LOAD RESTRAINTS 1. 2 3 The security of your load, your life and the life of others relies on proper...

LOAD RESTRAINTSLOAD RESTRAINTS 11

LOAD LOAD RESTRAINTSRESTRAINTS

The security of your load,your life and the life of othersrelies on properload restraint

OverviewOverview

• Briefly describe the product or Briefly describe the product or service, the user problems it solves, service, the user problems it solves, and the audience for which it is and the audience for which it is intended.intended.

• Outline different models available.Outline different models available.

Features & BenefitsFeatures & Benefits

– Incident

•On 22 January 2003 three children were killed in a motor vehicle accident when the vehicle they were travelling in ran over steel plates which had earlier fallen from a pallet on a road train.

• Correct load restraint measures are Correct load restraint measures are critical to ensure the critical to ensure the securitysecurity of the of the load.load.

• If the load If the load falls offfalls off it endangers the it endangers the lives of other road userslives of other road users

• If the load If the load moves forwardmoves forward it has the it has the potential to potential to killkill the driver the driver

• Gates can be ineffective unless they Gates can be ineffective unless they are supported by lashings to the are supported by lashings to the

• opposite side of the vehicle or the opposite side of the vehicle or the load is unitized with the gatesload is unitized with the gates

•Penalties exist for breaches of the Act. Penalty:

• In the case of a body corporate - $125,000

• In the case of a natural person - $25,000

Why is load restraint important?

• Every year Australians are injured and killed in crashes• caused by unrestrained loads. This occurs when:• • Heavy objects fall from vehicles on to other vehicles or• pedestrians.• • Drivers swerve to avoid falling or fallen items from• vehicles.• • Spillage on roads from lost loads causes vehicles to skid• and lose control.• • Unrestrained loads crash into vehicle cabins during• emergency braking.• • Vehicles overturn because of loads shifting while• cornering.

ApplicationsApplications

• Discuss how the product or service Discuss how the product or service can be used by different groups, can be used by different groups, giving real user examples where giving real user examples where possible.possible.

SpecificationsSpecifications

• For products, give relevant technical For products, give relevant technical specifications, using as many slides specifications, using as many slides as necessary.as necessary.

• For services, detail the terms and For services, detail the terms and conditions under which the service is conditions under which the service is offered.offered.

Why loads fall from vehicles:

•Everyday driving manoeuvres can involve heavy braking

•or cornering forces. Without sufficient restraint to

•counteract these forces, loads can fall from vehicles or

•shift causing loss of steering control.

Load placement and restraintrequirements?

• The National Road Transport Reform (Mass and Loading)• Regulations 1995 require that:• • A load on a vehicle must not be placed in a way that• makes the vehicle unstable or unsafe.• • A load on a vehicle must be secured so that it is• unlikely to fall or be dislodged from the vehicle.• • An appropriate method must be used to restrain the• load on a vehicle.• Comparable requirements apply in all States and• Territories and you are advised to check the relevant• legislation.

Load Restraint ForcesLoad Restraint Forces

Tie-down Method

• Tie-down restraint is the most common form of load restraint and involves the use of

• lashings.• The load is prevented from moving by friction between the load and the vehicle.• The friction force prevents the load moving forward, rearward and sideways. The• lashings are tensioned to clamp the load to the vehicle and to prevent the load

from• moving upwards.• The friction force comes from both the weight of the load and the clamping force

of the• lashings. When the surfaces are slippery, the friction forces can be very low.• Lashings that clamp the load onto the vehicle are called ‘tie-down lashings’• Friction cannot be taken into account unless the tensioned lashings provide

adequate• clamping of the load on the deck. Unrestrained loads, even on high friction

surfaces,• can bounce when travelling over uneven road surfaces and then shift during

changes• in speed, direction or slope.

A tarpaulin used to restrain this load of concrete blocks.

This load of logs was not properly restrained and fell off on a corner. In this case nopedestrians or other road users were injured.

Poor load restraint caused the heavy steel sections to move and cause the rollover.

The base of the load broke from the strapping tie-down force. The strap should havebeen positioned above the dunnage supporting the load.

The shipping container bent this trailer. It is important to know the weight of the loadand its centre of mass and then to position it correctly on the appropriate vehicle.

