Linked Data and Time

Modeling Researcher Life Lines by Events

Johannes Trame, Carsten Keßler, Werner Kuhn

Sunday, September 8, 13

Persons

Patents

PublicationsProjects

Prizes

5 PCentral Research Information System @ WWU

Background

Sunday, September 8, 13

• Inflexible schema, difficult integration•Query capabilities limited to „who produced what?“

Persons

Patents

PublicationsProjects

Prizes

5 PCentral Research Information System @ WWU

Background

Sunday, September 8, 13

• Inflexible schema, difficult integration•Query capabilities limited to „who produced what?“

Persons

Patents

PublicationsProjects

Prizes

5 PCentral Research Information System @ WWU

➡ Linked Open Data University of MuensterBackground

Sunday, September 8, 13

•TIME and SPACE are missing (or implicit)•We are interested in „who did what, when, where ?“•add two P’s (Periods and Places)

Persons

Patents

PublicationsProjects

Prizes

5 PCentral Research Information System @ WWU

Background

Sunday, September 8, 13

Angela

WWU

dc:creator

dbpedia:hasOccupation dbpedia:Teacher

dbpedia:activeYearsStart „2008“

foaf:member

Paper456

foaf:based_near51.96, 7.62

Triples and Time

Background

Sunday, September 8, 13

Angela

WWU

dc:creator

dbpedia:hasOccupation dbpedia:Teacher

dbpedia:activeYearsStart „2008“

foaf:member

Paper456

foaf:based_near51.96, 7.62

Paper123

ETH

„2010“

dbpedia:Professor

47.37, 8.54

Triples and Time

Background

Sunday, September 8, 13

? ?Angela

WWU

dc:creator

dbpedia:hasOccupation dbpedia:Teacher

dbpedia:activeYearsStart „2008“

foaf:member

Paper456

How to add (represent) time and space meaningfully and usefully?

foaf:based_near51.96, 7.62

Paper123

ETH

„2010“

dbpedia:Professor

47.37, 8.54

Triples and Time

Background

Sunday, September 8, 13

Time as Meta-Information

example:Angela dbpedia:Professordbpedia:hasOccupation

- RDF Reication

Related Work

Sunday, September 8, 13

Time as Meta-Information

example:Angela dbpedia:Professordbpedia:hasOccupation

_:xxx

subject predicate object

dc:date„2008“

- RDF Reication

Related Work

Sunday, September 8, 13

Time as Meta-Information

example:Angela dbpedia:Professordbpedia:hasOccupation

_:xxx

subject predicate object

dc:date„2008“

example:Angela dbpedia:Professordbpedia:hasOccupation

- Named Graphs

- RDF Reication

Related Work

Sunday, September 8, 13

Time as Meta-Information

example:Angela dbpedia:Professordbpedia:hasOccupation

_:xxx

subject predicate object

dc:date„2008“

example:Angela dbpedia:Professordbpedia:hasOccupation

„2008“

example:NamedGraph123

dc:dateexample:NamedGraph123

- Named Graphs

- RDF Reication

Related Work

Sunday, September 8, 13

Time in RDF(S) extensions

• to model valid time, based on temporal database theory• extending the syntax and interpretation of the language

Temporal RDF GraphsMultidimensional RDF

Applied Temporal RDF stRDFRDF STT Temporal Quintuples

Related Work

Sunday, September 8, 13

Time in RDF(S) extensions

• to model valid time, based on temporal database theory• extending the syntax and interpretation of the language

Temporal RDF GraphsMultidimensional RDF

Applied Temporal RDF stRDFRDF STT Temporal Quintuples

Problems• time (and space) as a feature of the KR language• interaction with the open world assumption

Related Work

Sunday, September 8, 13

N-Ary Relations- conceptual reication

org:hasMembership

example:Angela example:WWUfoaf:member

foaf:Person org:Membership org:hasOrganization org:Organization

Related Work

Sunday, September 8, 13

N-Ary Relations- conceptual reication

org:hasMembership

example:Angela example:WWUfoaf:member

foaf:Person org:Membership org:hasOrganization org:Organization

org:Timeorg:Role

org:duringorg:role

Related Work

Sunday, September 8, 13

• the natural choice, but...

