Post on 18-Jul-2020
xelovneba suliTgoniTi kulturis erTerTi umniSvnelovanesi
sfero, adamianTa yofierebis mudmivi Tanmdevia drosa da sivrceSi.
ar arsebobs qveyana, regioni Tu xalxi, eTnosi, epoqa Tu periodi,
rom ar mimdinareobdes SemoqmedebiTi procesi, rac saerTo jamSi
qmnis xelovnebis istoriis mSvenier, mdidar da mravalferovan su
raTs. amasTan, xelovnebis istoriis dineba ar aris sworxazovani da
Tanabarzomieri; aris SemoqmedebiTi aqtiurobiT da miRwevebiT,
mxatvruli cxovrebis intensivobiT gamorCeuli periodebi.
xelovnebis da, saerTod, kacobriobis istoriaSi erTerTi ase
Ti etapia aRorZinebis xana, e.w. renesansi, romelic Camoya lib da
dasavleT evropaSi XVXVI saukuneebSi. aqac aqtiurobis mxriv ga
morCeulia xan erTi, xan meore dasavleTevropuli regioni, gan
sakuTrebiT ki – italia, italiaSi – toskanis olqi, toskanaSi
– florencia. toskanurflorenciulma skolam mogvca mravali
SesaniSnavi nimuSi plastikurvizualur xelovnebaSi – xuroT
moZRvrebaSi, qandakebaSi, mxatvrobaSi. sakmarisia vaxsenoT iseTi
udidesi figurebi, rogorc joto (jer kidev gardamaval xanaSi
Sua saukuneebidan renesansze, e.w. protorenesansSi – XIV s.), brune
leski, mazaCo, donatelo, girlandaio, botiCeli, miqelanjelo,
rafaeli (aRar vasaxeleb mraval mSvenier, uniWieres Semoqmeds,
magali Tad, kastanio, uCelo da sxv.). am SemoqmedTa rigSi gansa
leonardo da vinCi
giorgi xoStaria
1452-1519
avtoportreti, daaxl.1512, turinis samefo biblioTeka, italia.
gamoCenili adamianebi
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kuTrebuli adgili ukavia leonardo da vinCis, rogorc Tavisi is
toriuli mniSv nelobiT, ise TavisTavadi mxatvrulesTetikuri
RirebulebiT.
istoriuli Rirebuleba gulisxmobs, rom mxatvari Tavis
SemoqmedebaSi ayenebs da wyvets iseT mxatvrul-Semoqmedeb-
iT amocanebs, romelTa gareSe warmoudgenelia xelovnebis
istoriis rogorc wina periodis ganviTareba, ise Semdgomi
etapis Camoyalibeba, anu mxatvris Semoqmedeba aris absolu-
turad aucilebeli rgoli, etapi, istoriuli procesis, misi
evoluciuri svlisa. am rgols verafriT ver amoiReb, ver daZ-
rav mxatvrobis istoriis saerTo suraTidan, misi logikidan.
amasTan, WeSmariti Semoqmedis, mxatvris, am SemTxvevaSi leonar
dos, Semoqmedebas aqvs TavisTavadi mxatvrulesTetikuri Rire
buleba da amis aRsaqmelad ar aris aucilebeli misi maincdamainc
istoriul konteqstSi ganxilva. anu leonardos mxatvruli pro
duqcia genialuria TavisTavad da amis aRsaqmelad ar aris saWiro
imis gaTvaliswineba, ra iyo manamde, anu ras da rogor aviTarebs
leonardo, da arc imis, Tu ras daedo safuZvlad misi Semoqmede
ba. arian mxatvrebi, romelTa istoriuli mniSvneloba sWarbobs maT
sufTa TavisTavad esTetikur Rirebulebas, aseTia, mag., karavajo
saidumlo seroba, 1498, santa maria dele gracie, milani, italia.
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gamoCenili adamianebi
(15711610) (cnobilia, rom man didi gavlena iqonia iseT mxatvreb
zec, romelTa produqciis esTetikuri Rirebuleba metia mis, kara
vajos, mxatvrobaze – mag., rubensze, velaskesze, garkveulwilad
rembrantzec), anda, piriqiT, arian didi Semoqmedebi, romlebic
asruleben did etaps da maT Semdgom uSualod maTi gamgrZeleble
bi aRar Cndebian, Tumca zogadad maTi gavlena mxatvrebze, Tundac
saukuneebis Semdeg, didia (igive rembranti, velaskesi). leonardo
ki miekuTvneba, rogorc aRvniSneT, im iSviaT mxatvarTa rigs, ro
melTa Rirebuleba uaRresad didia rogorc istoriul, ise Tavis
Tavad konteqstSi (am iSviaT mxatvarTa rigSi udavod aris, maga
liTad, sezani).
