Physiological Basis of Behavior1. Nervous System2. Left Brain – Right Brain Dominance3. Intelligence and its assessment

Look at the chart and say the color not the word

YELLOW BLUE ORANGE

BLACK RED GREEN

PURPLE YELLOW RED

ORANGE GREEN BLACK

BLUE RED PURPLE

GREEN BLUEORANGE

Left – Right Conflict

Your right brain tries to say the color but your left brain insists on reading the word

NERVOUS SYSTEM

CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

BRAIN SPINAL CORD

SOMATIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

SYMPATHETIC & PARASYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

Forebrain, midbrain

and hindbrain

•Nervous system – complex network of nerve cells that regulates our bodily functions and permits us to reach the external world.

• II central nervous system•Spinal cord •1. causes sensory information to the brain

via: affarent nerves and efferent nreves).•2. it plays a key role in various reflexes.

•P. N. system – consist of nerves, bundles of axons from many neurons connects C.N.S with sense organs and muscles and glands throughout the body. Nerves are attached to the spinal cord (spinal nerve) to serve all of the body below the neck.

cranial nerve – extends from the brain and carry information from receptor in the eyes, ears and other sense organs. Carry information from C.N.S , muscles in head and neck.

•Division of P.N.S.•1. Somatic Nervous System – connect the

Nervous system to voluntary muscle throughout the body.

•2. Autonomic Nervous system – connects the C.N.S to internal organs and glands and to muscles over which we have little voluntary center.

•Division of Autonomic Nervous system

•1. Sympathetic - stimulates the body only for using energy

•2. Parasympathetic – stimulate the body processes that conserve energy.

three basic functions of nervous system:

1. Receiving sensory input can be manifested in various forms, including pressure, taste, sound, light, or hormone levels, which are converted to a signal and then sent to the brain or spinal cord.

2. Integrating the input through the sensory centers of the brain or in the spinal cord.

3. Responding to stimuli then converted to action.

Basic Structural Unit: The Neuron

3 main parts of a neuron:

1. Dendrites - receive the information from another cell and are the one to transmit the message to the cell body.

2. Cell body - serves as the center of nourishment

3. Axon - conducts messages away from the cell body.

3 types of neuron1. Sensory neurons as classified into its

appearance typically possess a long dendrite and short axon, and its role is that they carry messages from sensory receptors to the central nervous system.

2. Motor neurons based into appearance, have a long axon and short dendrites and responsible to transmit messages from the central nervous system to the muscles or even to the glands.

3 types of neuron

3. Interneurons are located only in the central nervous system where there is a connection of neuron-to-neuron.

SYNAPTIC VESSICLES CONTAIN NEUROTRANSMITTER SUBSTANCES

•Acetylcholine •Norepinephrine•Gamma-aminobutyric acid•Dopamine•Serotonin•Endorphin

Different Neurotransmitter Substances and their Effects on Behavior

Neurotransmitter Effects on Behavior

1. Acetylcholine Facilitates learning and memoryDeficiency of ACH disrupts learning and memory

2. Norepinephrine Too little may lead to depressionToo much causes hyperactivity

Different Neurotransmitter Substances and their Effects on Behavior

Neurotransmitter Effects on Behavior

3. Dopamine Over supply may lead to

schizophrenic reactionUnder supply causes Parkinson’s

Diseases (a neurological disorder disrupting coordinated movement)

4. Serotonin Lack of serotonin produces anemiaPrevents dreaming in the waking stateConsidered as the “worry” chemical

in the brain

Different Neurotransmitter Substances and their Effects on Behavior

Neurotransmitter Effects on Behavior

5. GABA (gamma

acid aminobutyric acid)

6. Endorphins

Decreases the activity of the neuron May decrease levels of anxiety Pain relieving effect; a neuropeptide

CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

Central Nervous System (CNS) BRAIN •the largest part of the nervous system

that is protected by the skull. • It weighs 3 pounds and contains 90% of

the body neurons •Spinal cord runs along the dorsal side of

the body and links the brain to the rest of the body.

• 4 lobes:•1. Parietal lobe located in in the central

fissure from the frontal lobe. function: information to the skin senses

(touch, temperature and pressure). If left hemisphere is damage may lose

ability to read/ write and difficulty of knowing the parts of the body.

If right hemisphere : difficulty of recognizing the left part of the body.

• 2. Frontal lobe – nearest to the face ( motor cortex) Function: controls the body movement.

• 3. Occipital lobe – near the back of the head. Function: sensory area for awareness ( visual) Damage in the right hemisphere – loss of

vision in the left. If in the left – loss vision ion the right.4. Temporal lobe - along the side of each

hemisphere. Function: concern with hearing Damage in left hemisphere – inability to

understand spoken words. If in the right – can recognize speech but unable

to recognize other organizations of sounds.

