Malaria in Haiti Symposia - The CRUDEM Foundation

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Malaria in Haiti Symposia, presented in Milot, Haiti at Hôpital Sacré Coeur.CRUDEM’s Education Committee (a subcommittee of the Board of Directors) sponsors one-week medical symposia on specific medical topics, i.e. diabetes, infectious disease. The classes are held at Hôpital Sacré Coeur and doctors and nurses come from all over Haiti to attend.

Transcript of Malaria in Haiti Symposia - The CRUDEM Foundation

Anthony  Karabanow,  MD  

Hai$  

 Each  year,  Haiti  reports    ~30,000  confirmed  cases  to  PAHO  

 200,000  cases  are  thought  to  occur  annually   Occurs  mostly  during  the  rainy  season:    

 Primary  peak  November  to  January  

Prevalence  in  Hai$  

 Emerging  Infectious  Diseases  Journal  (Volume  13,  Number  10–October  2007):   Survey  of  714  persons  in  Artibonite  Valley  during  high  malaria  season  

 Prevalence  of  3.1%  by  PCR    14.2%  prevalence  amongst  febrile  persons  

Malaria  a.er  Jan  12   JAMA.  2010;303(20):2028-­‐2029:  

 From  Jan  12  to  Feb  25,  CDC  received  reports  of  11  laboratory-­‐confirmed  cases  of  P.  falciparum  malaria  acquired  in  Haiti  

 7  emergency  responders,  3  Haitian  residents,  1  US  traveler  

 2  of  the  emergency  responders  required  transfer  to  the  US  for  ICU  care  

Biology  

 Vector:  female  Anopheles  mosquito   After  inoculation,  sporozoites  go  to  liver  in  1  to  2  hrs   Liver  stage  is  asymptomatic   Incubation  period  is  12  to  14  days  for  Pf   Symptomatic  stage  is  RBC  stage  

Biology  

 Why  is  P.falciparum  so  virulent?  

 CYTOADHERENCE    AND  SEQUESTRATION  

Biology  

 P.  falciparum  expresses  “knobs”  on  the  surface  of  infected  RBCs  

 Knobs  mediate  cytoadherence  to  endothelial  cells   Leads  to:  

 Small  infarcts   Capillary  leakage   Organ  dysfunction  

Clinical  disease  

 MALARIA  IS  A  NON-­‐SPECIFIC  FEBRILE  ILLNESS  

Severe  malaria   Severe  parasitemia  (>5%)   Organ  dysfunction:  

   CNS  disease     ARDS   Circulatory  collapse     Renal  failure   Hepatic  failure     DIC   Severe  anemia     Hypoglycemia  

Clinical  disease  

 Greatest  risk  for  severe  disease:   Children   Pregnant  women   Non-­‐immune  individualized    Immunocompromised  

Clinical  disease  

PHYSICAL  EXAM  

                                                                       VIDEO  

CNS  disease  

 Impaired  consciousness   Delirium   Seizures   More  common  in  children   If  untreated,  usually  fatal   With  treatment,  mortality  is  15-­‐20%  

Malarial  re$nopathy  

 MALARIAL  RETINOPATHY:  A  NEWLY  ESTABLISHED  DIAGNOSTIC  SIGN  IN  SEVERE  MALARIA    

 Am.  J.  Trop.  Med.  Hyg.,  75(5),  2006,  pp.  790-­‐797  

Macular  whitening  

White  re$nal  vessels  

Re$nal  hemorrhage  

Proposed  algorhythm  

ARDS  

 Non-­‐cardiogenic  pulmonary  edema:   Parasite  sequestration  in  lungs   SIRS  

ARDS  

Renal  failure  

 Pathogenesis:   Parasite  sequestration  in  renal  microcirculation   Hemolysis  (“blackwater  fever”    ATN)   Hypovolemia  

Blackwater  fever  

Anemia  

 Pathogenesis:   Hemolysis   Cytokine  suppression  of  hematopoiesis  

Severe  anemia  

Hypoglycemia  

 Pathogenesis:    Increased  host  glucose  consumption   Quinine  induced  

Metabolic  acidosis  

 Pathogenesis:   Tissue  shock  –  sequestered  parasites,  hypovolemia    Impaired  renal/hepatic  lactate  clearance  

Diagnosis  

 Microscopy  (gold  standard)   Rapid  Diagnostic  Tests  (RDTs)   PCR  

Microscopy  

 Has  sensitivity  of  5  –  10  parasites/microL  

 Thick  smears   Measure  parasite  density  

 Thin  smears    Identification  of  malarial  species  

Iden$fica$on  $ps  

 Infected  RBCs  are  of  normal  size   Ring  forms  are  commonly  seen  

 Located  at  periphery  of  RBCs   Multiple  rings  per  RBCs  may  be  present  

 Schizonts,  trophozoites  are  rarely  seen   Gametocytes  have  banana  shape  

Calcula$ons  

 Count  parasites  until  200  WBCs  have  been  seen  

 Parasite  density  (#/microL)  =   (#  parasites)  x  (WBC  count  /  200)  

