Classical Biotechnology

Mass food productionGenetics

Enhanced drugsStructure of the DNA

Modern Biotechnology

Genetic modificationCloning

New life formsStem cells, bionics,

transgenics

http://www.pbase.com/liquidstone/image/38263668

What is a living

organism?

How are the two different?What does it

mean to be alive?

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Growth

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Development

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Reproduction

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Energy Processing

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Homeostasis

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Response to the Environment

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Evolution

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Organization

• Growth and Development• Reproduction• Energy Processing (Metabolism)• Regulation (Homeostasis)• Response to the Environment (Irritability)• Evolution• Organization

Characteristics of Life

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Cells•All living things are composed of cells

CELL

• Smallest unit of life that can carry out all the functions of a living thing.

Unicellular vs. multicellular

• Uni – “one”– Bacteria

• Multi – “many”– Most organisms we are familiar with.– Humans, pets, plants, etc.

Cell extremes• Smallest– Mycoplasma

• Largest– Unfertilized Ostrich Egg

• Longest– Neurons of the colossal squid

Microscopes

• In the early years, people knew only about organisms they could see.

• The invention of the microscope was one of the most important breakthroughs in biology.

Cell theory

• The invention of the microscope led to many advances in cytology.

• These advances led to the development of the cell theory.

Matthias Schleiden

• A German botanist, he continued with the work of Brown on the nucleus

• Believed that the nucleus was the most important part of the cell – called it “cytoblast”

• All PLANTS are made up of cells

Theodor Schwann

• a German zoologist, noted the resemblance of animal cells to plant cells.

• If the nucleus was important to plants – should be important to animals as well

• All ANIMALS are composed of cells.

Henri Dutrochet

• formulated one of the fundamental tenets of modern cell theory by declaring that

• "The cell is the fundamental element of organization“

Henri Dutrochet

• Credited to have disvcovered osmosis, respiration, and the effect of light in plants.

Cell theory (1839) – by Schleiden, Schwann, and Dutrochet

•Schwann summarized his observations into three conclusions about cells:

•The cell is the unit of structure, physiology, and organization in living things. •The cell retains a dual existence as a distinct entity and a building block in the construction of organisms.

Rudolf Virchow

• A German physician, found that cells divide to form new cells

• In 1858, he concluded that cells came from pre-existing cells

• Omni cellula e cellula

Modern Cell Theory

1. All organisms are made up of cells.2. New cells are always produced from pre-

existing cells.3. The cell is a structural and functional

unit of all living things.

Modern Cell Theory

4. The cell contains hereditary information which is passed on from cell to cell during cell division.

5. All cells are basically the same in chemical composition and metabolic activities.

Biologists examine life at different levels.

Studying Biology

•Molecules

Some of the levels in which life can be studies are:

Molecules

Groups of atoms; smallest unit of most chemical compounds

Water DNA

•Cells

Some of the levels in which life can be studies are:

Cells

Smallest functional unit of life

Nerve cell

•Tissues•Organs•Organ Systems

Some of the levels in which life can be studies are:

•Groups of Cells–Tissues, organs, and organ systems

Copyright Pearson Prentice HallNervous tissue Brain Nervous system

Tissues, Organs, Organ Systems

•Organisms

Some of the levels in which life can be studies are:

Individual living thing

Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

Organisms

Bison

•Populations

Some of the levels in which life can be studies are:

Group of organisms of one type that live in the same area

Bison herd

Populations

•Communities

Some of the levels in which life can be studies are:

Populations that live together in a defined area

Hawk, snake, bison, prairie dog, grass

Communities

•Ecosystems

Some of the levels in which life can be studies are:

Ecosystems

Community and its nonliving surroundings

Hawk, snake, bison, prairie dog, grass, stream, rocks, air

•Ecosystems

Some of the levels in which life can be studies are:

The part of Earth that contains all ecosystems

Biosphere