The major brain areas and lobes.

Hindbrain - includesMedulla• controls respiration, digestion, and circulation; Cerebellum• Governs body balance, posture and muscular

coordinationPons• Contain nerve fibers from both sides of the

cerebellum as well as the tracts of sensory and motor nerve fibers that connect upper brain to the spinal cord

Midbrain

•Tracts between the cerebrum and the spinal cord and functions as part of the overall impulse conduction system.

•It also controls some auditory and visual responses such as regulation of the size of the pupil of the eye.

Forebrain

•Occupies the largest of the three divisions of the brain and occupies the entire upper portion of the skull

Cerebrum•The main area of the forebrain, governs

emotion, learning, thinking, remembering and sense perception.

Cerebral Cortex

•The outer layer of the cerebrum, directs the activities directs the activities of the entire nervous system

Thalamus• Interprets and sorts the sensory and motor

impulses that travel to and from the cerebrum

Hypothalamus•Controls body temperature, metabolism,

hunger and thirsts

Reticular activating system

•A group of neurons that occupy a portion of the hindbrain and midbrain that serves as an arousal system

Corpus Callosum•Connects two brain hemisphere

Peripheral Nervous System

Autonomic nervous system• It connects the glands and organs of your

body that are involuntary in nature. It has two subsystems:

• the sympathetic nervous system and •the parasympathetic nervous system

Sympathetic Nervous System vs. Parasympathetic Nervous SystemSympathetic Nervous

System• involved in the “fight

or flight” response during emergency situation or in high emotion.

• It increases alertness, stimulates tissue, and prepares the body for quick responses to unusual situations. activities, such as digestion.

Parasympathetic nervous system

• that is involved in “rest or repose” system as it quiets the body and returns it to a lower intensity of arousal.

• It is involved in relaxation. It conserves energy and controls sedentary

HOMEOSTASIS

•Tendency of the body to maintain a balance among internal physiological conditions.

The Endocrine System: Glandular activities of the system ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

is made up of glands that produce and secrete hormones. These hormones regulate the body’s growth, metabolism, and sexual development and function.

HORMONES•Directly released on the bloodstream

because they have no ducts or structured passageways to the organs that they serve.

Endocrine Glands

Endocrine Glands•Secrete special messengers known as

hormones that are directly released into bloodstream because they have no ducts.

Pituitary Glands•Has been called the “master gland”,

influences growth, metabolism and regeneration

Oxytocin • Influence the contraction of the uterus

during childbirth and the reflexive reaction of milk from the mammary glands.

Vasopressin

•Regulates the amount of water in the body cells and thus directly controls blood pressure

Anterior pituitary hormones – include control of timings and amount of body growth

•Too little can lead to condition called DWARFISM

•Over secretion can produce GIANTISM

Giantism

Dwarfism

He Pingping and Svetlana Pankratova

He Pingping stands precisely 2 feet 5.37 inches tall. Pankratova's legs are nearly 52 inches long.

Adrenal glands

•Located just above the kidneys•Important in neural functioning and in the

ability to cope with stress•The inner core of the adrenal gland

secretes EPINEPHRINE also called ADRENALIN and NOREPINEPHRINE (NORADRENALIN)

Thyroid Gland•Located in the neck in front of the

windpipe and weighs less than ounce•Hormone produced by this gland is

IODINE, THYROXINHypothyroidism•The result of underactivity of the thyroid

gland, which characterized by laziness and dullness on the part of the organism

•When this occurs in infancy the condition is known as CRETINISM

GOITER • The swelling of the

thyroid gland brought about by the glands overworking, hence the inability to secrete enough hormones

Parathyroid Glands

•These are two small pea-shaped glands close to the thyroid glands

•Hormones called PARATHORMONE

PARATHORMONE•Regulates utilization of calcium and

phosphorous in the body•Undersecretion of this hormone results in

condition known as tetany

Pancreas

•Located near the stomach secretes two hormones which control the level of blood sugar or glucose in the bloodstream

Glucogon•Releases glucose into the bloodstream

from the glycogen stored in the liverInsulin•Enables glucose to move out of the blood

into the cells of muscles and tissues

Gonads•The sex or puberty glands which produce

the sperm and egg cells for reproductionTESTES – testosterone•Stimulates development and maintenance

of male secondary sexual characteristics and behavior

OVARIES – estrogen and progesterone•ESTROGEN – stimulates development and

maintenance of female secondary sex characteristics and behavior

PROGESTERONE

•Stimulates female secondary sex characteristics and behavior and maintains pregnancy