Post on 30-Aug-2018
Lecture 6
RFID Systems, Standards & Applications
What are RFID systems and components?
Important RFID Standards – ISO, EPC, JAISA
Various RFID Applications
RFID vs NFC (Near Field Communication)
Why RFID becomes ubiquitous?
But sometimes very low range
Depends onthe material
Only valid for low frequency tags
Not all tags have this functionality
Mainly valid forhigh frequency tags
RFID System (1)
RFID TAG DataProduct #: ASB33440988Arr. Date: 01-01-2010Exp. Date: 31-12-2010
HostComputer
Radio Waves
RFIDAntenna
RFIDTags
RFIDReader
Connection betw. Host & Reader Wired connection (RS232, USB, etc.) Wired LAN (Ethernet, etc.) Wireless LAN (WiFi, BT, etc.)
Secure Access
Multiple users
Real time data
Control and Tracking
Application Servers
Database, Web Server, etc.Properly distributed RFID
Readers covering large areas
Tags on vehicles, assets,
products, pallets, boxes…
RFID System (2)
RFID Standardization-ISO (1)
Automatic Identification in ISO
TC122/Ad Hoc GroupPackaging
TC104/SC4/WG2Container
JTC1/SC17Personal ID
ISO/IEC JTC1/SC31/WG4Automatic Identification and
Data Capture Technique
TC23/SC19/WG3Animals TC204
Transportation
TC68/SC6Financial Transaction
JWGSupply Chain App
Identification of Things
ISO: International Standard Organization
TC: Technical Committee
JTC: Joint Technical Committee
SC: Sub-Committee
WG: Woking Group
RFID Standardization-ISO (2)
SG1ISO/IEC 15961ISO/IEC 15962
SG2 IOS/IEC 15963
SG1
Data Protocol: Application Interface Data Protocol: Data Encoding Rules and Logical Memory Functions
Unique Identification for RF Tag
ISO/IEC 18000-2
ISO/IEC 18000-1
ISO/IEC 18000-3
ISO/IEC 18000-4
ISO/IEC 18000-6
ARP
ISO/IEC 18000-7
ISO/IEC TR 18000ISO/IEC 24729-1ISO/IEC 24729-2ISO/IEC 24729-3
Application Requirements ProfilesImplementation Guidlines – Part1: RFID-Enabled LabelsImplementation Guidlines – Part2: Recyclability of RF TagsImplementation Guidlines – Part3: RFID Reader/Antenna Installation
Part1: Reference Architecture and Definition of Parameters
Part6: Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 860 -960 MHz
Part4: Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 2.45GHz
Part3: Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 13.56MHz
Part2: Parameters for Air Interface Communications below 135kHz
Part7: Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 433MHz
ISO/IEC JTC1/SC31/WG4 ARP: Application Requirement ProfileSG: Sub-Group
ISO/IEC 18000 - RFID for Item Management Part 2 – 125 ~ 150 kHz Part 3 – 13.56 MHz Part 4 – 2.45 GHz Part 5 – 5.8 GHz Part 6 – 860 ~ 960 MHz Part 7 – 433.92 MHz (active)
Data Standards
ISO/IEC 15418 - Application Identifiers & Data Identifiers ISO/IEC 15434 - Syntax ISO/IEC 15459 - Unique Item Identification ISO/IEC 15961 - Data Protocol: Application Interface ISO/IEC 15962 - Data Protocol: Data Encoding Rules and
Logical Memory Functions ISO/IEC 15963 - Unique Identification for RF Tags
Sample ISO Application Standards (1)
Sample ISO Application Standards (2)
Interrogator(Reader /Encoder)
An
ten
na
RF Tag
Air InterfaceCommands
AirInterfaceResponses
ApplicationSoftware
ISO/IEC 18000
APPLICATIONCOMMANDS
APPLICATIONRESPONSES
ISO/IEC15961
Data ProtocolProcessor
Encoder
Decoder
Command /Response
UnitLogical
Memory
TagDriver(s)
ISO/IEC15962
ISO/IEC 15962
Sample ISO Application Standards (3)
ISO 10374 - Freight containers — Automatic identification
ISO 18185 - Freight Containers - RF communication protocol for electronic seal
ISO 11784 - RF Identification of Animals - Code Structure
ISO 11785 - RF Identification of Animals - Technical Concept
ISO 14223-1 - RF Identification of Animals - Advanced Transponders - Part 1: Air Interface
ISO 21007-1 - Gas Cylinders - Identification and Marking Using RF Identification Technology - Part 1: Reference Architecture and Terminology
ISO 21007-2 - Gas Cylinders - Identification and Marking Using RF Identification Technology - Part 2: Numbering Schemes for Radio Frequency
ANSI MH10.8.4 - RFID for Returnable Containers
AIAG B-11 - Tire & Wheel Identification Standard
ISO 122/104 JWG - Supply Chain Applications of RFID
ISO 17363 - Freight containers
ISO 17364 - Returnable transport items
ISO 17365 - Transport units
ISO 17366 - Product packaging
ISO 17367 - Product tagging RFID – Wikipedia
RFID Standardization-EPCgobal EPCglobal (EPC: Electronic Product Code)
Developed by Auto-ID center, an academic research project
headquartered at MIT with other universities/companies
Spec/Standard Project Title Remarks
EPC
Specifications
900MHz Class 0 RF Identification Tag
Specification
RF and tag requirements for
each band
13.56 MHz ISM Band Class 1 RF
Identification Tag Interface Specification
860 MHz – 930 MHz Class 1 RF
Identification Tag Radio Frequency &
Logical Communication Interface
Specification