• Side Curtains• Side curtains on vehicles are generally used to protect the load from rain and dust and• are usually quicker, easier and safer than a tarpaulin to put in place and secure.• Tarpaulins• The main function of a tarpaulin is for weather protection.• Tie Rails• Many tie rails are not strong enough for use with chain and webbing without bending.• The forces obtained with this equipment can exceed the strength of the rails particularly• when using direct restraint lashings.• Lashings• Synthetic ropes, webbing, and high-tensile steel chains are the most commonly used• lashings. Steel strapping and wire rope have some limited applications. Ropes have• low strength and cannot be tensioned sufficiently to restrain heavy loads.• Ropes• Rope designed for use in transport (Transport Fibre Rope) is made from synthetic• fibre. Rope made from natural fibre has lower strength than synthetic rope.• Ropes should only be used for restraining relatively lightweight loads.• Webbing• Webbing assemblies comprise webbing, end fittings and tensioners. Tensioners can• be either attached to the vehicle (truck winch) or ‘in-line’ (hand ratchet).• Chain• Chains are usually fitted with hooks on each end and tensioned with ‘over-centre’ lever• tensioners, commonly called ‘dogs and chains’. The chain commonly used is 8 mm• high tensile ‘transport’ chain with a typical lashing capacity of 3800 to 4000 kg. Other• sizes are 6, 7.3, 10, 13 and 16 mm. All transport chain is marked at least every 500• mm with its lashing capacity (LC).• Strapping• Strapping can be steel or plastic material and is used for unitising loads into packs or• bundles. Strapping can be highly pre-tensioned using manual or powered tensioners,• making it very suitable as a tie-down lashing for heavy objects especially on container• flats and pallets.• Stretch and Shrink Wrapping• Stretch film wrapping and shrink wrapping can be used to unitise a load consisting of• many small objects such as palletised loads. They are often not suitable for heavier• loads or loads with sharp corners that can penetrate the wrapping. The use of handling• equipment can damage the wrapping and reduce its effectiveness.• Wire Rope• Wire rope is used to tie down loads that are placed cross-wise on the deck. The rope• is tensioned with a winch or turnbuckle.• Elastic Straps• Elastic straps (octopus straps) are low strength lashings fitted with end hooks, commonly• used for restraining lightweight equipment.

A webbing net can be used for difficult loads.

A curtainside trailer after an accident.

This shows some aluminium ingot packs that have tipped forwards under heavybraking. Note that the webbing tie-down straps have stretched and allowed the loadto tip over. The unbraced front load rack was too weak to support the front pack.

The side curtain could not restrain these pallets of cooking oil.

A metal pipe fitting dislodged from a vehicle and hit the bonnet and roof of this car.

Bulk bags must be restrained. Tie-down is seldom effective because the contents cansettle during a journey and allow the lashings to loosen. Containing the bags on thevehicle with properly designed sides or gates is a better option.

This inadequately restrained 12 tonne stainless steel coil rolled forward onto thechassis, over the top of the unbraced loading rack. The extra weight caused a fronttyre to burst

SAMPLES OF INTERNATIONAL CARGO SYMBOLSAND DANGEROUS GOODS CLASS LABELS

12 steel billets weighing 24 tonnes in all, pierced the cab of this truck. Note that thepipe loading rack (far right) was ineffective.

View from passenger's side.

These 3 tonne pipes dislodged when the trailer mounted a gutter at a roundabout.

The steel straps on this 15 tonne steel coil broke allowing the centre of the coil to spearoutwards, causing the trailer to roll over.

1 The red items are lugs and fittings for direct restraint. They are bolted or welded to theload and the carrying vehicle. Some are designed to weld on a flat surface and others ona 90 degree edge or corner.2 The pink items are chain gauges. They are used to determine if a chain is stretched orworn. They measure the link length, diameter and internal width. They are normally brandspecific. Check with the manufacturer of the chain you use.3 The black items are rubber snubbing blocks. They act as shock absorbers for chainsto stop them breaking under impact loads. They usually consist of a circle of six chainlinks set in rubber. Half a link protrudes from each end to connect the rest of the chain.

This photo is a view of the back of the driver’s cabin of a prime mover. It was damagedby a tractor that was being carried on a low loader. When the prime mover braked, thetractor rolled forward, up and over the ‘goose neck’ onto the cabin.

WHY USEWHY USELOAD LOAD

RESTRAINTSRESTRAINTS

AvailabilityAvailability

• List availability dates.List availability dates.

• Describe where product can be Describe where product can be purchased, or where to direct orders.purchased, or where to direct orders.

LOAD RESTRAINTS 1. 2 3 The security of your load, your life and the life of others relies on proper...

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