‹gJ bghUshF«. vdnt ãytiugl« v‹gJ òé tot (Geoid) nk‰gu¥ig éç¤jJ ngh‹w òéæ‹ TWfis étç¥gj‰fhf¤ jhënyh mšyJ Jâænyh tiua¥gL« xU glkhF«.

ãytiugl« (Map)

• òéæ‹ tot¤ij K¥gçkhz mséš fh£LtJ òékhÂç MF«. ÏJ xU ÉahŒL (Geoid) nfhs tot¤ij¡ bfh©LŸsJ. mjhtJ Ïil¥gFÂ r‰W¥ gU¤J« JUt¥gFÂfŸ r‰W¤ j£ilahfÎ« cŸs nfhstot¤ij¡ F¿¡F«. ÏJ xU ÃbuŠ¢ brhšyhF«.

òé khÂç (Globe)

Geiod (Oblate Spheroid)

òéæš cŸs X® Ïl¤Â‹ ÏU¥Ãl¤ij m¿a ga‹gL« f‰gid¡ nfhLfns m£r, Ô®¡f¡ nfhLfshF«. ÏitfŸ òékhÂçæY« (Globe) ãytiugl§fëY« (Map) tiua¥g£l Ïa‰if TWfshd kiyfŸ, ÕlóäfŸ, rkbtëfŸ, flšfŸ, fhLfŸ k‰W« g©gh£L¡ TWfshd k¡fŸ gutš, FoæU¥òfŸ, efu§fŸ, bjhêyf§fŸ ngh‹wit mikªJŸs rçahd Ïl¤ij m¿ªJbfhŸs ga‹gL»‹wd.

m£r, Ô®¡f¡ nfhLfŸ (Latitudes and Longitudes)

mÂfg£r o»ç tl¡F 90, bj‰F 90

m£r¡nfhLfŸòé khÂçæš / ãy tiu gl¤Âš »ilk£lkhf nk‰»èUªJ »H¡fhf bršY« f‰gid¡nfhL.

Ô®¡f¡nfhLfŸòé khÂçæš / ãytiugl¤Âš tl¡»èUªJ bj‰fhf br§F¤jhf bršY« f‰gid¡nfhL.

mÂfg£r o»ç »H¡F 180ْ, nk‰F 180

• beL¡fhf Ï›t£l¤ij ÏU rkghfkhf¥ Ãç¡F« nfhL x‹iw tiuaÎ«. m¡nfh£o‹ nkš òŸëia 90 tl¡F v‹W« Ñœ òŸëia 90 bj‰F v‹W« bgaçlÎ«.

• ãyeL¡nfh£o‹ nkš ghifkhåia it¤J tlnfhsh®¤j¤ÂY« bj‹nfhKjèš xU t£l« tiuaÎ«. mij FW¡fhf¡ ÏU rkkhf¥ Ãç¡F« nfh£il tiuaÎ«. mJnt ãyeL¡nfhlhF«. Ïj‹ o»ç 0 MF«.

• sh®j¤ÂY« ÏU g¡f§fëY« (ty«,Ïl«) njit¡nf‰g o»çia¡ F¿¤J¡ bfhŸsÎ«. (v.fh. 10, 20 . . . 90 tl¡F vdÎ«, 10, 20 . . . 90 bj‰F vdÎ« F¿¤J¡ bfhŸsÎ«).

• ãyeL¡nfh£oèUªJ 90 tl¡nf cŸs br§nfhz¤ij 90 ghfkhf¥ Ãç¤J¡bfhŸsÎ«. (v.fh. 10,20, . . .90).

• Ï«_‹W òŸëfisÍ« gl¤Âš cŸsthW ifahš Ïiz¡fÎ«. Ïj‰F 10 vd¥ bga® bfhL¡fÎ«.

• Ïnjnghš 90 tiuæš tl m¢r¡nfhLfŸ k‰W« bj‹ m¢r¡nfhLfis tiuªJ mj‹ o»çia¡ F¿¥ÃlÎ«.

m£r¡nfhLfŸ tiuÍ« Kiw

• m£r¡nfhLfŸ tiuªjJ¥ nghynt FW¡fhf Ïu©L rk ghfkhf¥ Ãç¡F« ãyeL¡nfh£ilÍ«, beL¡fhf ÏU rkkhf¥ Ãç¡F« 0 Ô®¡f¡ nfh£ilÍ« (»ç‹é¢) tiuaÎ«.

