LIFE PROCESSES - AMOEBA

KINGDOM:  ProtistaPHYLUM:  Sarcodina

CLASS:  SarcodinaGENUS:  Amoeba

SPECIES:  Amoeba proteus

Amoeba

Movement Amoeboid movement

Pseudopodium○ Endoplasm will stream toward a portion of the

plasma membrane, causing a bulge to form. This bulge is gradually extended into a long pseudopod. The cytoplasm then flows into the pseudopod and draws the plasma membrane with it.

Oozes

Body Covering Plasma membrane

outer layer that helps in filteringFlexibleAllows organism to constantly change shape

CystIn unfavorable conditions (dryness, lack of

food) the amoeba will protect itself by becoming a cyst

Support Ectoplasm

Clear fluid just inside the plasma membrane Endoplasm

cytoplasm inside the organism that contains all of the cytoplasmic organelles

Nutrition Phagocytosis

Pseudopodia engulf the food particles sealing it into a food vacuole

Respiration• Exchange dissolved gases with environment

Circulation Open circulatory system within the

organism Contractile vacuole – expels extra water

Excretion Soluble wastes diffuse to environment

Responses Cyst – response to harsh environmental

conditions; metabolic rates slows and forms a hard exterior coating for protection

Reproduction Asexual

Binary FissionConjugation

LIFE PROCESSES – PARAMECIUM

Phylum:CiliophoraClass:Ciliatea

Genus:Paramecium

Paramecium

Movement Cilia

Small hair-like structures that beat rhythmically to either propel the organism toward the food or to move the food toward the organism.

Completely surrounding the organism

Body Covering Pellicle

Firm, flexible protein-rich covering that is external to the cell membrane

Slipper-shaped

Support Pellicle is firm and maintains shape Cytoplasm helps to maintain shape

Nutrition Oral groove – funnel-shaped indentation

lined with cilia that will sweep food into the mouth pore

Mouth pore – opening to the gullet Gullet – short tube connecting the gullet

to the food vacuole Food vacuole – will travel through

cytoplasm allowing enzymes from lysosomes will digest food.

Respiration• Exchange dissolved gases with environment

Circulation Open circulatory system within the

organism

Excretion Contractile Vacuole (2) –

Star-shapeduses pinocytosis to injest or expel water that

has dissolved nutrientsSoluble wastes diffuse to environment

through plasma membrane Anal pore

expels insoluble wastes

Responses Taxes

Generally respond to touchGenerally a change in speed or direction

TrichocystsTiny organelles under the pellicle that

discharge stiff filaments into the water as a defense mechanism

Reproduction Asexual

Binary Fission○ Micronucleus divides by mitosis ○ Macronucleus, containing multiple copies of DNA,

enlarges and divides in half○ Body elongates and a second gullet forms○ Finally, a furrow forms dividing the organism in two○ Each daughter cell has identical organelles

Reproduction Sexual

Conjugation○ Two paramecia attach to each other by their oral

surfaces.○ Genetic material is exchanged○ The paramecia will also go through nuclear changes

within themselves.○ Paramecia separate and each paramecia will go

through division to form two similar organisms (a total of four)

LIFE PROCESSES - EUGLENA

Phylum EuglenophycotaClass Euglenophyceae

Genus Euglena

Euglena

Movement Flagella – two – one very long, one very

shortUses a whip-like motion with the flagella to

PULL themselves through the water Euglenoid Movement

○ Modified Amoeboid movement○ Pulls the cytoplasm in so shape becomes

round, then re-extends itself forward.○ Worm-like motion

Body Covering Pellicle

Maintains shape

Support Pellicle Cytoplasm

Nutrition Autotrophic

Photosynthesis○ Chloroplasts – contain Chlorophyll a and b

and carotenoids Saprophytic

Absorbs dissolved nutrients in low light or darkness

Respiration• Exchange dissolved gases with environment

Circulation Open circulatory system

Gullet – exterior opening near flagellaResevoir – section at end of gullet

Excretion Soluble wastes diffuse to environment Contractile vacuole

Maintains water balance by expelling excess water into the reservoir

Responses Eyespot

Small red spot that is light-sensitive

Reproduction Asexual

Binary Fission○ Once per day under ideal conditions

Sexualunknown

Classification Euglena could be classified as either a

protozoa or an algal.