Ratified EPC
Standards
EPC Tag Data Standard Version 1.1 rev 1.26 Tag data encoding schemes
Class 1 Generation 2 UHF Air Interface
Protocol Standard version 1.0.9
Physical/logical requirements
for passive RFID systems
EPC (Electronic Product Code)
GTIN
1 23 3 4 65 7 1 2 3 54
Company PrefixTrade Item
Reference
EPC Manager Number Trade Item
Reference
0000000123456
Serial Number
GTIN
1 2 3 4 65 7 1 2 3 54 6
EPC 8
96 Bits
• 2^96 = 79,228,162,514,264,337,593,543,950,336• 96 bits can uniquely label all products for the next 1,000 years
Every product has unique identifier
Global Trade Item Number
Header Filter
Value
Partition
ValueCompany Prefix
Document
Type Serial Number
8 bits 3 bits 3 bits 27 bits 14 bits 41 bits
0010 1100
[Static,
Binary value]
High-level
filter option
Determines
Company
Prefix
length
Equates to eight digits
to uniquely identify an
organization such as
DHS/CBP, DoS,
WA State, etc.
Equates to four
digits, allowing
up to 10,000
document types
Allows for over 2
trillion unique
values
EPCglobal/GS1 allocated and managed.
An organization could define and filter up
to 10,000 document types. Examples:
the number 1 = auto, 2 = motorcycle, etc.
Defined by Card/Tag Issuer
Used for unique serial number
Example: 00101101011011101
Defined by Card/Tag Issuer
DHS has requested ‘001’ be reserved
to represent ‘travel document’
EPC Numbers
More at EPCglobal website
ISO and EPCglobal Standards
ISO Requirement EPC UHF Gen2 v1.0.9
Standard to cover the widest possible set of
applications for a common protocolRestricted to “EPC-only” data structures
Top-down architecture Bottom-up architecture
Standard to embrace global applications Restricted to EPC applications
Active tags with ISO/IEC 18000-7 No accommodation for active tags
Extensible commands, e.g., sensors, write No extensibilities beyond Class 1
AFIs for multi-application use No AFIs
Consistent and common use of Tag ID,
Item ID, Object ID, Chip ID, etc.
Usages are not mainstream and are
confusing
RFID System and Standardizations
Antenna ReaderRFID TagMemory Code
Host Application
Identification code
object identification code - WG2, EPCglobal
tag identification code - ISO/IEC 15963
WG4/SG2
AIR interfaceAIR interface
ISO/IEC
18000-1 ~ 7 WG4/SG3
UHF GEN2 EPCglobal
Tag driversData protocol
processor
READER/HOST INTERFACE
Data protocol ISO/IEC
15961, 15962
Management protocol
Auto-ID Reader Protocol
EPCgobal
Data collection
Event handling
Event handling ALE EPCglobal
Application condition
ISO/IEC
TR18001,24729 WG4/ARP
Object information
search
ONS, EPCIS EPCglobal
WG4/SG1
RFID Tag Range, Speed and Applications
Frequency Range Data Speed Applications
120 – 150 kHz
18000-2
(passive)
< 1m
(~10cm)
Low Smart Card, Ticketing, animal tagging,
access, Laundry, and factory data collection
13.56 MHz
18000-3
(passive)
< 1m Low to moderate I.C. Cards (Smart Cards), small item
management, apssport, supply chain,
anti-theft, library, transportation
433 MHz
18000-7
(active)
1 – 100 m Moderate Container Security and Tracking, asset
tracking for U.S. DoD (Pallets) – Active
860 – 960 MHz
18000-6
EPC(18000-6C)
(passive)
2 – 7 m Moderate to high Transportation vehicle ID, Access/Security,
large item management, supply chain
2450 MHz
18000-4 Mode 1
(passive)
1 – 2 m High Transportation vehicle ID (road toll),
access/security, large item management,
supply chain
Early Applications of 125/135kHz RFID
Late eighties: RFID-Projects gave initial boost
Pigeons logging
Logistics
Gas bottles, Garbage cans, Container
Industry
Tool identification
Entertainment
Casino Roulette Chips
Access systems
Door locks, Working time recording
Popular Applications of 13.56 MHz RFID
Late nineties: Encryption and faster
Payment systems
Cafeteria, restaurants
Access systems / Events
Turnstile, Door locks
Stadium, Theme parks
Convention center
Public transportation
Bus, underground, ferries
in deliveryin production in distribution in storage
in disposal / recycling in use in retailin maintenance
in document managementin worker safety in access control in handling and storage
Potential RFID Applications
A set videos of ARFI applications
Sample Applications Deployed military cargo tracking
Library Books
Passports w/ embedded RFID
Drug distribution (expiration, tracking)
Drug dispensing (right patient, drug, and dosage)
Medical Record Tracking
Operating Room Equipment Configuration Validation
Border Crossing Inventory (People, Cargo)
Predictive Monitoring of maintainable parts
Track Prisoners
Track Weapons, Evidence
Environmental monitoring
Tolling
RFID-based Library Video
Contactless Smart Cards Standards
ISO 7618 - A set of international standards covering the basic characteristics of contactless smart cards, such as physical and electrical characteristics, communication protocols and others.
