Chapter 8

Socioemotional Development in Middle and Late Childhood

6-11 Years-of-AgePowerPoints developed by Jenni Fauchier,

Butchered by Professor Carney

6-11 Years-of-Age 1

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ir8BO4-7DkM

6-11 Years-of-Age 2

6-11 Years-of-Age

The Development of Self-Understanding  

• Increasingly describe selves with psychological characteristics & traits– Ex:

• Popular• Nice• Smart

3

6-11 Years-of-Age

• More likely:– Recognize social aspects of self

• Include groups they belong to – Girl Scouts

– Christian

– What do I do in comparison to others? • Previous stage

– What I do or don’t do

The Development of Self-Understanding  

4

6-11 Years-of-Age

Self-Esteem & Self-Concept  

• Personal perceptions match reality?• Maybe

• Self-concept

– Self-evaluate in many areas• Academic• Athletic• Appearance

– How might this affect a child?

5

6-11 Years-of-Age

Self-Efficacy• Self-efficacy

– Belief that one can master a situation & produce favorable outcomes • Low self-efficacy for learning

– May avoid many learning tasks, especially challenging ones

• Math: know it when I grow up

• High-self-efficacy for learning– Eagerly work at learning tasks

6

6-11 Years-of-Age

Self Regulation• Self-regulation

– Manage • Behavior

• Emotions

• Thoughts – Allows social skills & achievement

• Capacity in self-regulation– Development, prefrontal cortex

8

6-11 Years-of-Age

Developmental Changes in Emotion

• Better understanding of emotions • Can experience more than 1 emotion at a

time.– Angry sister broke your toy– Sad you don’t have toy

• Increased awareness of events leading to emotional reactions– “She hit me so I smashed her toy.”

9

Developmental Changes in Emotion

• Ability to suppress or conceal– Negative feelings

• Strategies for redirecting feelings– Self-soothing after upset

• Play with favorite toy

• Capacity for genuine empathy

6-11 Years-of-Age 10

6-11 Years-of-Age

Kohlberg Stages

• Based on Piaget• 6 stages of

moral development

• Believed universal

11

6-11 Years-of-Age 12

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O7pQJ0ptjk0Kohlberg Stages

6-11 Years-of-Age 13

6-11 Years-of-Age

Kohlberg's Moral Development Theory

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zY4etXWYS84

14

6-11 Years-of-Age

Kohlberg Stages

• 3 Levels– Level 1: Preconventional reasoning – Level 2: Conventional reasoning– Level 3: Postconventional reasoning

• 6 Stages– 2 stages in each level – (Need to keep in mind the 3 levels only)

15

6-11 Years-of-Age

Preconventional Reasoning– Early childhood

development– Interpret good &

bad in terms of (behaviorism)

• External rewards

• Punishments

– Egocentric

16

6-11 Years-of-Age

Conventional Reasoning

• Middle school• Apply certain

standards– Standards set by

others• Parents

• Government

• Learn to conform

17

6-11 Years-of-Age

Postconventional Reasoning• Usually college years• Recognize alternative

moral courses– Explore options

– Decide on personal moral code

18

6-11 Years-of-Age

Kohlberg Stages Research

• Moral stages appeared later than Kohlberg envisioned.

• Reasoning at Stage 6 rare.

19

6-11 Years-of-Age

Physical Development  • Females

– Longer life expectancy

– Less likely to develop• physical disorders

• mental disorders– More depression

– Hormones • Stop growth of long

bones at puberty

• Males – 10% taller– 2X’s risk of

coronary disease – Hormones

• Promote growth of long bones

20

6-11 Years-of-Age

• Females – Brain smaller

• More folds

– Portions of corpus callosum larger

– Areas involved in emotional expression show more activity

• Males – Larger

• Part of hypothalamus related to sex

• Area of parietal lobe larger

– Visuospatial skills

Physical Development  

21

6-11 Years-of-Age

Cognitive Development   • Males better

– Math – Visuospatial skills

• Females better– Verbal abilities

• Later studies – Verbal differences between females & males

virtually disappeared– Math & visuospatial differences still existed

• Have cognitive differences between females & males been exaggerated?

22

Aggresion

• Who is more aggressive M or F?

6-11 Years-of-Age 23

6-11 Years-of-Age

Socioemotional Development   • Aggression:

– Boys more physically aggressive– Girls more verbally aggressive

• Spread malicious rumors • Ignoring someone when angry

• Boys more likely to hide – Negative emotions

• Girls less likely to express – Disappointment that might hurt others’ feelings

24

6-11 Years-of-Age

Gender Differences in Prosocial Behavior

• Prosocial behavior– Acting to help another person, particularly

when only goal is to help. • Females

– View selves as more prosocial & empathic – Across childhood & adolescence, engage in more

prosocial behavior

• Biggest gender difference occurs for kind & considerate behavior

• Smaller difference in sharing

25

6-11 Years-of-Age

Developmental Changes in Parent-Child Relationships

• Parents – spend less time with children– continue to be important – support & stimulate academic achievement

• Children– less physical discipline than they did as

preschoolers– more self-regulation

26

6-11 Years-of-Age

Developmental Changes in Peer Relations

• Peers– Socializing time increases – Group size increases– Less supervision – Same-sex groups preferred

• Until age 12

27

6-11 Years-of-Age

Being Popular• Popular children

– reinforce others– listen – open lines of communication with peers– happy – control negative emotions– show enthusiasm – show empathy– self-confident , not conceited

28

6-11 Years-of-Age

Other Statuses• Neglected children

– Low rates of interaction with peers– Described as shy by peers

• Rejected children – Often more serious adjustment

problems than those neglected

–Some are aggressive

29

6-11 Years-of-Age

Bullying• Bullied children

– Reported• More loneliness

• Difficulty making friends

• Victimized – Anxious & socially withdrawn children

• Non-threatening & unlikely to retaliate

– Aggressive children• May be targets because their behavior is irritating

to bullies

31

6-11 Years-of-Age

• Victims

– more headaches – more abdominal pain – sleeping problems – tired– more depression

• Bullies– More likely to have a poor academic record– Smoke– Drink alcohol

Bullying Cont.

32

Functions of Friendships

• Children’s friendships serve what functions?

6-11 Years-of-Age 33

6 Functions of Friendships

6-11 Years-of-Age 35

6-11 Years-of-Age

Socioeconomic Status & Ethnicity

• Schools in low-income areas are more likely to have: – more students with low achievement test

scores – low graduation rates – small % of students going to college – young teachers with less experience– encourage rote learning– buildings & classrooms old & crumbling

37

Newsletter

• Newsletter 6-11 yrs.

6-11 Years-of-Age 39