Journals and Indexing Palmer College of Chiropractic West

Journals and Indexing

Palmer College of Chiropractic WestPalmer College of Chiropractic West 2

Types of periodicals• Scholarly Journals

– Specialized publication intended for scholars, students & practitioners of a particular discipline

– Usually published monthly or quarterly

• Magazines – popular &/or news– Commercial publications intended for the

general reader– Popular culture: entertainment, sports,

hobbies, etc.– Current events: news, politics, public opinion

Types of periodicals cont.

• Trade Papers & Journals– Publications that report on news &

developments in a particular profession, field, trade or industry

– Have analysis, commentary & opinion pieces, but not original research

– State association journals

Indexing

• Indexing refers to inclusion in a database or published listing of publications– The listing can usually be searched by author,

subject, title, year, etc. to locate articles

• Scholarly journals must meet certain standards to be included in some scientific indexes

MEDLINE indexing criteria

– Scope and coverage• Committees judge to determine if articles cover

biomedical subjects

– Quality of content• Scientific merit of a journal's content is the primary

consideration in selecting journals for indexing

– Quality of editorial work• Explicit description of the external peer review

process utilized

Indexing criteria cont.

– Production quality• Quality of the layout, printing, graphics, and

illustrations

– Audience • Primarily for the health professions: researchers,

practitioners, educators, administrators, and students

• Health professionals includes physicians, nurses, dentists, veterinarians, and the many types of allied health professionals

– Types of content• Reports of original research • Original clinical observations accompanied by

analysis and discussion • Analysis of philosophical, ethical, or social aspects

of the health professions or biomedical sciences • Critical reviews • Statistical compilations • Descriptions of evaluation of methods or

procedures • Case reports with discussions

– Foreign language journals• Criteria for selection are the same as for those

written in English

– Geographic coverage • The highest quality and most useful journals are

selected without regard for place of publication

– Chiropractic representation• JMPT• Chiropractic history• Chiropractic & osteopathy

Index Medicus

• 4,844 journals are indexed (as of 1/05)

• MEDLINE is the online counterpart to Index Medicus

• The decision whether or not to index a journal is made by the Director of the National Library of Medicine – Based on considerations of both scientific

policy and scientific quality

Scholarly journals standards

– Production quality– Audience– Types of content– Original research, case reports, critical

reviews, etc.

(ref: Journal selection for Index Medicus Fact Sheet)

Editing/review characteristics

• Scholarly journals– Articles undergo blind review by other

scholars (peer review/referee process)

• Magazines– Not refereed, but may be reviewed by

magazine employees

• Trade journals– Articles reviewed by editorial boards &

anonymous reviews

Authors & language level

• Scholarly– Scholars, experts, or practitioners who may

want credit for their scholarship– Terminology, jargon & language of the

discipline• Assume readers have scholarly background

• Magazines– Often unsigned articles, or written by staff

members– Language simple: high school or lower

Authors & language cont.

• Trade journals– Staff writers, contributions by experts in the

field– Simple language level, but likely to include

jargon specific to the profession

Indexing

• Scholarly journals– Index with specific focus: Medicine,

healthcare, education, social work

• Magazines– General index: Readers’ guide to periodical

literature

• Trade journals– Index specialized to profession or industry

Appearance

• Scholarly journals– Usually a “serious” cover– Graphs, charts, photographs for informative

purposes

• Popular &/or news magazines– Attractive covers, colorful artwork, many ads

• Trade journals– Format similar to popular magazine or paper– Advertising targeted to those in the field

Purpose

• Scholarly Journals– To disseminate new knowledge (research

findings)

• Magazines– To disseminate news or general information– To entertain

• Trade Journals– To publicize current events and topics in the

field– To publicize professional issues

• Scholarly journals– Scholars, researchers, students, practitioners

• Magazines– General public

• Trade journals– Members of a specific profession or industry

Audience

Sources

• Scholarly journals– Sources cited with footnotes and bibliography– All statements of fact are referenced

• Magazines & Trade journals– Occasionally cite sources

Peer-reviewed AKA refereed journals

• Scholarly journals will not publish an article without review by editorial board and/or experts in the field

• Purpose of review is to ensure meeting a certain standard of scholarly quality

• Experts in a field of study examine & assess the quality of articles before they are published

Peer-review

• Authors submit their manuscript to a journal– Editor may reject– Peer-reviewers may reject, accept, or advise

changes & re-review

Functions of different types of publications

• Quality of material published in refereed journals considered usually superior to trade journals and papers

• But all still have important roles to play

• Note: prior to 1970’s, choices were limited for “legitimate” science

Preferred source of evidence:Peer-reviewed indexed

journals– Why peer reviewed?

• Quality control– Why indexed?

• More quality control– Why journals?

