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Anti NMDA receptor Encephalitis and other synaptic Autoimmune disorder
Myrna R. Rosenfeld, MD, PhD* and Josep Dalmau, MD, PhDDepartment of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, 3 W. Gates 3400 Spruce St., Philadelphia
Current Treat Options Neurol. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2013 July 09
Sarawut Krongsut resident 1A. Surat TanpravateNeurology medicine department CMU
21 st May 2014
Content • Anti–NMDA-Receptor Encephalitis
• Anti–AMPA-Receptor Encephalitis
• Anti GABA B Encephalitis
• Anti – LGI 1 limbic encephalitis
• Anti CASPR2 Associated Encephalitis
• Outcome
• Treatment
Excitatory neuronal transmission Inhibitory neuronal transmission
excitatory glutamate N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor
alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptor;
the inhibitory gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABAB) receptor
- leucine-rich glioma-inactivated (LGI1) :protein, a secreted neuronal protein-contactin-associated protein 2 (CASPR2), a protein important to the normal function of voltage-gated potassium channels
Neuronal transmission and plasticity
A Receptor with a Long Memory
• NMDA receptor
• AMPA receptor
Activated by glutamate
NMDA receptor
Glutamate is bound to the receptor
Allow the passage of Ca2+ and Na+ into the cell and K+ out of the cell
Postsynaptic cell is depolarized (which removes the Mg2+ blocking the channel)
: excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP)
memory formation
Anti–NMDA-Receptor EncephalitisFirst described as a clinical in 2005.
4 young women developed acute psychiatric symptoms, seizures, memory deficits, decreased level of consciousness, autonomic instability, and hypoventilation in association with the presence of an ovarian teratoma
All had antibodies reacting with a neuronal cell surface protein >> NR1 subunit of the NMDA receptor
Symptoms of anti–NMDA-receptor encephalitis
Viral-like prodrome
Alterations of memory, behavior, and cognition
Psychosis
Seizures
Dyskinesias (orofacial, limb, and trunk)
Autonomic and breathing instability
Anti–NMDA-Receptor Encephalitis• Mostly initially seen by psychiatry services and can be mis-diagnosed with an
acute psychotic or drug abuse .
• Most children are brought to hospital because of changes in mood, behavior, or personality , seizures , or language disintegration
• Autonomic instability is a common in adults:
Central hypoventilation : requires mechanical support.
Severe cardiac dysrhythmias : requiring a pacemaker.
Children : urinary incontinence and sleep dysfunction.
Anti–NMDA-Receptor Encephalitis
CSF profile Mostly CSF studies with a lymphocytic pleocytosis.
About 1/3 increased proteins, and 60% have oligoclonal bands.
MRI findings : ½ have abnormal MRI findings >>> Increased signal on FLAIR or T2 in the
cerebral or cerebellar cortex or medial temporal lobes.
Other areas : corpus callosum or brainstem.
Transient contrast enhancement of the cerebral or cerebellar cortex, overlaying meninges, or basal ganglia.
Anti–NMDA-Receptor Encephalitis Movement disorders are common and can be misinterpreted as seizure.
Dyskinesias : typically orofacial dyskinesias, choreoathetoid movements of the
extremities, dystonia, rigidity, opisthotonic postures.
EEG : generalized slow or disorganized activity without epileptic discharges.
Dx of anti–NMDA-receptor encephalitis
Confirmed by the detection in serum or CSF of antibodies to the NR1 subunit of the NMDA receptor.
In advanced stages of the disease : CSF antibodies usually remain elevated + no clinical improvement. whereas serum antibodies may be substantially decreased by treatments.
The titer of CSF antibodies appears to correlate with the clinical outcome.
Choreothetoid , oro lingual diskinesia in Anti NMDA recptor encehalitis
Anti–NMDA-Receptor Encephalitis>1/2 have an associated tumor :most commonly an ovarian teratoma .
The detection of an ovarian teratoma is age-dependent:
½ of female : age >18 years :unilateral or bilateral ovarian teratoma.
< 9 % of female : age < 14 years : ovarian teratoma
Detection of a tumor is rare in male patients
Other tumor types : teratoma of the mediastinum
small-cell lung cancer (SCLC)
Hodgkin’s lymphoma
Neuroblastoma
germ-cell tumor of the testes.