rodesac vmsjelobT romelime mxatvrul fenomenze, gasaTvalis
winebelia ramdenime specifikuri, arsebiTi faqtori. erTi mxriv,
mxatvrul nawarmoebs qmnis subieqti, individi da is gansazRvravs
bevrwilad mis mTavar Rirsebas – erTaderTobas da ganumeoreblo
bas, mis SemoqmedebiT bunebas, axlis qmnadobas (mecnieri ar qmnis,
is aRmoaCens ara erTaderTs da ganumeorebels, aramed sayovelTa
od kanonzomiers).
amasTan, mxatvruli fenomenis ukan, mis fundamentSi Zevs `ko-
leqtiuri me~, anu misi gansazRvruloba im dakveTiT, romel-
sac iZleva epoqa da eTnosi, im faseulobebiT, romelic mom-
dinareoben am epoqidan, eTnosidan. yovelgvari mxatvruli
fenomeni iqmneba am faseulobaTa safuZvelze, TavisTavad es
faseulobebi mxatvrobis enaze gadayvanis gareSe rCeba zogad
ideebad. am gadayvanaSi, anu garkveuli faseulobebis war-
modgenaSi, kompoziciaSi, ageba-modelirebaSi (anu naxatSi
specifikur-profesionaluri gagebiT), ferSi, tonSi, xazSi,
ritmSi, taqtSi, kontrastSi, simetriisa da wonasworobis
sxva dasxva saxeSi mxatvars exmareba skola, kerZod da ufro
farTod – is garemo, romelSic mas uwevs cxovreba da moR-
vaweoba.
am zogadi istoriulkulturuli fonis, niadagis, Tvalsaz
risiTac leonardosTan uaRresad maRal dones vxedavT. kerZod,
leonardo ibadeba florenciis maxloblad, daba vinCisTan, da igi
aris florencieli notariusis ̀ ukanono~ Svili. pirvel rigSi unda
naTlad warmovidginoT florenciis fenomeni italiis da saerTod
kacobriobis istoriaSi. igi jer kidev feodalizmis wiaRSia, magram
XIII sSi isini uars amboben feodalur wodebriv diferencirebaze
da qalaqs marTaven mdidari ojaxebi (piti, stroci, tornabuoni
da sxv.). XV sSi florencias rkinis xeliT, magram moqnilad da
gonivrulad, marTavs mediCebis ojaxi, jer – kozmi mediCi, mere –
lorenco brwyinvaled wodebuli (florenciis – toskanis centris
lorenco mediCi (1449 – 1492) florenciis respublikis mmarTveli.
10
madona lita, 14901491, ermitaJi, sanqtpeterburgi, ruseTi.
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gamoCenili adamianebi
– mniSvneloba rom warmovidginoT, moviyvan erT magaliTs: XIII sSi
inglisis mefem uari uTxra erTerT ojaxs (pitis) didi valis dab
runebaze. ojaxi gakotrda da aman mTel dasavleT evropaSi gamoiw
via finansuri krizisi).
axali sociumi, moqalaqe win wamowevs axal faseulobebs. qris
tianoba, ra Tqma unda, rCeba faseulobaTa ZiriTad ganmsazRvre
lad, magram TviT qristianoba iZleva aqcentebis gadaadgilebis
saSualebas. qristianobis, rogorc religiis (anu rwmenaze dam
yarebuli msoflxedvis), qvakuTxedi dogmatia rwmena gankace
bul RmerTSi, anu qriste aris rogorc srulyofili RmerTi, ise
srulyo fili adamiani. qalaqis da, miT umetes, dasavleT evropuli
qalaqis yofaSi udides rols TamaSobs racionaluri azrovneba (me
vaxSe – Tanamedrove bankiris winapari, sxvadasxva profesiis ostati
ver ifunqcionirebs warmatebulad racionaluri midgomis gareSe).
aqedan modis garkveuli dapirispireba Sua saukuneebis asketizmsa
da adamianis, rogorc RmerTis qmnilebis, faseulobis zrdas So
ris, rac rogorc sulier, ise materialur, sagnobrivsxeulebriv
planSi vlindeba. cxadia, es asaxvas hpovebs vizualurplastikur
xelovnebebSic – xuroTmoZRvrebaSi, qandakebaSi, mxatvrobaSi (ise
ve, rogorc literaturaSi – dante, petrarka, bokaCo). jer kidev
XIIIXIV sSi isaxeba gardamavali periodi, romlis yvelaze maRali
gamoxatulebaa mxatvrobaSi joto di bondone (12671337).
joto saTaves udebs did florenciel mxatvarTa mTel rigs.
