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Types of ScaffoldsTypes of Scaffolds
Mobile Scaffolds
± A powered or unpowered,
portable, caster or wheel-
mounted supported
scaffold.
± Built from the ground up.
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HazardsHazards
Scaffolds are fairlysafe and useful
when they areerected and usedcorrectly. ± User training
required
± Scaffold CompetentPerson required
Aerial lifts can be a safer
and less complicated
alternative to scaffolds. ± Operator training and
certification is required for all
users
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Fall HazardsFall Hazards
The following activities pose the most
significant fall hazards on scaffolds:
± climbing onto, or off of, the ladder from theplatform
± working beyond the guardrail system
± erecting the scaffold
± dismantling the scaffold
The Scaffold Competent
Person will determine fall
protection requirements for
these activities, if necessary.
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Personal
Fall Arrest Systems
Personal
Fall Arrest Systems
A Personal Fall Arrest System
consists of:
± a full body harness ± a connecting device
±an appropriate anchor point
N ote: Additional training is required
for personal fall arrest users.
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Impact ProtectionImpact Protection
Barricade the area below
install a toeboard along the
circumference of the workplatform.
± at least 150 mm. Width
± able to withstand 25 Kg-forceapplied in a downward or
horizontal direction
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Electrical HazardsElectrical Hazards
This scaffold was
actually built around
an incoming power
line!
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Safe ClearanceSafe Clearance
A safe distance of 3000
mm between the
scaffolding, you, any
materials or equipmentyou¶re handling, etc. and
energized power lines (50
Kilovolts or less) must be
maintained at all times.
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Scaffold FailureScaffold Failure
Scaffold failure can occur due to any of
the following: ± poor foundation
± improper assembly
± defective materials
± overloading
± not secured
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Proper AssemblyProper Assembly
To reduce the risk of scaffolding failure,
visually inspect the scaffolding before
accessing it.
Start with the foundation and work your
way up, making sure that the following
general requirements are being met.
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Base/FootingBase/Footing
firm foundation
± hard, solid ground
± concrete, etc.
Screw jacks
should be used
to level the
scaffold.
Base plates
should be
secured to the
mud sill.
Distribute the
weight of thescaffold on wooden
mud sills.
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Base/FootingBase/Footing
Unstable objects shall not be used to
support scaffolds, such as bricks,
blocks, scrap lumber, etc. Screw jacks
should be used instead.
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Plumb and LevelPlumb and Level
Scaffolds must be
perfectly vertical.
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CrossbracingCrossbracing
Crossbraces must:
± be installed on front side and
back side on all scaffold framesfor stability.
± not be used for access - no
climbing!
Crossbraces cannot be usedas a guardrail system
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Crossbracing as GuardrailsCrossbracing as Guardrails
IF the cross-point is between
950 - 1200 mm. above the
platform, it can be used as a
toprail.
IF the cross-point is between
500 - 650 mm. above the
platform, it can be used as a
midrail.
Crossbraces CANNOT be used
for both!
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Proper AccessProper Access
Proper access must beprovided, such as: ± portable ladders
± hook-on ladders ± attachable ladders
± stair towers
± ramps/walkways
Ladders must meet as per the National Standard IS:3696, Pt-2 design & userequirements.
Ladders must be secured.
You are not allowed to climb
the frame of most scaffolds
unless it is designed by the
manufacturer for this purpose.
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Decking/Working PlatformDecking/Working Platform
The work platform mustbe: ± complete (no missing
deckboards)
± at least 700 mm wide and30 mm thick
± of approved types and
materials ± secured to the frame
± clean and clear of mud,loose materials or debris
Does not meet the
requirements!
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Guardrail SystemsGuardrail Systems
Guardrail systems are required for fall
protection at:
± 02 Mtr.
Note: Always buildthe scaffold as
complete as possible.
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Guardrail SystemsGuardrail Systems
A guardrail system consists of the
following:
± A toprail 950 mm above the platform
capable of supporting 90 Kg-force in a
downward or horizontal direction.
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Guardrail Systems (Contd«)Guardrail Systems (Contd«)
A guardrail system consists of the
following:
± A midrail approximately midway between the
toprail and platform capable of supporting 70
Kg-force applied in a downward or horizontal
direction.
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Maximum CapacityMaximum Capacity
Scaffolds and scaffoldcomponents must be
capable of supporting,without failure, their ownweight and at least 4 timesthe maximum intendedload.
The UDL on the platformshould be at least 300Kg/m2
Maximum Intended Load = total load
of all persons, equipment, tools,
materials, and other loads anticipated.
