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The requi rements of an agr icul tural bui lding
Mater ial selection and the types of structures
Lecture no.3
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The requirements of an
agricultural building
An
agricultural
building is expected to be a life-support machine
as well as human buildings. It is required to provide the facilitiesnecessary for animal metabolism such as clean air and water, theremoval of waste produce, optimum thermal and humidi
ty control,security and visual/acoustic
comfort.
In addition,
a
building
must
be
safe fromcollapse
,fire,storm,and vermin(trad. duntori);resistant to the physical forces ofsnow,
rain, wind and earthquakes, etc.;be capable of adaptationto various functions, external landscaping (trad. peisaj)or
internal equipment arrangements.
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The requirements of an
agricultural building cont.The selection of a suitable construction method (materials andtechnology) can be achieved by using the criteria
given by theperformance
requirements under the following headings:
Appearance
DurabilityDimensional suitability
Strength and stability
Weather exclusion
Sound control
Thermal comfort
Fire protection
Lighting and ventilation
Sanitation
SecurityCost
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Figure 1 Performance
requirements for a
building1.Appearance
2.Durability
3.Dimensional suitability
4.Strength and stability5.Weather exclusion
6.Sound control
7.Thermal comfort
8.Fire protection9.Lighting and ventilation
10.Sanitation
11.Security
12.Cost
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2. Material selection and the types
of structuresWhen a building is constructed two main physical resources
are involved. These are, materials necessary in term of
various parts, and technical ability to assemble the parts into
an enclosure, (figure 2).
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Material selection and the types of
structures (cont.)
The properties of structural materials have traditionally
been a major determinant of structural form. Strength,
durability,
stiffness and flexibility, and fire resistance, aswell as availability and cost, have been primary factors in
the development of architecture and engineering design.
The earliest structures were of timber and stones. Morerecently, reinforced concrete and structural steel have
developed as ourprincipal structural materials for large
structures of agricultural buildings.
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Material selection (cont.)The nature of these structural material plays a principal role in the development of
structural form:
Timbergrows(generally) straight and thus lends itself to structural systems that areassemblies oflinearmembers. The use oftimberhasbeen expandedbeyond the linearmemberby the development ofcurved glued laminated lumberand hasbeen extended
toplanarstructuresby the development ofplywood.
Masonryconsists of relatively small units laid up by hand and bonded with cementpaste mortar, which suggests its use forwall and piers, vaults and arches, where thestresses areprincipally compressive.
Freshconcreteis aperfectlyplastic material. Thus, the structural form applications ofconcrete are almost without limit, especially with the addition of reinforcement toovercome the relative lackof tensile strength. There is a tendency for the form of aconcrete structure tobe limited somewhatby the cost ofits formwork. This shouldbepassedby the using ofprecast elements.
Structuralsteeland othermetals are appropriate using linearmembers and as well as
flat sheet structures, such as metal decks and corrugated iron.
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Which is the most durablebuilding material,
wood or steel?
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Stave church, Borgund, Norway
700-800 years old
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7 year old free
stall dairy barn
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Advantages of Wood1. Abundant
- Readily available through suppliers and retailers.
2. Economical
- Large volumes, low production costs
= Reasonable material prices.
3. Easy to work with
- Simple tools and fasteners.
4. Insulation/sound proofing qualities- Air spaces provide these natural qualities.
5. High strength-to-weight ratio
- Parallel to grain produces strong, lightweightconstruction.
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1. Uniformity- Properties vary greatly (> 20,000 species)
- Each piece is different, variation is inevitable.
2. Poor fire resistance- Combustible while concrete and steel are not.
3. Decay
- Attacked by wood destroying fungi, insects and
marine borers.