aRorZinebis xanas XV s. dasawyisSi safuZveli Cauyares e.w. rene
sansis mamebma: bruneleskim (xuroTmoZRvrebaSi), donatelom (qan
dakebaSi), mazaCom (mxatvrobaSi). siaxle, rac maT moitanes da rac
safuZvels iZleva, rom swored maTi SemoqmedebiT iwyebodes re
nesansi, aris proporciuli sistema, mimarTebaTa dacva, rasac
efuZneba samyaros proporciuli asaxva (es principi – mimarTebaTa
dacva – yvelaze arsebiTi da fuZemdebluri iqneba evropuli mxatv
robisaTvis XIX s. 80ian wlebamde. kerZod, sezanamde da, garkveul
aspeqtSi, van gogamde).
renesansis cneba Camoyalibda XVI s-Si italiaSi. renesansi –
frangulad da rinasimento an rinaSita italiurad niSnavs
xelmeored dabadebas da igulisxmeba antikuri, berZnul-ro-
mauli samyaros aRorZineba da dapirispireba Sua sauku-
neebTan faseulobiTa Tu formalur-enobriv planSi.
adamiani, misi fizikurmaterialuri Tu sulieri TvisebebiT,
xdeba mTavari faseuloba samyaros proporciulmaterialur asax
vaSi. amasTan, warsuli epoqis, kulturis sruli gameoreba SeuZle
belia. qristianobas, misi sulis pirveladobis principiT, ar SeeZ
kvatroCento italiurad niSnavs 400s. am terminiT moixsenieba adreuli renesansis, kvatroCentos mxatvruli stilebi. momdevno saukunis maRali renesansis periods ki, Sesabamisad, uwodeben CinkveCentos, rac 500s niSnavs.
qalis portreti, daaxl. 1508, parmis erovnuli galerea.
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leonardo da vinCi
lo ukvalod Caevlo – ase rom, saqme gvaqvs Tavisebur sinTezTan,
romelsac xatovnad Semdegnairad gansazRvraven:
renesansi aris qristianuli suli antikur sxeulSi.
es yvelaze zogadi da arsebiTi principi erTbaSad ver gamovlin
deboda mxatvrulmeTodologiurad srulyofil formaSi. misi
Camoyalibeba gansazRvravda renesansuli mxatvrobis istoriul
svlas da swored am procesSi iTamaSa am ideafaseulobebis srulyo
fili gamoxatvis TvalsazrisiT udidesi roli leonardo da vinCim.
rogorc yvela geniosis Semoqmedeba, leonardos moRvaweobaSic
aris paradoqsuli momenti. igi daibada 1452 w., anu adrindeli re
nesansis, e.w. kvatroCentos, SuaSi, mis, SeiZleba iTqvas, wiaRSi da
savsebiT logikuri iqneboda, rom is yofiliyo adrindeli renesan
sis, kvatroCentos metnaklebad tipuri warmomadgeneli, rogorc,
magaliTad, botiCeli, romelic masze mxolod 6 wliT iyo ufrosi.
maRali renesansis didi sameulidan centralur italiaSi (vene
cia ufro calke dgas) miqelanjelo (daibada 1475 w.) leonardoze
23 wliT iyo umcrosi, xolo rafaeli – sulac 31 wliT (daibada
1483 w.), anu leonardo, maRali renesansis pirveli warmomadgene
li, romelic, rogorc maRali renesansis udidesi figura, swored
miqelanjelosTan da rafaelTan erTad ganixileba, miekuTvneba
sxva, ufro wina Taobas. am erTgvari paradoqsis axsna isev leonar
dos personaSi unda veZeboT. leonardo iwyebs Semoqmedebas XV sis
70iani wlebidan, magram misi Semoqmedeba aris ara ubralod arse
buli adrerenesansuli miRwevebis Tundac Zalian saintereso vari
reba (rogorc girlandaiosTan an botiCelisTan), aramed saocrad
mizandasaxuli, TandaTanobiTi, magram Zalian mkafiod gamoxatu
li svla maRali renesansis principebisken. leonardos istoriuli
mniSvnelobis gasagebad aucilebelia am svlis, am Ziebebis da, rac
mTavaria, mignebebis naTeli gaazreba da aRqma.