Problems• leads to ad-hoc proliferation of objects• lacks logical design patterns• no means to identify n-ary patterns as such

N-Ary Relations- conceptual reication

org:hasMembership

example:Angela example:WWUfoaf:member

foaf:Person org:Membership org:hasOrganization org:Organization

org:Timeorg:Role

org:duringorg:role

Related Work

Sunday, September 8, 13

Event-Oriented Modeling

Event Ontology (EO)

CIDOC CRMABC Ontology SEMF-Event ModelLODE

http://motools.sourceforge.net/event/event.html

sem:Event

sem:Actorsem:Place

sem:Time sem:EventType

hasTime

hasPlace hasActor

eventType

Related Work

Sunday, September 8, 13

Object - Event - Situation Participation

Object Event

Our Approach

= Entity

= Event

= Object= PhysicalObject= SocialObject

= Concept= Situation

Dolce Ultralite

Sunday, September 8, 13

Object - Event - Situation Participation

participates

Object Event

Our Approach

= Entity

= Event

= Object= PhysicalObject= SocialObject

= Concept= Situation

Dolce Ultralite

Sunday, September 8, 13

Object - Event - Situation Participation

participates

Object Event

Concept

classifies

Our Approach

= Entity

= Event

= Object= PhysicalObject= SocialObject

= Concept= Situation

Dolce Ultralite

Sunday, September 8, 13

Object - Event - Situation Participation

participates

Object Event

Concept

classifies

Situation Descriptionaccording-to

Our Approach

= Entity

= Event

= Object= PhysicalObject= SocialObject

= Concept= Situation

Dolce Ultralite

Sunday, September 8, 13

Multiple participants in events

PhysicalObject

!

InformationObject

- functional participation relations

e.g. a Person e.g. a Paper

Evente.g. writing a Paper

Our Approach

Sunday, September 8, 13

Multiple participants in events

PhysicalObject

!

InformationObject

- functional participation relations

e.g. a Person e.g. a Paper

Evente.g. writing a Paper

performs theme

Our Approach

Sunday, September 8, 13

Multiple participants in events

PhysicalObject

!

InformationObject

idea of thematic roles from linguistics [Davidson etc.]:

- functional participation relations

e.g. a Person e.g. a Paper

Evente.g. writing a Paper

performs theme

Our Approach

Sunday, September 8, 13

Multiple participants in events

PhysicalObject

!

InformationObject

idea of thematic roles from linguistics [Davidson etc.]:• write (authorX, paper, pen, library, midnight)

- functional participation relations

e.g. a Person e.g. a Paper

Evente.g. writing a Paper

performs theme

Our Approach

Sunday, September 8, 13

Multiple participants in events

PhysicalObject

!

InformationObject

idea of thematic roles from linguistics [Davidson etc.]:• write (authorX, paper, pen, library, midnight)• e [write (authorX, paper, e) ^ with (e, pen) ^ in (e, library) ^ at (e, midnight)]

- functional participation relations

e.g. a Person e.g. a Paper

Evente.g. writing a Paper

performs theme

Our Approach

Sunday, September 8, 13

Multiple participants in events

PhysicalObject

!

InformationObject

idea of thematic roles from linguistics [Davidson etc.]:• write (authorX, paper, pen, library, midnight)• e [write (authorX, paper, e) ^ with (e, pen) ^ in (e, library) ^ at (e, midnight)]• e [write (e) ^ agent (e, authorX) ^ location (e, library) ^ time (e, midnight)]

- functional participation relations

e.g. a Person e.g. a Paper

Evente.g. writing a Paper

performs theme

Our Approach

Sunday, September 8, 13

Temporal and Spatial Properties

hasTimeInterval

participates

Object

Interval

Event

PhysicalRegion

hasLocation

Our Approach

Sunday, September 8, 13

Temporal and Spatial Properties

hasTimeInterval eventPlace

participates

approxLocation

Object

Interval

Event

Place

PhysicalRegion

hasLocation

Our Approach

Sunday, September 8, 13

Temporal Relations

Our Approach

Sunday, September 8, 13

Temporal Relations

[precedes: (?object dul:isParticipantIn ?p)(?object dul:isParticipantIn ?q) (?p pres:eventTime ?a)(?q pres:eventTime ?b)notEqual(?a,?b)(?a pres:hasIntervalEndDate ?enda)(?b pres:hasIntervalStartDate ?startb)lessThan(?enda,?startb)

-> (?p temp:precedes ?q) (?q temp:follows ?p)

]

Our Approach

Sunday, September 8, 13

Application: CV

Application

Sunday, September 8, 13

Application: CV

Application

Sunday, September 8, 13

Application: CV

Application

Sunday, September 8, 13

SELECT ?start ?end ?rolename ?placename WHERE {

! cris:8220 dul:isParticipantIn ?event.

! OPTIONAL{ ?event pres:eventType pres:CareerEvent; } ! ?event pres:eventTime ?int. ! ?int pres:hasIntervalStartDate ?start. ! OPTIONAL{ ! ! ?int pres:hasIntervalEndDate ?end ! }.