• gl¤Âš cŸsthW »H¡F k‰W« nk‰F miu¡nfhsh®¤j§fis njit¡nf‰g 180 ghfkhf ãyeL¡nfh£il¥ Ãç¤J¡ bfhŸsÎ«. (v.fh. 15,30, . . . 180).

• JUt§fisÍ« ãyeL¡nfh£L¥ òŸëfisÍ« Ïiz¡F« go ifahš nfhLfŸ tiuªJ mt‰¿‰Fça o»çia¡ F¿¥ÃlÎ«. (v.fh.15)

Ô®¡f¡nfhLfŸ tiuÍ« Kiw

ÏªÂa muÁaš ãytiugl¤Âš ÑnH bfhL¡f¥g£LŸs tuyh‰W¢ Áw¥òä¡f Ïl§fë‹ m£r¤ Ô®¡f mséid¡ f©LÃo¤J vGJf.

vL¤J¡fh£L : òJblšè - 28 39 ' 13 " N, 77 13 ' 44 " E

• gh©o¢nrç• M¡uh• kJiu• gh£dh• nfhê¡nfhL • ikN®• thuzhÁ• iAjuhgh¤

òJblšè 28 (28 ghif) 39' (39 ãäl§fŸ) 13" (13 behofŸ) tl¡F vdÎ«, 77 (77 ghif) 13 (13 ãäl§fŸ) 44" (44 behofŸ) »H¡F vdÎ« m£r, Ô®¡f msÎfis eh« thÁ¡fyh«.

brašghL - 2

Ïl§fë‹ mikél¤ij m¿jš

òJblšè 28 39' 13" N, 77 13 ' 44 " E

• xU ãytiugl¤Âš bfhL¡f¥g£LŸs ÏU òŸëfS¡F Ïilna cŸs öu¤Â‰F«, jiuæ‹nkš mitfŸ F¿¡F« Ïl§fS¡»ilna cŸs öu¤Â‰F« cŸs é»jnk msit vd¥gL«.

• vL¤J¡fh£L• 1 br.Û. = nk¥Ãš öu«• 10 ».Û = jiuæš öu«

ãytiugl msit (Map Scale)

ãytiugl msitæ‹ tiffŸ

1. c§fŸ kht£l¤ jiyefU¡F«, òJblšè¡F« Ïilna cŸs njÁa beLŠrhiyæ‹ öu¤ij mséLf.

2. br‹id Kjš K«ig tiu cŸs th‹tê¤ öu¤ij mséLf.

brašghL - 3ãy tiugl ò¤jf¤Â‹ cjéÍl‹:

brašghL - 4

flš (Sea) Úy« (Blue)

Mœflš (Deep sea) ml®Úy« (Deep blue)

MH« Fiwthd flš k‰W« Ú®ãiyfŸ (Shallow sea and Water Bodies)

btë® Úy« (Light blue)

rkbtë (Plain) fU«g¢ir (Dark green)

r‰W caukhd rkbtë (Medium Altitudinal plain) Ïs« g¢ir (light green)

Õlóä (Plateau) kŠrŸ ( Yellow)

F‹WfŸ k‰W« kiyfŸ(Hills and Mountains) gG¥ò (brown)

caukhd kiyfŸ (High Mountains) ml® gG¥ò (Dark brown)

äfÎ« cauhkhd Áfu¥gFÂfŸ(very high peaks) fU« Át¥ò (crimson)

gå_oa kiyfŸ (Ice covered mountain) btŸis (White)

• eh« thG« gFÂæèUªJ Ãw Ïl§fŸ vªj Âiræš mikªJŸsd v‹gijÍ«, fs¥gaz« k‰W« gaz¤Â‹ nghJ« rçahd Âiræš Â£lä£L bršyÎ« bjçªJ bfhŸsyh«.

• m£rÔ®¡f¡ nfhLfŸ _y« òéæš eh« vªj gFÂæš vªj Ïl¤Âš thœ»nwh« v‹gJ g‰¿Í«, Ãw K¡»akhd Ïl§fŸ òéæš v§F mikªJŸsd v‹gijÍ« bjçªJ bfhŸsyh«

thœéaš ga‹ghL

• òéæš cŸs K¡»a TWfë‹ gutšfisÍ«, mikél§fisÍ« khzt®fŸ vëÂš m¿t®.