jer erTi, unda kargad davinaxoT, rom leonardo eyrdnoba
adrindeli renesansis miRwevebs, rac pirvel rigSi gamoixateba
sagnobrivi formis agebis maRal doneSi, imaSi, rasac safuZveli
Cauyares donatelom da mazaCom. amisaTvis leonardos SesaniSnavi
pirobebi mieca. igi mamamisma miabara adrindeli renesansis cnobi
li moqandakisa da mxatvris andrea verokios saxelosnoSi, sadac
igi, ra Tqma unda, SesaniSnav skolas gaivlida. garda amisa, TviTon
florencia iyo saocari skola. praqtikulad yovel nabijze SegeZ
lo genaxa, aRgeqva, gageazrebina didi ostatebis mier Seqmnili
Sedevrebi mxatvrobasa Tu qandakebaSi. garda fuZemdebluri xe
lovanebisa (donatelosa da mazaCosi), leonardos wynarad SeeZlo
enaxa uCelos, kastanios, filipo lipis, venecianos, fra beato an
jelikos da sxvaTa Zalian maRali donis namuSevrebi. leonardos
sandro botiCeli (14441510) – italieli mxatvari, florenciuli skola, adreuli renesansis periodi.
miqelanjelo buonaroti (14751564) – italiuri renesansis periodis moqandake, mxatvari, arqiteqtori da poeti.
rafael santi (14831520) – mxatvari da arqiteqtori, italiuri maRali renesansis florenciis skolis warmomadgeneli.
13
gamoCenili adamianebi
genialuroba imaSi mdgomareobs, rom igi xedavda, Tu ra unda aeRo
am uzarmazari memkvidreobidan da ra, piriqiT, daeZlia da axali
gadawyveta moenaxa.
jorjo vazaris (renesansis pirveli istorikosis) mixedviT,
leonar dos uadres namuSevarTa ricxvs miekuTvneba patara ange
lozis gamosaxuleba maswavleblis, andrea verokios `naTliscemaSi~.
vazari gviyveba legendas imis Sesaxeb, rom TiTqos verokio imdenad
gaocebula leonardos namuSevriT, rom gadauwyvetia mxolod qanda
kebiT dakavebuliyo (igi marTla brwyinvale moqandake iyo).
pirveli damoukidebeli namuSevari – `xareba” – leonardom Seasru
la 70iani wlebis pirvel naxevarSi da igi jer kidev tipuri adrere
nesansuli nimuSia. suraTs udavod aqvs Tavisi poetika, saxovaneba –
pirvel rigSi, maxarobeli angelozis gamosaxulebidan gamomdinare.
leonardo Tu vlindeba, upirvelesad, albaT, misi siluetis lamaz,
faqiz ritmul dinebaSi, magram kompoziciurad suraTi moklebulia
organul mTlianobas, rac savsebiT tipuria am periodisaTvis (adrin
deli renesansisaTvis). kompozicia gadatvirTulia meorexarisxo
vani detalebiT rogorc fonze, ise calkeul sagnebSi da, rac mTa
varia, angelozsa da mariams Soris kontaqti ar myardeba. isini TiTqos
mowyvetili arian erTmaneTs da damoukideblad arseboben.
70iani wlebis miwurulisTvis, albaT, 1478 w. Sesrulebul e.w.
`benuas madonaSi~ (igive madona yvaviliT) ukve aSkarad Cans win ga
dadgmuli nabiji. mTavari siaxle, miRweva mdgomareobs mariamisa
da yrma iesos urTierTdakavSirebaSi, erTian moZraobaSi, Sekvra
Si, Tumca namuSevari jer kidev Seicavs mTel rig minusebs – bavS
vi zedmetad didia, TiTqmis dedis tolia, ukana planze, kedelze,
fanj ris moxazuloba zedmetad xistia, `gamoWrili~.
80iani wlebis dasawyisSi leonardo qmnis or dausrulebel, mag
ram uaRresad mniSvnelovan namuSevars `wm. ieronimes~ da `mogvTa
Tayvaniscemas~. orive suraTi moklebulia feradovan fenas, sama
gierod kargad aRiqmeba sagnobrivi formis plastikuri, tipuri
rkaliseburi ritmika, romelic erTian formaSi kravs gamosaxu
lebas, da Zalian saintereso (Tumca, jer kidev arasrulyofili)
kompozicia, gansakuTrebiT `mogvTa TayvaniscemaSi~. kompozici
is ukana plani aSkarad gadatvirTulia sxvadasxva gamosaxulebiT,
romelTac ar gaaCniaT araviTari kavSiri. pirvel rigSi vgulisx
mob mxatvrul kavSirs wonasworobaSi, ritmSi, suraTis organize
baSi kompoziciis mTavar nawilTan, kerZod, wina planze gamosaxul
mogvTa Tayvaniscemis scenasTan. swored es mTavari scena gvivlens
axal midgomas, pirvel rigSi, figurebis ganlagebis Tu urTierT
dakavSirebis TvalsazrisiT. mariami yrmiT centrSia, odnav siRr
meSi Caweuli erTgvarad distancirebuli mogvebisagan, mogvebi
madona benua, anu madona yvaviliT, 14751478, ermitaJi, sanqtpeterburgi, ruseTi.
andrea verokios `naTlisReba~, marcxena patara angelozi, 14721475, uficis galerea, florencia.
