Post on 14-Apr-2022
LCLS-II-HE Instrumentation
2
LCLS-II-HE:
Enabling New Experimental Capabilities
Structural Dynamics
at the Atomic Scale
Expand the photon energy
reach of LCLS-II to 20 keV
o Atomic resolution requires ~1 Å
~1,000-fold increase in ave.
spectral brightness re: LCLS
o Average coherent X-ray power
(spatial and temporal)
is transformative
Hard X-ray pulses in a uniform
(programmable) time structure at
a repetition rate of up to 1 MHz
Photon Energy (eV) A
vera
ge B
rightn
ess
(ph
/s/m
m2/m
rad
2/0
.1%
BW
) 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000
10 19
10 20
10 21
10 22
10 23
10 24
10 25
10 26
LCLS-II LCLS-II-HE
Eu-XFEL
LCLS
DLSR
limit
LCLS
~10 msec ~mJ
~fs
~msec LCLS-II
(HE)
EuXFEL
(FLASH)
LCLS Experimental Facilities After Realization of LCLS-II Plans
• 7 instruments fed by a single undulator at present
• 9 instruments available for LCLS-II
NEH 1.1: Atomic, Molecular and Optical
NEH 2.1: Resonant Inelastic X-ray Scattering
NEH 2.2: Soft X-ray Research
NEH 1.2: Tender X-ray Instrument
XPP: X-ray Pump Probe
XCS: X-ray Correlation Spectroscopy
MFX: Macromolecular Femtosecond Crystallography
CXI: Coherent X-ray Imaging
MEC: Matter in Extreme Conditions
3 Soft X-ray
5 Hard X-ray
1 “tender” x-ray
SXU
HXU
Far
Hall
XCS MFX CXI MEC
Near
Hall
N1.1 N1.2 XPP
N2.1
N2.2
~ 50 m ~ 70 m
3
NEH 1.2: Combining two XFEL sources
4
• X-ray pump / X-ray probe capability with two high repetition rate XFEL sources
• Spatial and temporal overlap of two 1 micron XFEL beams with independent
control of intensity, polarization and wavelength
• Present LCLS-II design uses:
• 400 – 1500 eV (SXU)
• 1000 – 5000 eV (HXU)
LCLS-II-HE offers the potential to extend the energy range of the HXU branch
FEH Reconfiguration:
One plausible option as an example
Cu
rre
nt
LC
LS
-II-
HE
High resolution IXS
&
XPCS
6
Considerations for Increased Repetition Rate
Sample Recovery
Optical Lasers
Detectors
Data Acquisition
Data Storage
X-ray Optics
> 120 Hz
Operation
LCLS-II X-ray Optics Development:
Wavefront preserving X-ray mirrors
HXR; 1.35 mrad, 13 keV → 0.56 nm rms
SXR; 12.0 mrad, 1.3 keV → 0.6 nm rms
The mirrors exist but, we need to preserve the shape once
installed and under the LCLS II power delivered to (up to
200 W) the mirrors
200 eV
700 eV
1300 eV
D. Cocco et al.
8
LCLS-II Pump Laser Development:
High Average Power Femtosecond Laser System
Introduction
High average power laser amplifier R&D project for LCLS-II
Future free electron lasers at SLAC require high repetition rate laser amplifiers. Initial operation at LCLS-II is planned at 0.1-1 MHz repetition rate. High energy pump/probe laser amplifiers operated at these high repetition rates are currently not commercially available. We plan to use Optical Parametric Chirped-Pulse Amplification (OPCPA) techniques to develop a mJ-level Research and Development (R&D) laser amplifier system. Ultrafast laser amplifiers based on population inversion in an optical medium have so far been the only commercially solution for ultrashort pulses with average powers of several tens of Watts. However, the ultimate limit for these laser amplifiers is the heat load generated in the gain medium. Worth mentioning is also the gain narrowing, which ultimately limits the amplified pulse bandwidth. These drawbacks can be circumvented resorting to the more exotic OPCPA, where minimal power is absorbed in the gain medium. Optical parametric chirped-pulse amplifiers are currently the most promising option for a high average power amplifier systems. Pump-probe laser amplifiers at free electron laser facilities are designed to serve a variety of experiments. The experimental portfolio of these future FELs at SLAC can be widened using OPCPA, which allows different modes of operation and easier upgrades (tunable center wavelength, average power, ultra-short pulse duration).