! OPTIONAL{ ! ! ?person pres:hasPersonRole ?role. ! ! ?role pres:isPersonRoleIncludedIn ?sit. ! ! ?sit dul:includesEvent ?event. ! ! ?role dct:title ?rolename. ! } . ! OPTIONAL{ ! ! ?event pres:eventPlace ?place. ! ! ?place pres:placeName ?placename. ! } } Application

Queries

Sunday, September 8, 13

SELECT ?start ?end ?rolename ?placename WHERE {

! cris:8220 dul:isParticipantIn ?event.

! OPTIONAL{ ?event pres:eventType pres:CareerEvent; } ! ?event pres:eventTime ?int. ! ?int pres:hasIntervalStartDate ?start. ! OPTIONAL{ ! ! ?int pres:hasIntervalEndDate ?end ! }.

! OPTIONAL{ ! ! ?person pres:hasPersonRole ?role. ! ! ?role pres:isPersonRoleIncludedIn ?sit. ! ! ?sit dul:includesEvent ?event. ! ! ?role dct:title ?rolename. ! } . ! OPTIONAL{ ! ! ?event pres:eventPlace ?place. ! ! ?place pres:placeName ?placename. ! } }

in which events did a person participate?

Application

Queries

Sunday, September 8, 13

SELECT ?start ?end ?rolename ?placename WHERE {

! cris:8220 dul:isParticipantIn ?event.

! OPTIONAL{ ?event pres:eventType pres:CareerEvent; } ! ?event pres:eventTime ?int. ! ?int pres:hasIntervalStartDate ?start. ! OPTIONAL{ ! ! ?int pres:hasIntervalEndDate ?end ! }.

! OPTIONAL{ ! ! ?person pres:hasPersonRole ?role. ! ! ?role pres:isPersonRoleIncludedIn ?sit. ! ! ?sit dul:includesEvent ?event. ! ! ?role dct:title ?rolename. ! } . ! OPTIONAL{ ! ! ?event pres:eventPlace ?place. ! ! ?place pres:placeName ?placename. ! } }

in which events did a person participate?

which (social) concept is assigned to the event?

Application

Queries

Sunday, September 8, 13

SELECT ?start ?end ?rolename ?placename WHERE {

! cris:8220 dul:isParticipantIn ?event.

! OPTIONAL{ ?event pres:eventType pres:CareerEvent; } ! ?event pres:eventTime ?int. ! ?int pres:hasIntervalStartDate ?start. ! OPTIONAL{ ! ! ?int pres:hasIntervalEndDate ?end ! }.

! OPTIONAL{ ! ! ?person pres:hasPersonRole ?role. ! ! ?role pres:isPersonRoleIncludedIn ?sit. ! ! ?sit dul:includesEvent ?event. ! ! ?role dct:title ?rolename. ! } . ! OPTIONAL{ ! ! ?event pres:eventPlace ?place. ! ! ?place pres:placeName ?placename. ! } }

in which events did a person participate?

which (social) concept is assigned to the event?

when did the event start and end?

Application

Queries

Sunday, September 8, 13

SELECT ?start ?end ?rolename ?placename WHERE {

! cris:8220 dul:isParticipantIn ?event.

! OPTIONAL{ ?event pres:eventType pres:CareerEvent; } ! ?event pres:eventTime ?int. ! ?int pres:hasIntervalStartDate ?start. ! OPTIONAL{ ! ! ?int pres:hasIntervalEndDate ?end ! }.

! OPTIONAL{ ! ! ?person pres:hasPersonRole ?role. ! ! ?role pres:isPersonRoleIncludedIn ?sit. ! ! ?sit dul:includesEvent ?event. ! ! ?role dct:title ?rolename. ! } . ! OPTIONAL{ ! ! ?event pres:eventPlace ?place. ! ! ?place pres:placeName ?placename. ! } }

in which events did a person participate?

what social roles did the person play in the event?

which (social) concept is assigned to the event?

when did the event start and end?

Application

Queries

Sunday, September 8, 13

SELECT ?start ?end ?rolename ?placename WHERE {

! cris:8220 dul:isParticipantIn ?event.

! OPTIONAL{ ?event pres:eventType pres:CareerEvent; } ! ?event pres:eventTime ?int. ! ?int pres:hasIntervalStartDate ?start. ! OPTIONAL{ ! ! ?int pres:hasIntervalEndDate ?end ! }.