14
Tayvaniscemis pozaSi ixrebian da es kompoziciuri jgufi mkafiod
ikvreba samkuTxapiramidul formaSi (e.w. klasikuri samkuTxedi),
rac mkafiod gawonasworebul formas aZlevs mTavar plastikur
aqcentebs, rasac ukve Semoaqvs harmonizebis gancda. garda amisa,
mTavari azrobrivi aqcentebi ara marto gamoiyofa erTmaneTi sagan
zomierad, rac naTeli aRqmis saSualebas iZleva, aramed lamazad
ukavSirdeba erTmaneTs plastikuri ritmiT. gansakuTrebiT mkafio
da efeqturia es ritmi jgufis marjvena nawilSi: mariami rbilad da
Tan metyvelad xris Tavs marjvniv, mis kalTaSi mjdomi yrma ieso ga
nagrZobs am ritms gawvdili xeliT, xolo es ritmi gadaecema ukve
misken daCoqil mogvs, romelic saCuqrad raRac Zvirfass awvdis ie
sos. ritmi – es xasiaTia xelovnebis nebismier dargSi (musika, lit
eratura, gansakuTrebiT poezia, cekva). igi SeiZleba iyos Zalian
mravalferovani Tavisi xasiaTiT, magaliTad, elementaruli aRqmis
mqone adamians ar SeeSleba erTmaneTisgan xorumis Tu Strausis
valsis TavisTavad Zalze metyveli ritmebi; igive SeiZ leba iTqvas
galaqtionis da muxran maWavarianis ritmuli wyobis Sesaxeb da
praqtikulad yvela mxatvrul nawarmoebs aqvs misi macocxlebeli
ritmika.
wm. ieronime, 14801482, vatikanis pinakoTeka, vatikani.
mogvTa Tayvaniscema, 14811482, uficis galerea, floren cia.
leonardo da vinCi
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gamoCenili adamianebi
oTxmociani wlebis dasawyisSi leonardo iRebs dakveTas da
iwyebs muSaobas Tavis etapobriv suraTze `madona mRvimeSi~. am
suraT ze igi Zalian didxans muSaobs, albaT pauzebiT, da asrulebs
mas mxolod 90iani wlebis meore naxevarSi milanSi. pauzebisas igi
qmnis kidev ramdenime namuSevars, magaliTad, `litas madonas~, mag
ram Cven amaze aRar SevCerdebiT, vinaidan `madona mRvimeSi~s mniS
vneloba metad didia. 1483 wlidan leonardo miemgzavreba milanSi,
milanis hercogis ludoviko sforcas, morod wodebulis, karze.
madona mRvimeSi, 1490, luvri, parizi.
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ludoviko sforca, anu ludoviko moro (14521508) – milanis hercogi, renesansis epoqis cnobili dinastiis – sforcebis warmomadgeneli.
SemogvrCa saintereso werili, sadac CamoTvlilia is mravalricx
ovani sferoebi, romlebSic SeeZlo leonardos moRvaweoba. esaa:
samxedrosainJinro saqme, arqiteqtura, qandakeba da bolos mi
TiTebulia, rom ferwerac kargad SeuZlia. milanSi mas daevala
gaekeTebina lodoviko moros mamis cxenosani qandakeba. am qanda
kebaze man, rogorc sCveoda, didxans imuSava. nimuSze xangrZ livi
muSaoba pirvel rigSi ganpirobebuli iyo imiT, rom igi yovelT
vis axlis ZiebaSi iyo. igi gauTaveblad xvewda da aRrmavebda Tav
is namuSevrebs. samwuxarod, man ver moaswro qandakebis bolomde
miyvana. ufro zustad, man TixaSi gaakeTa cxenosani qandakeba, ma
gram ve Rar moaswro misi brinjaoSi Camosxma. 1499 wels milanSi
Semovidnen frangebi, romelTac omi hqondaT lodovikosTan da
arbaletebis samizned gaixades TavianTi mtris cxenosani qandake
ba. samwuxarod, Cven davkargeT yvela varaudiT Zalian saintereso,
Tavisi gadawyvetiT novatoruli cxenosani qandakeba. Semogvr
Ca Canaxatebi da patara brinjaos qandakeba, romelic budapeStis
muzeumSi inaxeba. novatorulia cxenis yalyze Semdgari warmodge
na da amdenad, mxolod or sayrdenze dayeneba. wonasworoba miiR
weva mxedris da cxenis Tavkisris masebis urTierTdapirispirebiT.