0.8 µm non-collinear OPCPA system
K. Mecseki, J. Robinson, A. Fry, F. Tavella
Laser amplifier setup
OPCPA technology – required parameters
Lasers in LCLS Science
Fiber amplifier system with dual output: 7W Innoslab amplifier seeder (stretched)
Fiber oscillator with dual output: - Seeder for fiber amplifier system - Output for locking to RF (Synchronization to FEL Locking stability <20 fs rms)
White light seeder
OPCPA pre-amplifier
Drive beam
energy 2.16 uJ
Spectral range
for OPCPA 650-1000 nm
Average energy
content ~70 pJ/nm
OPCPA seed is generated in YAG crystal (white light generation)
Optical table layout
1.5 µm (non-)collinear OPA system
OPA pre-amplifier
O.D. Mücke et al., Opt. Lett. 34, 118-120 (2009)
High power OPCPA simulation
High power OPCPA simulation
Initial parameters upgrades
Repetition rate
(MHz) 0.1
single shot -
1Mhz
Pulse energy
(mJ) 1 (see power)
Power (W) 100 >100 W (NIR OPA)
>150 W (IR OPA
Pulse duration
(fs) 15
<10fs (NIR OPA),
<45 (IR OPA)
Spectral range
(µm) 0.7-1 1.4-1.6; 2.9-3.9
Energy stability <1.5% <1%
Compression <1.2xBWL -
Pump laser
power (kW) 1.5 kW tbd
Pump laser
duration (ps) 1.5 -
Pump laser
wavelength (µm) 1.03/0.515 -
Optical parametric amplifier
θ
α
pump
signal
idler
nonlinear optical crystal
White light generation
Main advantages Broadband amplification Different spectral ranges Low thermal load (linear absorption)
3 wave mixing process in a nonlinear optical crystal Energy transfer from pump → signal and idler wave
Synchronization FEL, oscillator
diagnostics
Fiber amplifier param. monitor
kW Innoslab amplifier param.
monitoring
Spectral broadening and harmonic generation test setup
OPCPA output
parameter monitor
Compressor chamber: Chirped mirrors and bulk glass compressor
Yb:YAG Innoslab amplifer system: >1.5 kW average output power - Innoslab-400 (9-pass) - Innoslab-(>)1000 (2-pass)
Compressed output
Optical parametric chirped-pulse amplifier λc = 0.8 µm (NIR OPCPA) λc = 1.5 µm (IR OPA, compressed) λc = 1.5 µm (IR OPCPA, uncompressed for further amplification)
Optical parametric chirped-pulse amplifier λc = 0.8 µm (NIR OPCPA), >100 W λc = 1.5 µm (IR OCPA), >150 W λc = 3.5 µm (IR OPCPA), >100 W
OPCPA stage in operation
filament sub-ps laser pulse
YAG crystal
~14.6 fs FWHM
1.2µJ, <0.8% rms (1 MHz mode)
M2: 1.24/1.17
Δλ10% = 750-850 nm
S1 S2
Initial 15 fs version
125.1 [nm], λcenter 815.0 [nm], 2.18 [mJ]
Fourier Limit of final pulse 15.11 [fs]
Total Heat Load: 0.0197 [W] dT(max) = 2.1 [K]
sub-10 fs upgrade
210.9 [nm], λcenter 799.1 [nm], 1.46 [mJ]
Fourier Limit of final pulse 9.06 [fs] Total Heat Load: 0.0177 [W] dT(max) = 1.8 [K] (reduced output power compared to narrowband version of the amplifier) Figures: S1 (pre-amplifier); S2 (main amplifier)
Amplification in Barium Borate (BBO) crystal
S1 S2 S2
Signal: 90.4 [nm], and λcenter 1.53 [µm], 2.04 [mJ]
Idler: 422.9 [nm], λcenter 3.17 [µm], 0.89 [mJ]
Fourier Limit of final pulse 63.4 [fs] / 61.2 [fs] (signal/idler) Total Heat Load: 3.3 [W] dT(max) = 231 [K]
Beam propagation direction
Heat Load: 3.3 [W]
dT(max) = 231 [K]
Heat Load: 3.3 [W]
(KTP/In/Cu heat sink) dT(max) = 58 [K]
Manual shift of CEP (glass wedge insertion)
Amplified spectrum (tuned λc) Passive CEP stability over 0.5 hours
~50 fs FWHM
seed
amplified
Passive CEP seeder concept