• Books and textbooks, self-published OR recognized publishers, are NOT peer-reviewed

Peer Reviewed Chiropractic JournalsChiropractic & Osteopathy (Australasian) Chiropractic HistoryChiropractic Journal of AustraliaEuropean Journal of ChiropracticJournal of Chiropractic EducationJournal of Clinical Chiropractic PediatricsJournal of Chiropractic HumanitiesJ.M.P.T.Journal of the American Chiropractic AssociationJournal of Canadian Chiropractic AssociationJournal of Diagnostic Radiology & Advanced ImagingClinical Chiropractic (formerly British Journal of Chiropractic)

May they rest in peace:Chiropractic Research JournalChiropractic TechniqueJournal Sport Chiropractic and RehabilitationJ.N.M.S.

Topics in Clinical Chiropractic Chiropractic PediatricsJournal of Clinical Chiropractic Pediatrics

Other JournalsAdvances in Chiropractic (nothing since 1997)American ChiropractorCanadian ChiropractorChiropractic EconomicsThe Chiropractic JournalThe Chiropractic ReportD.C. TractsJournal of Vertebral Subluxation ResearchToday’s Chiropractic

Compiled by: Iftikhar Bhatti, 4/28/03

Less-preferred sources

• Media: TV/radio/newspaper/Internet• Word of mouth (even experts’ mouths!)• Non-peer-reviewed publications

– The Chiropractic Journal– Chiropractic Economics– Today’s Chiropractic– Dynamic Chiropractic– JACA (partially true)– Various Web publications

These all MAY have good

information; Just verify

them!!

Red flags for untrustworthy information

• Gaudy typography• Improper article format• Poor referencing

– Insufficient or outdated

• Poor writing quality• No peer review• Peer reviewers are biased

Red flags cont.

• Journal is not indexed

• Obvious personal agenda– Advertising tone– Testimonial function

• Conflict of interest– Be especially suspicious of articles written by

authors with advertising that appears in the same issue

Does the information or source . . .

• Contain unsubstantiated (unsupported) claims?

• Use outdated or few references?• Use references from only one source?• Show that the author references

him/herself a lot?• Expect or request leaps of faith?• Have a hypothesis that does not match the

conclusion?

• Have an investment in a product that the data “supports”?

• Have funding from a company that is invested in a positive outcome?

• Not clearly reveal any limitations to the study?

• Claim that the study is “flawless”?• Reveal it is a self-proclaimed expert?

• Come from a non- peer-reviewed source, is self published, or a website?

• Create new words/jargon for items that already have words?

• Only look at one point of view and not many possible ways?

• Claims there is only “one way” (one way to do something or one way to think)?

• Repeatedly state the same biased message or statement again and again?

• Leave out essential reference information?

• Uses scare tactics?

• Use questionable references such as - post grad seminar notes, magazines, newspapers and brochures?

Each source of information must be critically reviewed on its own merit.

• Weigh the good and the bad together • Just because several red flags are present

with one source, does not mean you should discard the information entirely – There may be something worthwhile

• Conversely, just one red flag may be enough to make another source of information completely unreliable and unusable

Information search

• Informal resources– Your personal library– People you know– Experts you may contact

• Formal resources– Indexes and computer databases that provide

access to:• Books• Journal articles

Company sponsored -“The Functional

Medicine Research Center (FMRC) is the

research arm of Metagenics, Inc.”

Journal Volume and Issue?

Company sponsored

This is the total paper

http://www.palmer.edu/GenInfo/Library.htm

A COMPLETE ALPHABETICAL LIST of all 7,000+ electronic full text journals through Ebscohost, LWW Total Access Collection, Wiley InterScience and PHSL direct subscriptions

PubMed, a service of the National Library of Medicine, includes over 14 million citations for biomedical articles back to the 1950's. These citations are from MEDLINE and additional life science journals. PubMed includes links to many sites providing full text articles and other related resources.

Manual Alternative and Natural Therapy Index System

40 more databases

listed below

CINAHL

• Indexing and abstracts for over 1,700 nursing and allied health journals and other publications dating back to 1982,

• Covers nursing, biomedicine, health sciences librarianship, alternative complementary medicine, consumer health and 17 allied health disciplines

• An alternative medicine database for physicians, therapists, medical researchers and clinicians looking to learn more about alternative treatments

• Includes complementary medicine, physiotherapy, occupational therapy, rehabilitation, podiatry, palliative care, and more

• Contains basic bibliographic records for relevant articles from over 500 journals, with the scope of coverage being mainly European

• Abstracts are included for many records dating from 1995 to the present

MANTIS

• Manual Alternative and Natural Therapy Index System

• Overview coverage: – 1900-present – file size: over 110,000 records – over 1,000 journals – updates: monthly

• MANTISTM addresses all areas of alternative medical literature. It has also become the largest index of peer reviewed articles for several disciplines including; chiropractic, osteopathy, homeopathy, and manual medicine

Article re. MANTIS searching

• Literature searching by a field doctor: a comparison of manual versus computerized methods by Curl and Shapiro, published in Chiropractic Technique. 1993 Feb. Vol. 5(1).– “The results of this study show that a field doctor's

search using the MANTIS data base is likely to be the faster and more complete than a search of the manual databases or a non-chiropractic computerized database.”