nimuSi Sesrulebulia ukve XVI sis dasawyisSi, etyoba, leonardos
mowafeebis mier, Tumca mainc SeigrZnoba leonardoseuli plasti
kuri, morkalur formaTa metyveleba.
milanis periodidan mainc yvelaze mniSvnelovania misi fer
weruli namuSevrebi. milanSi asrulebs igi `madona mRvimeSi~s. es
nawarmoebi miCneulia maRali renesansis pirvel nimuSad. mTavari
kompoziciuri jgufi mkafiod jdeba harmoniul, gawonasworebul
samkuTxapiramidul formatSi. moZraobebi, plastika Zalze daxve
wili da metyvelia. aqve ukve naTlad Cans leonardos mxatvrobis
unikaluri wyobis niSani, uaRresad faqizi SuqCrdili, e.w. `sfu
mato~, anu bindi, romelic miiReba formaTa virtuozuli, rbili
mode lirebiT. aseT sifaqizes da sizustes formaTa damuSaveba
Si Cven veravisTan vnaxavT. renesansSi, rafaelTan an miqelanje
losTan, saerTod ar aris haerovneba, XVII sSi farTod vrceldeba
sxvada sxva tipis SuqCrdili, magram plastikurmomrgvalebul
formaTa aseT faqiz modelirebas veravisTan SexvdebiT. bevri
ram leo nardos miRwevebidan naxatsa da kompoziciaSi safuZvlad
daedeba maRal renesanss, pirvel rigSi, miqelanjelos da rafa
els, magram leonardos sfumato darCeba unikalur movlenad. igi,
cxadia, wyobiseul sxva gadawyvetebTan erTad mniSvnelovan rols
iTamaSebs leonardos Sedevrebis SeqmnaSi – pirvel rigSi, iseT uni
kalur qmni lebebSi, rogoricaa `saidumlo seroba~ da `mona liza~.
`saidumlo seroba~ Sesrulebulia milanis santa maria dela
gracies monastris satrapezos erTerT kedelze. freska dasrul
cxenosani, budapeStis muzeumi, ungreTi.
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gamoCenili adamianebi
mona liza, 15031505, luvri, parizi.
18
da 1498 wels. am nawarmoebSi pirvelad Seesxa xorci moTxovnas,
romelic Camoayaliba XV saukunis didma xuroTmoZRvarma da Teo
retikosma leon batista albertim: `kargi nawarmoebi aris is, ro
melsac verafers gamoakleb an miumateb~. es moTxovna gulisxmobs,
rom yvela aqcenti, yvela gamosaxuleba aris aucileblobiT kav
SirSi erTmaneTTan, rac iZleva srulyofil mxatvrul mTlianobas.
leonardos eqsperimentebis gamo saRebavma male daiwyo Camocve
na. restavraciis mravalricxovanma mcdelobam mxolod uaryo
fiTi Sedegi mogvca. dRes freska sagrZnoblad aris dazianebuli
da SeZlebisdagvard gamagrebulia (sakmarisia iTqvas, rom viRac
ugunurma monazvnebma karic ki gaWres da daazianes freskis qveda
nawili, napoleonis dros ki satrapezo Tavlad gamoiyeneboda...).
arsad ise ar igrZnoba sulieris, mistikuris, RvTaebrivis da
amasTan Rrmad adamianuris iseTi erTianoba, rogorc am monumen
tur freskaSi (anu `qristianuli suli antikur sxeulSi~). saxare
bis erTerTi Zalian mniSvnelovani da, rogorc am wminda wigns axa
siaTebs, lakoniuri siuJeti araCveulebrivad aris warmodgenili
adekvatur formaSi. evqaristiis dros (`ese ars xorci Cemi... ese ars
sisxli Cemi~), romelic ganasaxierebs RmerTis, rogorc sicocxlis
wyaros, da adamianis, rogorc individualuri, personaluri arse
bis urTierTobas, mimarTebebs, qriste ambobs: `erTerTi Tqven
gani mimcems (gamcems) me~. gadmocemulia kulminaciuri momenti:
qristem ukve warmosTqva Tavisi sakraluri sityvebi, igi RvTaebaa
da Tan sevdiani adamiani, xolo misi mowafeebi reagireben am SemaZr
wunebel sityvebze. uamravi adamianuri da mistikurRvTaebrivi
plastebis wamoweva SeiZleba am mokle saxarebiseuli siuJetidan
da Tuki vinmem moaxerxa es, pirvel rigSi es iyo leonardo. uamra
vi saidumlo seroba daxates manamdec da merec. verc erTi axlos
ver miva leonardosTan siRrmiT, damajereblobiT da mxatvruli
doniT. scena frontaluradaa gaSlili wina planze, rac xazs us
vams mis reprezentaciul xasiaTs. qriste centrSia da interieris
mkafio perspeqtiuli xazebi mis Tavze fiqsirdeba. uyureb suraTs
