Post on 16-Jun-2015
JuvenileOffenders
Chapter12
Outline
1. History
2. AssessmentofYoungOffenders
3. TheoriesofAn@socialBehaviour
4. RiskandProtec@veFactors
5. Preven@onandTreatment
6. Video
1.History
Year
Legal
Act
1908
Juvenile
Delinquents
Act
1984
Young
Offenders
Act
2003
Youth
Criminal
Jus@ceAct
1.JuvenileDelinquentsAct
• Youthbetween7and16
• Separatecourtsystem
• Sentencingop@onsincreased
• Parentsencouragedtopar@cipate
• Problems?
1.YoungOffendersAct
• Accountabilityforac@ons
• Protec@onofthepublic
• Legalrights
• Minimumageforcriminaloffenceis12
• Problems?
1.YouthCriminalJus@ceAct
• Lessseriouscrimeoutofcourt
• Extrajudicialmeasuresincrease
• Preven@onandreintegra@on
• Notransfers
• Vic@mneedsrecognized
1.YouthCriminalJus@ceAct
Objec@ves
1. Preven@on
2. Encouragetakingresponsibilityforac@ons
3. Improverehabilita@onandreintegra@on
1.Youthcrimerates
160000
165000
170000
175000
180000
2007 2008
AllCriminalCodeViola.ons
(excludingtraffic)
1.Youthcrimerates
47,000
48,000
49,000
50,000
51,000
52,000
2007 2008
Violent
110,000
115,000
120,000
125,000
130,000
2007 2008
Non‐violent
1.Youthcrimerates
400
420
440
460
480
2007 2008
TrafficViola.ons
26,400
26,700
27,000
27,300
27,600
27,900
2007 2008
FederalStatute
1.YouthcrimeratesandtheYCJA
HastheYCJAbeeneffec@ve?
2.AssessmentofYoungOffenders
• Issueofconsent
• Consent
• Assent
2.BehaviouralProblems
• TwoCategories…
Internalizing Externalizing
2.Internalizingproblems
• Emo@onalproblem
• E.g.,Anxiety,Depression,Obsessions
• Easiertotreatthanexternalizingproblems
• Moretypicallydisplayedbyfemales
2.Externalizingproblems
• Behaviourproblem
• E.g.,Figh@ng,Bullying,Lying
• Moredifficulttotreatandpersistentthan
internalizing
• Symptomspeakinteens
• Morecommoninmales
• Mul@pleinformants
2.CommonDiagnosesinYoung
Offenders
• A`en@onDeficitHyperac@vityDisorder(ADHD)
• Opposi@onalDefiantDisorder(ODD)
• ConductDisorder(CD)
2.ADHD
• Ina`en@onfeatures
• Lackofa`en@ontodetail,failuretolisten,loses
items,forgedul…
• Hyperac@vityfeatures
• Fidgets,leavesseat,talksexcessively…
• Impulsivityfeatures
• Difficultywai@ng,interrupts,blurtsoutresponses
2.ODD
• Losestemper
• Argueswithadults
• Deliberatelyannoysothers
• Angryandresendul
• Vindic@ve
2.RatesofBehaviourDisorders
5–15%have
severebehaviour
problems
2.RatesofBehaviourDisorders
5‐15%
20‐50%
ODD
or
CD
ADHD
2.RatesofBehaviourDisorders
5‐15%
Children
withODD
40%will
develop
CD
2.RatesofBehaviourDisorders
5‐15%
Children
withCD
50%
develop
APas
adults
2.TrajectoriesofYouthOffenders
• Cri@calfactor=ageofonset
70%adolescent
onset
~25%
noonset
3‐5%
childhood
onset
2.Childonsettrajectory
• Moreseriousandpersistent
• Manyotherdifficul@es
• ADHA,learningdisabili@es,academictrouble
• Mostdonotbecomeoffenders
2.Adolescentonsettrajectory
• Manycommitsocialtransgressions
• Mostdesistcommijngan@socialactsin
adulthood
• Moresothanthosewithchildhoodonset
2.Brame,Nagin&Tremblay(2001)
• Followedboysfromkindergartentoage20
• Measuredlevelsofaggression
• Categorizedboysaslow,mediumandhighlevels
ofaggression(basedonini@almeasurement)
2.Brame,Nagin&Tremblay(2001)
0
5
10
15
20
25
4 8 12 16 20
Low
Medium
High
3.Biological–Neurological
• Frontallobe
• Keyroleinplanningandinhibi@ngbehaviour
• Lowerac@va@oninfrontallobe
• Increasedlikelihoodofan@socialacts
3.Biological‐Physiological
• Lowerheartrate
3.Biological‐Gene@c
• Paternalan@socialbehaviourrelatedto
offspringan@socialbehaviour
• Twinstudies
3.Cogni@ve
• A`en@oninsocialinterac@ons
1. A`endingtosocialcues
2. Usecues/thoughtsaboutcuestochoose
behaviour
– Processfewercues(environment)
– Misa`ributehos@leintent(thoughts)
– Producefewermoreaggressivesolu@ons
(thoughts/behaviourchoices)
– Cogni@vedeficits
3.Cogni@ve
• Reac@veandProac@veaggression
• Reac@ve:responsetoperceivedthreat
• cogni@vedeficiencyinprocessing/a`endingtosocial
cues
• Proac@ve:directedatachievingagoal
• deficiencyingenera@ngalterna@vesolu@ons
• Reac@vetendtohaveearlieronset
3.Social
• SocialLearningTheory
• Learnbehaviourfromothers
• Imitate
• An@socialchildrenhavean@socialexamples
4.IndividualRiskFactors
• Individual
• Gene@c/biological(e.g.,ADHD)
• Uterineenvironment(e.g.,fetalalcoholsyndrome)
• Temperament
4.FamilialRiskFactors
• Familial
• Neglect
• Familyconflict
• Paren@ngstyle
• Childabuse
4.SchoolandSocialRiskFactors
• SchoolandSocial
• LowerIQ
• Aggressiveplaywithpeers
• Deviantpeers
4.Protec@veFactors
• Similarchildrenhavedifferentoutcomes
• Resilience
• Protec@vefactors…
1. Changethelevelofriskassociatedwitharisk
factor
2. Changethenega@vechainreac@on
3. Helpdevelopandmaintainself‐esteem
4. Provideopportuni@es
4.IndividualProtec@veFactors
• Individual
• Resilienttemperament
4.FamilialProtec@veFactors
• Familial
• Posi@veandsuppor@veenvironment
• Goodparent‐childrela@onship
4.SchoolandSocialProtec@veFactors
• SchoolandSocial
• Associa@ngwithprosocialchildren
Secondary
Primary
5.Preven@onandTreatment
• Priortoviolence
• Decreaselikelihoodoffutureviolence
• e.g.,family‐oriented,schooloriented,
communitywide
• Directedatyoungoffenders
• Reducefrequencyofviolence
• e.g.,diversionprograms
Ter@ary
• Foryouthwhohavegonethroughformal
courtproceedings
• Preventviolencefromreoccurring
• e.g.,in‐pa@enttreatment