The seed is generated through white light continuum generation in YAG (similar to 0.8 µm OPCPA) using a 0.515 µm beam (SH from fiber laser amplifier) A passive CEP stable idler is generated in collinear OPA stage (BBO crystal) This seed (idler wave) is further amplified in a KTP OPA stage. The idler wave from the KTP stage if operated In collinear geometry can also be used (λc~3.8 µm)
Heat signature in NLO crystal
Autocorrelation measurement
OPCPA setup
Introduction
High average power laser amplifier R&D project for LCLS-II
Future free electron lasers at SLAC require high repetition rate laser amplifiers. Initial operation at LCLS-II is planned at 0.1-1 MHz repetition rate. High energy pump/probe laser amplifiers operated at these high repetition rates are currently not commercially available. We plan to use Optical Parametric Chirped-Pulse Amplification (OPCPA) techniques to develop a mJ-level Research and Development (R&D) laser amplifier system. Ultrafast laser amplifiers based on population inversion in an optical medium have so far been the only commercially solution for ultrashort pulses with average powers of several tens of Watts. However, the ultimate limit for these laser amplifiers is the heat load generated in the gain medium. Worth mentioning is also the gain narrowing, which ultimately limits the amplified pulse bandwidth. These drawbacks can be circumvented resorting to the more exotic OPCPA, where minimal power is absorbed in the gain medium. Optical parametric chirped-pulse amplifiers are currently the most promising option for a high average power amplifier systems. Pump-probe laser amplifiers at free electron laser facilities are designed to serve a variety of experiments. The experimental portfolio of these future FELs at SLAC can be widened using OPCPA, which allows different modes of operation and easier upgrades (tunable center wavelength, average power, ultra-short pulse duration).
0.8 µm non-collinear OPCPA system
K. Mecseki, J. Robinson, A. Fry, F. Tavella
Laser amplifier setup
OPCPA technology – required parameters
Lasers in LCLS Science
Fiber amplifier system with dual output: 7W Innoslab amplifier seeder (stretched)
Fiber oscillator with dual output: - Seeder for fiber amplifier system - Output for locking to RF (Synchronization to FEL Locking stability <20 fs rms)
White light seeder
OPCPA pre-amplifier
Drive beam
energy 2.16 uJ
Spectral range
for OPCPA 650-1000 nm
Average energy
content ~70 pJ/nm
OPCPA seed is generated in YAG crystal (white light generation)
Optical table layout
1.5 µm (non-)collinear OPA system
OPA pre-amplifier
O.D. Mücke et al., Opt. Lett. 34, 118-120 (2009)
High power OPCPA simulation
High power OPCPA simulation
Initial parameters upgrades
Repetition rate
(MHz) 0.1
single shot -
1Mhz
Pulse energy
(mJ) 1 (see power)
Power (W) 100 >100 W (NIR OPA)
>150 W (IR OPA
Pulse duration
(fs) 15
<10fs (NIR OPA),
<45 (IR OPA)
Spectral range
(µm) 0.7-1 1.4-1.6; 2.9-3.9
Energy stability <1.5% <1%
Compression <1.2xBWL -
Pump laser
power (kW) 1.5 kW tbd
Pump laser
duration (ps) 1.5 -
Pump laser
wavelength (µm) 1.03/0.515 -
Optical parametric amplifier
θ
α
pump
signal
idler
nonlinear optical crystal
White light generation
Main advantages Broadband amplification Different spectral ranges Low thermal load (linear absorption)
3 wave mixing process in a nonlinear optical crystal Energy transfer from pump → signal and idler wave
Synchronization FEL, oscillator diagnostics
Fiber amplifier param. monitor
kW Innoslab amplifier param.