• Spinal palpation: The challenges of information retrieval using available databases by Murphy et al. J Manipulative Physiol Ther, 2003. 26(6).

Alt HealthWatch

• Complementary, holistic and integrated approaches to health care and wellness

• Full text for articles from more than 180 often peer-reviewed reports, proceedings, and newsletters

• Full text publications include JMPT, Journal of Alternative & Complementary Medicine, Health & Nutrition Letters, Vegetarian Times, Massage & Bodywork, Macrobiotics Today, etc.

Primary sources of evidence

• Relevant bibliographic databases– AMED

• Allied & complementary medicine database

– MANTIS• Manual, alternative and natural therapy database

– MEDLINE (PubMED)• Index Medicus online & search engine

– ICL• Index to chiropractic literature

– www.chiroindex.org

Searching for health related information

• Sources of information (Literature)– Books– Articles

• Peer-reviewed• Trade-journals• Mass media

– Practice guidelines

Searching

– Google.com • Don’t believe everything you read• Not all information is written by qualified experts • Anyone can put information on the Internet• No guarantee that the information is accurate or

up-to-date• Many company Web sites intend to sell their

products

Electronic Search strategies

• Thesaurus search– Subject headings by which articles are

indexed (MeSH terms)

• Text word search – Words in the bibliographic record, including

abstract

• Start broad, then narrow the focus– Excluding or including additional terms– Use Boolean operators

Why retrieve medical information?

• Improve quality of care

• Medical ethics

• Avoid malpractice

• Rise of evidenced-based practice

• Intentional reading a must due to information overload

• Cross-specialty issues

Newsgroups

How-to books

Medical search costs: comparison to legal setting

• Paralegal services are usual, customary and billable

• Medical informatics services, management of information in medicine, not nearly as billable

• Tax-deductible as normal cost of doing business

• Is retrieving medical information directly billable in individual case?

Bound vs. electronic subscriptions

• “Paperless offices” work better in theory than in practice . . . – but can save space– computers crash, printers run out of ink or jam– cost considerations

Efficiency of search enginesMantis/Medline/OVID

• MANTIS is a selective database (not all articles indexed)

• MEDLINE is comprehensive and free, but search limited to selected journals

• OVID use common search engine to search across multiple databases, eg. MEDLINE + MANTIS + CINAHL(but can be expensive)

http://www.cochrane.org

Cochrane Library

• A regularly updated collection of evidence-based medicine databases, including The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews

• You can browse and search abstracts of reviews free of charge

• Subscription required to view full-text reviews

Cochrane Library

• “The world's most comprehensive source of evidence based healthcare”

• Updated every 3 months

• The editors only include highly reliable evidence

Order from:www.TheCochraneLibrary.com

Ways of Receiving articles

• Fax

• Internet full text

• Loansome Doc– From PubMed

• Library pickup

• Postal mail

• E-mail TOCs

Bibliographic databases(EndNote, Papyrus, ProCite)

Useful for storing citations and inserting references in articles and reports

Return to the steps of EBP

2. Track down, with maximum efficiency, the best evidence with which to answer these questions

• Foreground questions must be converted to a format that is understandable by the search engine(s) of the database(s) you will use

Converting questions to a format understandable by search engines

• MEDLINE uses a controlled vocabulary (a list of authorized subject terms) or thesaurus to index the content of articles

• Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) used to describe the content of articles

MEDLINE MeSH

• MeSH terms are arranged hierarchically (tree)– Broader (more general)

subject headings at the top– Narrower (more specific)

listed beneath them

• Subheadings (qualifiers) can be combined with MeSH headings (descriptors) to make more specific – diagnosis, therapy, adverse effects, etc.

MeSH example – “sciatica”

All MeSH Categories Diseases Category

Nervous System Diseases

Neuromuscular Diseases

Peripheral Nervous System Diseases

Neuralgia

Sciatica

MeSH Example – “lumbago”

• MeSH terms: – Low Back Pain, Sciatica, Back Pain,

Lumbosacral Region

• If PubMed is searched for “lumbago,” this is how it is actually carried out– ("low back pain"[TIAB] NOT Medline[SB]) OR

"low back pain"[MeSH Terms] OR lumbago[Text Word]

• More strategies covered in EBC 2

Journals and Indexing Palmer College of Chiropractic West

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