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Bracing and TyingBracing and Tying
Bracing :
Single pole scaffold should be bracedlongitudinally
Double pole scaffold should be braced bothlongitudinally and transversely
Tying:
Every single pole and double pole scaffoldshould be tied to the building or adjacentstructure to prevent its movement of thescaffold.
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10.0 m
10.0 m
Diagonal Face Bracing
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Zig-zag
Face Bracing
10.0 m
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Height of Scaffold
Horizontal spacing of ties Verticalspacing
Between
GL & 6 m
Between
6 m &12
m
Between
12 m & 18
m
Up to 6 m Every 5th
standard or
10 m
-- -- 4 m
Up to 12 m Every 4th
standard or
8 m
Every 5th
standard or
10 m
-- 4 m
Up to 18 m Every 3rd
standard or
6 m
Every 4th
standard or
8 m
Every 5th
standard or
10 m
4 m
Spacing of ties
Source--- IS: 3696 (pt-I)-1987
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General RequirementsGeneral Requirements
Work on or from scaffolds is
prohibited during storms or high
winds, unless the competent person
determines it is safe, and they are
protected by a personal fall arrest
system or wind screens.N ote: Wind screens shall not be used
unless the scaffold is secured against the
anticipated wind forces imposed.
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General RequirementsGeneral Requirements
Debris shall not be allowed to
accumulate on platforms.
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General RequirementsGeneral Requirements
The working height of the scaffold shouldnot be extended by
using objects toprovide access to thework area.
Always stand on thescaffold decking!
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Mobile ScaffoldsMobile Scaffolds
Mobile scaffold requirements are basically
the same as for supported scaffolds,
except that:
± the base plate is replaced with a wheel or
caster with a brake pedal,
± mud sills are not used.
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Mobile ScaffoldsMobile Scaffolds
Wheels must be locked to prevent
movement while the scaffold is in use.
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Mobile ScaffoldsMobile Scaffolds
When moving the scaffold,
apply manual force as close
to the base as possible (nohigher than 1500 mm).
In general, do not move the
scaffold with people on it(there are a few exceptions).
Push/pull in
this area to
move.
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InspectionsInspections
Workplace supervisor should conduct specialinspections of all scaffolding, after;
any damage to the scaffold
occurrence of any adverseweather condition
earthquake etc.,Shock on the scaffold
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Inspections (Contd«)
The following points are to be checked by the supervisorduring scheduled inspection;
o Alignment and support of the standards
o The straightness of the ledgers
o Adequacy of the bracing
o Ties to the building
o Tightness of the lashing or couplers
o Support and security of the planks and platform
o Guardrails and toe-boards
o Condition and security of the ladders
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Ladder SafetyLadder Safety
Follow these four simple steps inLadder safety:
Use the right ladder for the job
Inspect the ladder
Set-up the ladder properly
Follow rules for climbing and using
ladders
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Ladder SafetyLadder Safety
Always:
Maintain three points of contact with
the ladder at all times
Maintain the center line of your body
between the ladder¶s vertical
support rails while working
Check bottom of shoes and ladder
rungs for grease and dirt
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Ladder SafetyLadder Safety
Extension ladders:
A minimum of 1 meter extension
beyond access point
Must be secured at the top
Must have area secured with
cones or barrier tape, or have an
attendant
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Ladder SafetyLadder SafetyFollow the 4:1 rule when using
extension ladders
6 m
(20 ft)
1.5 m
(5 ft.)
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Ladder SafetyLadder Safety
Don¶t:
overreach from a ladder
use the top two rungs
use wood or metal
ladders
move a ladder while on it
climb with material share a ladder
Do:
move the ladder
get a taller ladder use fiberglass only
get down and move the ladder
use a toolbelt
get a 2nd ladder
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Ladder SafetyLadder Safety
³No matter how quickly a job can be done,
there is always time to fall´
Unsafe Safe
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Violation
Tips for improvement
Use a tool belt tokeep hands free
Lift materials from a
hand line bucket from
the ground
Vi l i
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Violation
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Violation
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Violation
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ReviewReview
Scaffold Competent Person on site.
Build Scaffold as per IS: 3696 (Pt-I) requirements!
Use proper accesses to work platforms.
Use additional personal fall arrest systems whererequired by the competent person.
Keep the work platform clean and clear of debris andother slipping/tripping hazards.
Inspect the scaffold before you access it!
Use access ladder following the requirements of IS:3696 (Pt-II).
Implement a fall protection system.