monitoring
Spectral broadening and harmonic generation test setup
OPCPA output
parameter monitor
Compressor chamber: Chirped mirrors and bulk glass compressor
Yb:YAG Innoslab amplifer system: >1.5 kW average output power - Innoslab-400 (9-pass) - Innoslab-(>)1000 (2-pass)
Compressed output
Optical parametric chirped-pulse amplifier λc = 0.8 µm (NIR OPCPA) λc = 1.5 µm (IR OPA, compressed) λc = 1.5 µm (IR OPCPA, uncompressed for further amplification)
Optical parametric chirped-pulse amplifier λc = 0.8 µm (NIR OPCPA), >100 W λc = 1.5 µm (IR OCPA), >150 W λc = 3.5 µm (IR OPCPA), >100 W
OPCPA stage in operation
filament sub-ps laser pulse
YAG crystal
~14.6 fs FWHM
1.2µJ, <0.8% rms (1 MHz mode)
M2: 1.24/1.17
Δλ10% = 750-850 nm
S1 S2
Initial 15 fs version
125.1 [nm], λcenter 815.0 [nm], 2.18 [mJ]
Fourier Limit of final pulse 15.11 [fs]
Total Heat Load: 0.0197 [W] dT(max) = 2.1 [K]
sub-10 fs upgrade
210.9 [nm], λcenter 799.1 [nm], 1.46 [mJ]
Fourier Limit of final pulse 9.06 [fs] Total Heat Load: 0.0177 [W] dT(max) = 1.8 [K] (reduced output power compared to narrowband version of the amplifier) Figures: S1 (pre-amplifier); S2 (main amplifier)
Amplification in Barium Borate (BBO) crystal
S1 S2 S2
Signal: 90.4 [nm], and λcenter 1.53 [µm], 2.04 [mJ]
Idler: 422.9 [nm], λcenter 3.17 [µm], 0.89 [mJ]
Fourier Limit of final pulse 63.4 [fs] / 61.2 [fs] (signal/idler) Total Heat Load: 3.3 [W] dT(max) = 231 [K]
Beam propagation direction
Heat Load: 3.3 [W]
dT(max) = 231 [K]
Heat Load: 3.3 [W]
(KTP/In/Cu heat sink) dT(max) = 58 [K]
Manual shift of CEP (glass wedge insertion)
Amplified spectrum (tuned λc) Passive CEP stability over 0.5 hours
~50 fs FWHM
seed
amplified
Passive CEP seeder concept
The seed is generated through white light continuum generation in YAG (similar to 0.8 µm OPCPA) using a 0.515 µm beam (SH from fiber laser amplifier) A passive CEP stable idler is generated in collinear OPA stage (BBO crystal) This seed (idler wave) is further amplified in a KTP OPA stage. The idler wave from the KTP stage if operated In collinear geometry can also be used (λc~3.8 µm)
Heat signature in NLO crystal
Autocorrelation measurement
OPCPA setup
F. Tavella et al.
9
LCLS-II Detector Development:
High Repetition Rate Detector Systems
thermal
isolation
thermometer
absorber
C
E
Tem
pe
ratu
re
Time
X-ray 0.06
96 96.2
Temperature (mK)
Re
sis
tan
ce
(Ω
)
0.00
95.8
TES spectrometers provide a
unique combination of spectral
resolution, efficiency, and
broadband coverage
CDMS heritage
TES spectrometers
thermal
isolation
thermometer
absorber
C
E
Te
mpe
ratu
re
Time
X-ray 0.06
96 96.2
Temperature (mK)
Re
sis
tan
ce
(Ω
)
0.00
95.8
TES spectrometers provide a
unique combination of spectral
resolution, efficiency, and
broadband coverage
CDMS heritage
TES spectrometers
thermal
isolation
thermometer
absorber
C
E
Tem
pe
ratu
re
Time
X-ray 0.06
96 96.2
Temperature (mK)
Resis
tan
ce
(Ω
)
0.00
95.8
TES spectrometers provide a
unique combination of spectral
resolution, efficiency, and
broadband coverage
CDMS heritage
TES spectrometers
• 10-100 kHz rep rate
• ~0.5 eV energy resolution at 1 keV
• ~1.5 eV @ 10 keV
• 10,000 pixels
K. Irwin et al.
Energy Resolving Detectors Megapixel Imaging Detectors
• Development timeline
• ~2 kHz in 2020
• 5 kHz in 2021
• 20 kHz in 2022
SLAC TID, Fermilab, LBNL, …
TID-AIR
Full camera
Type 1: 135k pixels
Type 2: Large > 1Mpixel camera CS-PAD style,
example (modular, so 2 Mpixel possible with more
tiles) could also do guillotine, but likely center-hole is
needed
~50W@25kHz
~200W@25kHz
Cooling example: (very prelim) at 1C
delta, 10 mm pipe, 1 l/m.
Current plan: room-temp but can run
lower
Cooling: ~ 3 l/m
Centerhole style
(CSPAD style)
10
LCLS-II Data Systems Development:
High Volume/Peformance DAQ, Computing, Storage
• Data systems must be scaled to match detector performance
• Data reduction will be needed at the highest repetition rate
• Key feature extraction (lossy compression)
LCLS, SLAC, Stanford, LBNL, NERSC, ESNet, …
11
Summary
• LCLS-II-HE is an incredible X-ray source
• Many technology developments are ongoing to take best
advantage of LCLS-II and LCLS-II-HE
• New instrumentation can be accommodated in a
reconfigured Far Experimental Hall
• One plausible option was shown
• However, this presentation was just an FYI and should
NOT limit your thinking on potential science opportunities
12
13
MEC PW Facility
• MEC PW Facility
• IXS to Hutch 7
• CXI split for serial operation
• Fed via mirror in XRT alcove