da azrad ar mogdis ikiTxo, Tu ratom sxedan yvelani sufris cal
mxares. leonardo iyenebs mxatvrobis organzomilebiani zedapiris
specifikas da scenas mis gaswvriv gaSliT reprezentaciulobas
sZens marTlac saidumlo suraTs. qriste centrSia da mSvidia. da
narCenebi, yvelani, reagireben, yvela individualurad, xasiaTisda
mixedviT. iuda gamoyofilia zedmeti aqcentebis gareSe. igi erTad
erTi eydrnoba magidas xeliT, romelSic qisa CaubRujavs da saxe
CrdilSi aqvs. Tormeti mamakaci Tanabrad iyofa jgufebad – or
ori qristes marjvnidan da marcxnidan. kompozicia savsea emoci
uri JestikulaciiT, magram mTlianobaSi wonaswordeba, Tan jgu
fidan jgufze gadasvla xdeba aseve ritmulad, e.w. kontrapostis
evqaristia (berZn. εύχαριστία – sityvasityviT niSnavs `samadlobels~), anu liturgia (Jamiswirva), saidumlo, romlis Sesrulebisasac locviTa da monaniebiT ganwmendili morwmuneebis Sewiruli puri da Rvino qristes xorcad da sisxlad gardaiqmneba. Semdeg am pursa da Rvinos eziarebian morwmunebi da ramdenadac purisa da Rvinis yovel nawilSi qriste mTlianad aris, amdenad evqaristiis aRsrulebisas morwmuneebi Tavad qristes eziarebian. evqaristiis saidumlo ori nawilisagan Sedgeba: erTi – purisa da Rvinis uflis xorcad da sisxlad gadaqceva da meore – am wminda ZRvenis ziareba. evqaristias `usisxlo msxverplis Sewirvasac“ uwodeben.
kontraposti italiuri sityvaa da gamoiyeneba saxviT xelovnebaSi adamianis sxeulis im mdgomareobis aRsaniSnavad, rodesac sxeulis yvela elementis erTmaneTTan dapirispirebiT saboloo jamSi miiRweva wonasworoba, rac figuras dinamikurobasa da bunebriobas aniWebs. klasikuri kontrapostis magaliTia berZeni moqandakis, polikletis (Zv.w. 54) e.w. `dorifori~ (Subosani).
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principiT. mag., marjvena samkaciani jgufis marcxena kidura figu
ra saxiT da taniT Tavis jgufiskenaa mimarTuli, magram xelebiT ga
davyavarT meore jgufze – dapirispirebisa da Tan gadabmis es prin
cipi gamoyenebulia oTxive jgufSi, saerTo jamSi viRebT didebul
talRovan ritms, mimarTuls kideebidan centrisken, qristesken.
saocari mravalferovneba da erTianoba, didebuleba da sisadave,
RvTaebrioba da adamianuroba sufevs mTel am scenaSi.
XV sis miwuruls milanidan wamosuli leonardo brunde
ba florenciaSi. SedarebiT mokle, daaxloebiT 6wliani meore
florenciuli periodi Zalian nayofieria leonardosTvis.
pirvel rigSi aRsaniSnavia, ra Tqma unda, mona liza `jokondas~
portreti. portretebi leonardos adrec hqonda Sesrulebuli,
maT Soris Zalian maRali donis, magaliTad, milanSi `qali siasa
muriT~, igive CeCilia galerani (krakovis muzeumi), magram mona
liza mainc unikaluri nimuSia, gamorCeuli TviT leonardosTan.
leonardo portretSi aqcents akeTebs ara individualur saxasi
aTo niSnebis metyvelebaze (rogorc xdeba umetes portretebSi),
aramed qalis da qalurobis zogadi saxis Seqmnaze da fantastiku
rad gadmogvcems im sinazes da sulier siRrmes, im saidumloebas,
romelic qalSia Cadebuli. yovelive amis miRwevaSi isev mTavar
rols TamaSobs leonardos fantastikuri modelireba, misi rbi
li tonaluri gradacia, romelic saocrad cocxlad gadmogvcems
Tvalebis siRrmes da msubuq binds, saxis sirbiles, msubuq Crdilebs
Tvalis Tu tuCebis kideebTan. amasTan, suraTi sruliad gawonas
worebulia. masze ver ityvi, rom Wedavs CarCos, magram arc `yanya
lebs~ – zomieradaa ganTavsebuli formatSi. aseve ver ityvi, rom
daZabuli zis, magram arc moSvebulia – uWiravs sxeuli. saocrad
natifi TiTebi, romlebzec falangebis naoWebic ki ar gadmoicema,
Tavisuflad devs, arc daZabulad, arc moSvebulad. harmonia da
saidumloebis faqizi sulierebis niuansuri gadmocema saocrad
aris Serwymuli mona lizaSi.