Proximity Smart Cards (13.56 MHz) Range = 4 inches (10 centimeter)
Baud rate = 106 kilobaud
ISO/IEC 14443
Vicinity Smart Cards (13.56 MHz) Range = 3 feet (1 meter)
Baud rate = 26.48 kilobaud
ISO/IEC 15693
Animal Identification Standards
Pets such as dogs and cats
Livestock such as cattle, pigs, etc.
International standard 134.2 kHz ISO 11784: “Radio-frequency identification of animals” –
code structure
ISO 11785: “Radio-frequency identification of animals” –Technical concept
ISO 14223: “Radio-frequency identification of animals” –Advanced transponders
U.S. standard 125 kHz
At these frequencies the RF can penetrate mud, blood, and water
Electronic Passports
Dept. of State begins issuing e-passports Aug. 14, 2006
Contactless chip in rear cover ISO 14443
Name, date of birth, gender, place of birth, dates of passport issuance and expiration, passport number, digital image of the bearer’s photograph stored electronically
Digital photograph is used as biometric identifier
Anti-skimming material in cover to prevent unauthorized reading when it is closed
Eavesdropping prevented by reading machine readable key inside passport to unlock chip
Randomized unique identification (RUID) to prevent tracking
Information signed with a digital signature
New industry for wallet makers creating Faraday cages for passports
26
RFID Implants
BeforeAfter
VeriChip
Human implantable RFID tag operating at about 134 KHz because at these frequencies the RF can penetrate mud, blood, and water
Healthcare applications Implanted medical device identification
Emergency access to patient-supplied health information
Portable medical records access including insurance information
In-hospital patient identification
Medical facility connectivity via patient
Disease/treatment management of at-risk populations
Implant V1
Implant V2
Logistics
Tracking and tracing
Inventory management
Automated goods receiving and shipment
27
RFID-based Logistics
Video demo
NTTコムウェア、RFIDを利用した来場者動線分析サービスを提供
イベント会場などで、来場者にセミアクティブタグを携行してもらい、会場に設置したRFID機器が、入退場時間記録や、ポイントごとの滞留時間の記録データを自動的に収集する。
RFID-based User Location Information
Link
Supply Chain Management (SCM) RFID adds visibility as the items flow through the supply chain from
the manufacturer, shippers, distributors, and retailers.
Factory
Warehouse
Store
Raw Materials
YOU
A Supply Chain
Reduce Cost
Enhance Competitiveness
Event
Registries
Search &
Discovery
Secure Internet Exchange
EPC
MW
EPC
IS
EPC Gen2
Reader
Internal Systems
ERP, WMS, etc.
Enterprise
System
EPC Gen2
Tags with EPC
EPC
MW
EPC
IS
Internal Systems
ERP, WMS, etc.
Enterprise
System
ONS
Authentication
Authorisation
EPC Gen2
Reader
EPC Gen2
Tags with EPC
EPC-based SCM System
Reduce
Cost
Automation
Increased
Outcome
Increased
Visibility
Higher
Quality
Increase
Security
Tracking
Traceability
Control
Authentication
Fulfill
Require
mentsLaw
Mandate
Generate
ValueNew
Service
New
Product
Feature
CRM
Hard
Soft
RFID Benefits and Issues
Some Challenges and Concerns about RFID
RFID and Smartphone: V1, V2, V3
RFID vs NFC
RFID
Difference
NFC
RFID NFC
RFID
Difference
NFC
Access the following websites to learn more about RFID
products, systems, standards, technologies, applications,
and problems such as security and privacy.
RFIDソリューション : 富士通
RFID活用ソリューション: ソリューション・サービス | NEC
A Summary of RFID Standards - RFID Journal
EPCglobal website
JAISA (社)日本自動認識システム協会
RFID Applications and Solutions: Overview
Others you like Important to get materials from Web!!
Homework