• Ãytiugl msitfë‹ K¡»a¤Jt¤ijÍ« mt‰iw¥ ga‹gL¤J« KiwfisÍ« m¿ªJ bfhŸt®.

• K¡»a Âirfis m¿ªJ bfhŸtjhš xU ehL / khãy« / nguuR vªj Âiræš mikªJŸsJ v‹gij khzt®fŸ m¿a ÏaY«.

• m£r Ô®¡f¡ nfhLfë‹ K¡»a¤Jt¤ijÍ« mt‰iw¥ ga‹gL¤Â tuyh‰W Áw¥ò ä¡f Ïl§fis, ãytiugl¤Â‹ thæyhf m¿ayh« v‹gij bjçªJ bfhŸt®.

• ãytiugl¤Âš ga‹gL¤j¥gL« K¡»a F¿pLfis m¿ªJ, khÂç tiugl§fŸ tiuÍ« Âwid khzt®fŸ bgWt®.

f‰wš éisÎfŸ

INDIA - PHYSICAL

KHYBER AND BOLAN PASSES

INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION

ARYAN INVASION

CHOTANAGPUR PLATEAU

VEDIC INDIA

MAHAJANAPADAS

MAGADHA EMPIRE

CITIES FOUNDED BY ALEXANDER

INDO-GREEK KINGDOM

INDO – GREEK CITIES

MAURYAN EMPIRE

SPREAD OF BUDDHISM

KUSHAN EMPIRE

SILK TRADE ROUTE

MUSLIM INVASIONS

RISE OF MARATHAS

7. tuyh‰W Ïl§fë‹ j‰fhy mikél« k‰W« Áw¥ò

m¿Kf«tuyh‰iw¥ òçªJbfhŸtj‰F ãfœÎfŸ eilbg‰w Ïl« g‰¿a m¿Î

Ï‹¿aikahjJ. Vbdåš, Áyrka§fëš tuyh‰W ãfœÎfS¡F¡ fhuzkhÎ«, gy rak§fëš ãfœÎfë‹ ngh¡if¤ Ô®khå¡F« fhuâfshfÎ«, všyh rka§fëY« ãfœÎfë‹ éisÎfis¢ RkªJ tuyh‰W¡F cjÎ« Mjhu§fis¤ jh§» ã‰gdÎ« Ï›él§fns. ÏªÂa tuyh‰¿š Áy K¡»a ãfœÎfŸ eilbg‰w Ïl§fis¥g‰¿ Áy F¿¥òfis Ï¥nghJ eh« gh®¡fyh«.neh¡f«1. j‰fhy efu§fë‹ g©ila bga®fis¤ bjçªJbfhŸSjš.2.mt‰¿‹ j‰nghija ÏU¥Ãl¤ij m¿ªJbfhŸSjš.3.j‰nghija ÏU¥Ãl¤ij ãytiugl¤Âš rçahf¡ F¿¤jš.4.ãytiugl¤Â‰fhd¡ F¿p£L (Legend) és¡f« më¤jš.

Ma¤j brašghL

brašghL 1 – v§F br‹W tªnj‹?

• vªj Ïl« br‹W tªnj‹?• Áijªj vY«ò gh®¤J tªnj‹.• gh®¤J tªj Ïlkšnyh• gh¡»°jhåš cŸs j‹nwh?

• vªj Ïl« br‹W tªnj‹?• òijªj efu« gh®¤J tªnj‹.• gh®¤J tªj Ïlkšnyh• gh¡»°jhåš cŸs j‹nwh?

• vªj Ïl« br‹W tªnj‹?• ò¤j °jy« gh®¤J tªnj‹.• gh®¤J tªj Ïlkšnyh• neghs¤Âš cŸs j‹nwh?• • vªj Ïl« br‹W tªnj‹?• g©il¤ JiwKf« gh®¤J tªnj‹.• gh®¤J tªj Ïlkšnyh• F#uh¤Âš cŸs j‹nwh?brŒKiw• MÁça® Kjš g¤Âia¥ ghl£L«.• mj‰fhd éilia khzt®fŸ ÁªÂ¤J¡ Tw£L«.• mL¤J MÁçaU« khztU« ÏizªJ gÂnyhL ghliy¤ ÂU«gÎ« ghl£L«.

vL¤J¡fh£L• bkhfŠrjnuh br‹W tªÔ®• Áijªj vY«ò gh®¤J tªÔ®• gh®¤J tªj Ïlkšnyh• gh¡»°jhåš cŸs j‹nwh• Ïnj ngh‹W k‰w g¤ÂfisÍ« gh£L Kiwæš édh¡ nf£L éilnahL

nr®¤J¥ gho¥ gHFf.

brašghL 2 – F¿¥ò¡fhd éil v‹d?