meore florenciuli periodidan aRsaniSnavia kidev ramdenime
namuSevari. im periodisaTvis, rodesac leonardo florenciaSi
Cadis, iq imyofeboda meore geniosic – miqelanjelo buonaroti da
florenciis meriam gadawyvita moewyo fantastikuri Sejibri: orive
mxatvars, miqelanjelosac da leonardosac, daukveTes seniori
is, anu meriis kedlebis mosaxatad ori brZolis siuJeti: `brZola
angiarisTan~ – leonardos da `brZola kaSenTan~ – miqelanjelos.
orivem Zalian sainteresod gadawyvita maT winaSe mdgomi amocanebi
da moxatvis win muyaoze Sesrulebuli maTi kompoziciebi gamoifi
na. es gaxda movlena ara marto florenciisa, aramed mTeli italiis
da garkveulad, evropis cxovrebaSic. am muyaoebis sanaxavad Camo
gamoCenili adamianebi
qali siasamuriT, 14831990, krako vis muzeumi, poloneTi.
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angiarisTan brZola, fragmentebi.
avinionis tyveoba – 13091377 ww. papebis rezidencia iyo ara romSi, aramed avinionSi (safrangeTi). 1305 wels romis papi klement V, rome lic frangi iyo, konklavze (kaTolikuri eklesiis kardinalTa kolegiis Sexvedra) airCies safrangeTis mefe filip IVis mxardaWeriT. mas uwodes `frangebis papi~ da man 1309 wels papis rezidencia romidan avinionSi gadaitana, riTac daiwyo e.w. `papebis tyveoba~ (1377 wlamde).
diodnen sxvadasxva qveynidan. mag., XVII saukuneSi rubensma, rome
lic italiaSi, mantuaSi, imyofeboda, leonardos kompoziciidan
aslebi gaakeTa. samwuxarod, arc muyao SemogvrCa da arc freskebi
Sesrulebula. SemogvrCa sakmaod susti aslebi, samagierod dagvr
Ca leonardos mier angiaris brZolisaTvis fanqriT Sesrulebuli
naxatebi, ZiriTadad Tavebi. unda aRiniSnos, rom maTi mxatvruli
Rirebuleba iseve, rogorc sxva grafikuli namuSevrebisa, mag.,
leonardos portreti moxucebulobaSi, Zalze didia da SeiZleba
iTqvas, ar Camouvardeba doniT mis ferwerul namuSevrebs.
1505 wlis Semdeg leonardo midis florenciidan da gadadis qa
laqidan qalaqSi, Tumca didxans arsad Cerdeba. am periodSi misi
mxatv roba naklebintensiuri xdeba, asrulebs ramdenime namuSe
vars, mag., `wm. ioane naTlismcemlis~ saxes – ra Tqma unda, maRal
doneze. Tumca, `mona lizas~, `saidumlo serobis~ da `madona mRvi
meSi~s dones mainc ver aRwevs.
samagierod, Zalze intensiuria misi Teoriuli xasiaTis muSaoba.
leonardo gvevlineba rogorc genialuri Teoretikosi, mecnieri,
inJineri gamomgonebeli. swavlobs yvelafers, adamianis anatomias,
cxovelebs, frinvelebs – ainteresebs safreni aparatis Seqmna, aqvs
tankis, vertmfrenis, wyalqveSa navis modelebi – ubralod, im dros
ar iyo meqanikuri Zravebi da maTi ganxorcieleba SeuZlebeli iyo.
dabolos, unda iTqvas, rom misi Semoqmedeba bevrwilad iyo gak
veTili miqelanjelosa (gansakuTrebiT naxatSi) da rafaelisTvis
(romelic pirdapir aviTarebs mis kompoziciur principebs).
leonardo gardaicvala safrangeTSi, avinionSi, sadac im dros
iyo italiuri diaspora da papis sasaxlec (erT dros papi frangebma
waiyvanes – cnobili avinionis tyveoba).
`madona mRvimeSi~ da `mona liza~ leonardos mudam Tan dahqon
da. man mSvenivrad icoda maTi fasi da ar undoda maTTan ganSoreba.
Znelia gadaWarbebiT Seafaso am saocari xelovanis, mecnieris,
moazrovnis, unikaluri pirovnebis roli msoflio xelovnebasa da
kulturaSi.
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