Breast cancer
Anti–AMPA-Receptor Encephalitis Clinical
• Affects middle-aged women
• Limbic dysfunction : subacute onset of confusion, disorientation, and memory loss
• Seizures
• Prominent psychiatric symptoms
• 70% : underlying tumor in the lung, breast, or thymus
CSF findings :predominant lymphocytic pleocytosis.
Brain MRI :abnormal FLAIR signal involving the medial temporal lobes, rarely with transient signal changes in other areas.
Can associated with systemic autoimmunity stiff-person syndrome
insulin-dependent diabetes
glutamic acid decarboxylase [GAD]antibodies
Hypothyroidism
Raynaud’s syndrome
Anti GABA B EncephalitisUsually presents with limbic encephalitis and seizures
median age was 62 years (range, 24–75) and both sexes were equally affected.
About ½ : associated tumor SCLC or neuroendocrine tumor of the lung
frequently have additional antibodies to GAD (glutamic acid decarboxylase) and several non-neuronal proteins of unclear significance
MRI and CSF findings :
• unilateral or bilateral increases in medial temporal lobe FLAIR or T2 signal consistent with limbic encephalitis
• CSF : lymphocytic pleocytosis.
Anti – LGI 1 limbic encephalitis
LGI1 is a secreted neuronal protein that interacts with presynaptic and postsynaptic receptors
20% : associated with a neoplasm : most commonly thymoma or SCLC
Memory disturbances, confusion, and seizures(tonic seizures that can mimic myoclonic type movements )
MRI findings that are usually typical of limbic encephalitis
CSF studies : often normal or show only oligoclonal bands with normal total protein
Hyponatremia or rapid eye movement (REM) sleep-behavior disorders.
Mutation of LGI1 : assoc with the syndrome of autosomal dominant lateral
temporal lobe epilepsy
Anti-CASPR2 Associated EncephalitisUsually develop symptoms of encephalitis, peripheral nerve
hyperexcitability, or both (Morvan’s syndrome).
cognitive impairment, memory loss, hallucinations, and seizures.
Assoc. with immune-mediated disorders such as
• myasthenia gravis with anti-acetylcholine or muscle specific kinase (MuSK) antibodies.
Responds to immunotherapy, making the distinction is critical.
CASPR2 antibody–associated syndromes may occur with or without an associated tumor.
Relapses• Anti–NMDA-receptor encephalitis, anti–AMPA-receptor encephalitis, and LGI1
antibody–associated limbic encephalitis can relapse
• occur in 20% to 25% of patients : Risk of relapse associated with
o the presence or absence of a tumor
o the timing of therapy
• Patients with tumors who received tumor treatment within 4 months of the onset of neurologic symptoms, often in conjunction with immunotherapyfewer neurologic relapses
better overall outcomes than patients without tumors or patients with tumors that were treated later or not at all
Outcome• In a series of 100 patients with anti–NMDA-receptor encephalitis ,follow up of
17 months
47 : full recovery,
28 : mild deficits,
18 : severe deficits
7 : illness-related death
• Residual symptoms are often behavioral long-term follow-up residual symptoms continue to improve.
Treatment
• Mostly will respond to treatment
• recovery can be slow and symptoms may relapse.
• Spontaneous recovery : a few patients after several months
• If tumor is found, it should be removed as soon as possible
• Rx : immunomodulatory therapy : methylprednisolone and intravenous
immunoglobulin (IVIg)
o should be initiated as soon as the diagnosis is confirmed.
o start with a 5-day .
o Plasma exchange can substitute for IVIg: not preference for autonomic
instability and uncooperative patients
If no improvement is seen after IVMP and IVIg
initiate a combination of cyclophosphamide (once every month) + rituximab (once a week for the first 4 weeks only)
If persistent titers in the CSF suggesting continued need for treatment
No tumor is found : yearly surveillance malignancy for 2–3 years should be considered
start mycophenolate mofetil or azathioprine for 1 year at recovery (because of the increased risk of relapses )
• Supportive care
May require prolonged stays with mechanical ventilation in intensive care units.
Recover which improve over months.
Need a multi-disciplinary team approach : physical rehabilitation and psychiatric management.
Reference
Myrna R. Rosenfeld, MD, PhD* and Josep Dalmau, MD, PhD
Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, 3 W. Gates 3400 Spruce St., Philadelphia
Current Treat Options Neurol. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2013 July 09