 %  Parasitemia  =   (Parasite  density)  /  WBC  

RDTs  

 Detect  malaria  antigens:   P.  falciparum  LDH   Histidine-­‐rich  protein  2  

Op$MAL  assay  

Op$MAL  assay  

Problems  with  RDTs  

 Decreased  sensitivity  at  low  parasitemia   Cannot  quantify  parasitemia   Positive  test  despite  parasite  clearance   Higher  cost  

PCR  

 Can  detect  as  few  as  1  to  5  parasites/microL   Cannot  quantify  infection   Costly   Requires  specialized  equipment  and  trained  staff  

Treatment  

 Good  news:  P.  falciparum  malaria  in  Haiti  is  chloroquine  sensitive  

 Bad  news:    P.  falciparum  malaria  in  Haiti  can  still  prove  fatal  

CQ  resistance?  

 Emerging  Infectious  Disease  Journal  (Volume  15,  Number  5–May  2009):   821  persons  screened  for  malaria  at  Hopital  Albert  Schweitzer  between  2006-­‐7  

 79  persons  tested  positive  for  P.  falciparum   PCR  analysis  detected  5  cases  of  CQ  resistance  

Uncomplicated  malaria  

 Parasitemia  <  5%   No  evidence  of  organ  dysfunction   Able  to  take  PO  

 General  rule:    Malaria  can  be  fatal.  If  in  doubt  of  degree  of  severity,  always  treat  more  aggressively  

Chloroquine  

 Adults:    600  mg  base  (=1000  mg  salt)  po  immediately,  followed  by  300  mg  base  (=500  mg  salt)  po  at  6,  24,  and  48  hours.  Total  dose:  1500  mg  base  (=2500  mg  salt).    

 Children:    10  mg  base/kg  po  immediately,  followed  by  5  mg  base/kg  po  at  6,  24,  and  48  hours.  Total  dose:  25  mg  base/kg.    

Management  of  severe  malaria  

 Treat  the  parasitemia  

 Treat  the  organ  dysfunction  

Chloroquine  

 10  mg  base/kg  in  isotonic  fluid  by  constant-­‐rate  IV  infusion  over  8  hours,  followed  by  15  mg/kg  given  over  the  next  24  hours.  

                                                                             or   5  mg  base/kg  in  isotonic  fluid  by  constant-­‐rate  IV  infusion  over  6  hours,  every  6  hours,  for  a  total  of  5  doses  (i.e.  25  mg  base/kg  continuously  over  30  hours).  

Quinine  

 Loading  dose:    20  mg  salt/kg  of  body  weight  diluted  in  10  ml  isotonic  fluid/kg  by  IV  infusion  over  4  hours  

 Maintenance  dose:    8  hours  after  the  start  of  the  loading  dose,  10  mg  salt/kg,  over  4  hours.  

 Repeat  maintenance  dose  every  8  hours  

Cerebral  malaria  

 Follow  the  Glasgow/Blantyre  scores   LP  to  r/o  bacterial  meningitis   Seizure  management  (NOT  PROPHYLAXIS):  

 Diazepam  0.4  mg/kg  IV/PR   Lorazepam  0.1  mg/kg  IV  

ARDS  

   May  need  mechanical  ventilation     Avoid  volume  overload  leading  to  cardiogenic  pulmonary  edema  

Renal  failure  

 Infuse  isotonic  saline  to  maintain  euvolemia   Dialysis  as  necessary  

Anemia  

 Exchange  transfusion  are  of  uncertain  value   Transfuse  for  Hg  <  7  or  compatible  symptoms   Diuretics  often  NOT  needed  as  pts  are  usually  hypovolemic  

Hypoglycemia  

 Follow  blood  sugars  routinely   Use  IVF  with  D5  routinely   Consider  in  pts  with  MS  changes  

Other  

 Bacteremia  (enteric,  esp  Salmonella)  is  a  common  complication  of  severe  malaria   Consider  blood  cultures  and  antibiotic  therapy  for  decompensated  patients  

 DVT  prophylaxis   Nutrition  via  NGT   Fever  control    

Preven$on  

 ITN   IRS   IPT   Larval  control   Repellants   ?  vaccine  

Malaria  elimina*on  on  Hispaniola  

 The  Lancet  Infectious  Diseases  May  2010:  

 What  is  needed  for  malaria  elimination  on  Hispaniola?  

Eliminate  the  human  reservoir  

 Establish  active  case  detection  around  patients  identified  passively  through  health  systems  to  detect  asymptomatic  infections  

 Mass  detection  and  treatment  of  infection,  particularly  during  the  extended  dry  season  

Prevent  transmission  

 Targeted  insecticide-­‐treated  mosquito  nets,  indoor  residual  spraying,  or  larval  habitat  management  around  foci  of  infection  identified  through  passive  to  active  case  detection  

Mobilize  community  

 To  seek  diagnosis  and  treatment  for  all  fevers  

 To  understand  and  support  the  elimination  effort  

Ini$a$ve  

 Carter  Center  launched  initiative  to  eradicate  malaria  in  Haiti/DR  by  2010  

 Will  likely  cost  $200  million