4. Weathering
- Unprotected wood will deteriorate
Disadvantages of Wood
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Species: hardness vs softness
Moisture content
Shrinkage: tendency to shrink, swell, or warp
Decay- Preservation
Strength: nail holding power, bending strength
Wood Properties
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Wood beams
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Concrete
Advantages: 1. Strong in compression (compressive strength up to 40 Mpa,
even 138 MPa, wood 2.3 18.4 MPa)
2. Not subject to decay
3. Can be made into various shapes
4. Easily cleaned, durable, non-combustible
Disadvantages: 1. Weak in tensile strength (about 1/10 of compressive strength.
using steel reinforcing)
2. Not adaptable to change
3. Heavy (2400 kg/m3plain concrete, 2500 kg/m3 reinforcedconcrete, wood 340-750 kg/m3, steel 7943 kg/m3)
4. High thermal conductivity (concrete 0.93 W/mK, wood 0.11-
0.17 W/mK)
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Application In AgriculturalBuildings
Livestock housing for structures,
foundations (manure pit-trad.gropi de
gunoi), floors, and walls.
Milk containing structure, silage or manure
storages(trad. Depozite de ngrmnt)
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Used as: Structural posts, beams
Sheathing
Concrete reinforcing Structural shells
Wood fasteners
STEEL
Advantages:Water proof
Usually low maintenance
Strong
Disadvantages:Corrodes in animal
environment
(Baked on enamel,galvanizing, stainless
steel)
Hail damage
Thermal conductor
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Rolled Steel
Rolled steel shapes
are specified by their
outside dimensions
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Sheet Steel
Sheet steel is specified by a gauge (trad. dimensiune,mrime) number.
Gauge size decreases with an increase in sheet
thickness (ex: 18 gauge is thicker than 32 gauge)
Profile (corrugations): increases stiffness and strengthwithout weight.
Sheathing, grain bin panels, stressed skin arches.
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minum
productsforagriculturebuildings
http://www.insul.n
et/
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Other materials
Gypsum board
Ceramic tiles
Plastic
lumbermouldings
panels
laminates
vapor barriers
Structural shells
Petroleum products
insulation
Asphalt
Stone
Earth, sod (trad. iarba, paie)
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One span structures for agricultural building
1
32
2
1
3
2 3
2
1
2
2
11
3
1. Roof slope; 2.Windows; 3. Air flow
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Multispan structures for agricultural buildings
1
32 2
1 11
3 32 2
1. Roof slope; 2.Windows; 3. Air flow
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Multispan structures for agricultural buildings
1
3
2
2
1 1
32 2
1. Roof slope; 2.Windows; 3. Air flow
1
2
3
3 2
11
2
1 1
1
2 2
2
33
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RC structures with transverse girder
1
6,0
(7,5; 9,0; 12,0)
2,4
(2,8;3,2;3,6
)1
6,0
(9,0; 12,0;15,0;18,0)
2,4
(2,8;3,2;3,6
)
6,0
2
3
1. Transverse girder; 2.Roof members; 3. RC column
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Steel structures for agricultural buildings
1. Steel truss girder; 2.Steel column; 3. RC foundation
6,0
(7,5; 9,0; 10,50)
6,0
(7,5; 9,0; 10,50)
6,0
(7,5; 9,0; 10,50;12,00)
+2,40 m
1
2
3
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Timber structures for agricultural buildings
+2,30 m
l = 4,00l = 4,00 l = 4,00 l = 4,00
+4,80 m
1.Rafters (cpriori); 2. Post (montant sau stlp din
lemn); 3. Bracings; 4. Foundation
1
2
3
4
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Different shapes for storage structure
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The patented Cover-All Legend Building Series (LBS)
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The patented Cover-All Legend Building Series (LBS)
Span=11m
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The patented Cover-All Legend Building Series (LBS)
Span=25 m
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Wooden structure for an agricultural deposit
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Test questions
1. Specify the advantages of wood as a building material. Exemplifywith wood products used in rural area constructions.
2. Which are the disadvantages of wood as a building material? Give
examples of structural and non-structural elements used in agricultural
constructions.3. List the main advantages of concrete as a construction material used
both for the infrastructure and superstructure of farm buildings.
Exemplify with types of elements.
4. Which are the disadvantages of concrete as a building material?
5. Mention the advantages of steel as a building material. Exemplify
with steel structural elements used in rural area constructions.
6. Which are the disadvantages of steel as a building material for
livestock farms. Explain the effect of corrosion on structural elements
d h i j i