M m Ã « nr Á ç å M

o f bg ah u ã J D o

t F Â bjh ‹ k J iu t

ng kh u š br U K J ng

® ® l fh § j » k ®

u T Q ¥ F « ® ‹ u

nk a ng Ã £ u « bj nk

y by yh a L ò d ‹ y

t _ Â ® t l F F t

F¿¥òfŸ:• fšyizia¡ f£oa k‹då‹ bga® • gh©oa®fë‹ jiyefu«.• bjhšfh¥Ãa¤ij Ïa‰¿at®• taY« taš rh®ªj¥ gFÂÍ«• Ïil¢r§f« eilbg‰w Ïl«• Fu§»d¤Â‹ bgauhš miH¡f¥gL« g©ila¤ jäHf¥ gFÂ.brašghL 3 – gHR¡F, òJR v‹d?• ÑnH Áy efu§fë‹ giHa k‰W« òÂa bga®fŸ bfhL¡f¥g£LŸsd. mt

‰iw¢ rçahf¥ bghU¤Jf.giHa¥ bga®fŸ• 1. ghlèò¤Âu«, 2. m°Âdhòu«, 3. thjhÃ, 4. mçr¤uh, 5. gdhu°,

6. fhéç¥ ó«g£oz«, 7. Tlš ef®, 8. bjsèAhth, 9. kjuhrg£od« (br‹d¥g£od«), 10. òèfh£

òÂa¥ bga®fŸ• 1. kJiu, 2. gHnt‰fhL, 3. ghjhä, 4. ošè, 5. M¡uh, 6. thuzhÁ, 7.

br‹id, 8. fÃyt°¤J, 9. ó«òfh®, 10. gh£dh

brašghL - 4• m£ltizæš bfhL¡f¥g£LŸs Ïl§fëš g¤Âid¤ nj®ªbjL¡f.• mt‰¿‹ mikél¤ij ÏªÂa ãytiugl¤Âš F¿¤J¡ fh£Lf.• mt‰¿‹ K¡»a¤Jt¤Â‹ mo¥gilæš bt›ntW F¿æLf.• és¡f¡ F¿¥ò (Legend) vGJf.f‰wš éisÎ• j‰fhy efu§fë‹ g©ila¥ bga®fis¡ fhuz fhça¤Jl‹ òçªJbfhŸ»wh‹. nkY«mt

‰¿‹ K¡»a¤Jt« k‰W« Áw¥ò¥ g‰¿a jftšfis¢ nrfç¡F«Âw‹ bgW»wh‹.thœéaš ga‹ghL• ÏªÂahéš v¤Â¡F« gaz« brŒÍ« m¿Î« JâÎ« bgW»wh‹.• ÏªÂahéš vªj Ïl¤Â‰F¢ bršy neç£lhY« m›él¤Â‰F« mj‹ mUnf cŸs tuyh

‰W¢ Áw¥òä¡f VjhtJ Xçl¤Â‰F« cŸs bjhiyitÍ«, ÂiriaÍ« bjhl®ògL¤J« Âw‹ bgW»wh‹.

• Ã‰fhy¤Âš, gaz têfh£oahf (Tourist Guide) khW« Miria¥ bgW»wh‹.• j¤j« tÁ¥Ãl¤Â‹ mikél« k‰W« K¡»a¤Jt¤ij¤ bjçªJbfhŸS« Mtš bfhŸ»wh‹.• j¤j« C®/efu¤ij, ãytiugl¤Âš F¿¤J¡fh£L« Âw‹ bgW»wh‹.

Map Drawing skill - Tamil PPT

Education

Transcript of Map Drawing skill - Tamil PPT

Pedagogical Drawing Skill for Elementary School Teachers: A Training Session

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