! OPTIONAL{ ! ! ?person pres:hasPersonRole ?role. ! ! ?role pres:isPersonRoleIncludedIn ?sit. ! ! ?sit dul:includesEvent ?event. ! ! ?role dct:title ?rolename. ! } . ! OPTIONAL{ ! ! ?event pres:eventPlace ?place. ! ! ?place pres:placeName ?placename. ! } }

in which events did a person participate?

what social roles did the person play in the event?

which (social) concept is assigned to the event?

when did the event start and end?

where did the event take place?Application

Queries

Sunday, September 8, 13

Application: CV Browser

Application

Sunday, September 8, 13

Conclusions

• The event model based on DUL + DnS provides a solid base for representing time and space meaningfully and usefully• straight-forward design guidelines• overcomes typical spatio-temporal modeling problems • easy to extend• can be composed to more complex and/or domain specic

content patterns which interoperate

• In some situations the systematic introduction of events might be cumbersome but • provides us with a solid base for temporal reasoning• grounds entities for „difcult“ relations• allows for different interpretations of what is happening

Conclusion

Sunday, September 8, 13

Future Work

• vague time-intervals• event reasoning (analogy-based, identity)• inference (construction) of new events• computational issues• events beyond “academic” examples

Conclusion

Sunday, September 8, 13

"... events are primarily linguistic or cognitive in nature. That is, the world does not really contain events. Rather, events are the way by which agents classify certain useful and relevant pattern of change.“

*James Allen 1994

Thank you for your attention!

Gantt Chart designed by Jeremy Boatman, Patent designed by James Christopher, Globe designed by Hüsnü Koyuncu, City designed by Thibault Geffroy from The Noun Project

Sunday, September 8, 13

Sunday, September 8, 13

Epistemological KR Languages are ontological neutral

The Ontological Level - the „Missing“ Level

Level Primitive Constructs Main Feature Interpretation

Logical Predicates Formalisation Arbitrary

Epistemological Structuring Relations (Concepts and Roles)

Structure Arbitrary

Ontological Structuring Primitives Meaning Constrained

Conceptual Cognitive Primitives Conceptualisation Subjective

Linguistic Linguistic Primitives Language Subjective

* Guarino, N. (1994). The ontological level & Guarino, N. (2009). The Ontological Level : Revisiting 30 Years of Knowledge Representation

Sunday, September 8, 13

Epistemological KR Languages are ontological neutral

The Ontological Level - the „Missing“ Level

Level Primitive Constructs Main Feature Interpretation

Logical Predicates Formalisation Arbitrary

Epistemological Structuring Relations (Concepts and Roles)

Structure Arbitrary

Ontological Structuring Primitives Meaning Constrained

Conceptual Cognitive Primitives Conceptualisation Subjective

Linguistic Linguistic Primitives Language Subjective

* Guarino, N. (1994). The ontological level & Guarino, N. (2009). The Ontological Level : Revisiting 30 Years of Knowledge Representation

Person

Teacheris-A

Sunday, September 8, 13

Epistemological KR Languages are ontological neutral

The Ontological Level - the „Missing“ Level

Level Primitive Constructs Main Feature Interpretation

Logical Predicates Formalisation Arbitrary

Epistemological Structuring Relations (Concepts and Roles)

Structure Arbitrary

Ontological Structuring Primitives Meaning Constrained

Conceptual Cognitive Primitives Conceptualisation Subjective

Linguistic Linguistic Primitives Language Subjective

* Guarino, N. (1994). The ontological level & Guarino, N. (2009). The Ontological Level : Revisiting 30 Years of Knowledge Representation

Person

Teacheris-A

Courseteacher

Sunday, September 8, 13

Epistemological KR Languages are ontological neutral

The Ontological Level - the „Missing“ Level

Level Primitive Constructs Main Feature Interpretation

Logical Predicates Formalisation Arbitrary

Epistemological Structuring Relations (Concepts and Roles)

Structure Arbitrary

Ontological Structuring Primitives Meaning Constrained

Conceptual Cognitive Primitives Conceptualisation Subjective

Linguistic Linguistic Primitives Language Subjective

* Guarino, N. (1994). The ontological level & Guarino, N. (2009). The Ontological Level : Revisiting 30 Years of Knowledge Representation

Person

Teacheris-A

Courseteacher

➡Ontological commitment remains implicit

Sunday, September 8, 13

Todays Knowledge is kept in silos...

: Open silos and link data across silos

FormatsOrganizations Terminology

e.g

. Un

ive

rsit

y

e.g

. Lib

rari

es

e.g

. Go

vern

me

nta

l D

ata

BackgroundSunday, September 8, 13

Todays Knowledge is kept in silos...

: Open silos and link data across silos

FormatsOrganizations Terminology

e.g

. Un

ive

rsit

y

e.g

. Lib

rari

es

e.g

. Go

vern

me

nta

l D

ata

: Open silos and link data across silos

BackgroundSunday, September 8, 13

Space-Temporal Reasoning

Sunday, September 8, 13

Space-Temporal Reasoning

Space-Temporal Reasoning

Sunday, September 8, 13