Scientists tend to lean toward algal because it appears more plantlike due to the photosynthetic structures using photosynthesis as a first source of nutrition.

LIFE PROCESSES

PlanariaPhylum: Platyhelminthes

Classification Kingdom: Animalia

Subkingdom: EumetazoaSuperphylum: PlatyzoaPhylum: PlatyhelminthesClass: TurbellariaOrder: SeriataSuborder: TricladidaFamily: Planariidae

Movement Special cells – produce slime on ventral

side Ciliated cells – propel worm over slime

layer Contractions of the muscle layers

beneath the epidermis help with larger movements

Body Covering Three layers

Epidermis – slime layerMesoderm – organs and systems develop

from these cellsGastroderm – lines the digestive tract

Support Intestine structure

Nutrition Scavenge pieces of decayed animal or

plant matter Mouth – small opening on ventral side to

allow pharynx to exit Pharynx – straw-like structure that takes

up food particles Food is broken down in the intestine

structure then digested by cells and diffused

Respiration• Diffusion

Circulation Diffusion

Excretion Diffusion Flame cells – assists in diffusion; hollow

bulbs containing a tuft of cilia that help to maintain current flow throughout the tubules systems

Responses Elaborate nervous system Group of nerve cells called the “brain” Sensory nerves for taste, touch, and

smell located in the anterior portion of animal

Two longitudinal nerves run alone the length of animal and are connected by transverse nerves

Eyespots – react to light intensity

Reproduction Asexual

Regeneration

SexualHermaphroditic – male and femaleOnly uses cross-fertilization

LIFE PROCESSESYellow Perch

Classification Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Superclass: Osteichthyes Class: Actinopterygii Subclass: Neopterygii Infraclass: Teleostei Order: Perciformes Family: Percidae Genus: Perca

Movement Swim Bladder – helps the fish to control

depth Paired fins

Pectoral – side fins toward the headPelvic - below and behind pectoral

Unpaired finsAnterior dorsal – front, topPosterior dorsal – back, topAnal – ventral, behind pelvicCaudal (tail) – extreme back of fish

Support Bony skeleton containing a vertebral

column and skull bones Body covering

ScalesMucus – secreted by glands beneath the

scales; coats the scales with a waterproof coating

Countershading – top half darker than bottom half so that from whichever direction fish is camouflaged; protection device

Nutrition Feed on plankton, worms, insects, plants,

other fish, and even some mammals Mouth – biting and holding prey Pharynx and esophagus – flexible and food

passes from mouth to stomach through these

Tube-like stomach – storage Pyloric ceca – located at junction of stomach

and intestine; secretes digestive enzymes

Nutrition Liver – large, secretes bile that helps

with the digestion of fats Gallbladder – stores excess bile Pancreas – secretes other digestive

enzymes

Respiration Operculum – inconspicuous plate behind the

eye; Gills – two rows of thin filaments

Operculum closes forcing water into the mouth, operculum then opens and draws water over the gills; oxygen that dissolved in the water is exchanged through the gill membrane into the many blood vessels; waste carbon dioxide is exchanged out to the water

Circulation Heart

Atrium – receives blood from body tissuesVentricle – pumps blood from atrium to the

arteries Arteries – carry blood to organs Veins – carry blood back to heart

Response Brain – lobed Spinal cord – Ten pairs of cranial nerves branch from the

brain to many pair of spinal nerves Olfactory nerve – sense of smell is one of

the best senses for the fish Olfactory sacs – small pouches behind

nostrils on the fish’s snout; can detect minute amounts of stuff in water; smells guide some fish during migration

Response Tongue – used for taste (dull sense) and

touch Sound vibrations detected through skull Lateral line – sensory canal – allows fish

to detect changes in water pressure and movement beneath them; very sensitive

Reproduction Oviparous – eggs are laid then fertilized Females – ovaries; eggs Males – testes; sperm

Females spawn (deposit eggs) then males cover with milt (substance containing sperm)

Yolk – food material