Jamestown, 16071st PermanentBritish settlement In North America

James I: 1603-1625Elizabeth I: 1558-1603

Captain John Smith, “Those who do not work do not eat”

1609-1610: Starving Time in Jamestown

John Rolfe

Pocahontas

Three B’s: Babes, Blacks, & Burgesses1619, Jamestown

Headright System

Indentured Servitude

Stuart Kings 1603-1689James I (1603-1625)Charles I (1625-1649)..beheaded, 1649English Civil War 1642-1660Royalists (Cavaliers) vsCromwell (Roundheads) ParliamentariansInterregnum 1649-1660Charles II (Stuart) rules 1660-1685James II (Ch’s brother) 1685-1689

Bacon’s Rebellion, 1676

Bacon’s Rebellion…….key points•1676•Piedmont, Tidewater•Governor Berkley, Indian furs•Burns capital, Jamestown•Williamsburg new capital•Bacon sick, dies•Rebellion fails, 23 executed•Indentured diminish•Slavery increases

Africans in North America, 1619-17501619…………20

1670……….2000 of 35,000 (6%)

1750……….20% of North America50% of Virginia68% of South Carolina

Middle Passage 20% death rate1670…Barbados Slave Code70% of American caucasians have African heritage1739…..Stono Rebellion, 50 SC slaves executed

Southern Lifestyle

•Stratified- Aristocrats, yeoman farmer, landless whites, indentureds, Black slaves•FFV- Fitzhughs, Lees, Washington•Soil butchery create westward movement•Anglican church est. (1 in 15 were communicants)•Est. of community difficult- plantations, rivers, schools, church, roads, cemetary•Wm & Mary, 1693………… Harvard, 1636•Low life expectancy

Development of Maryland, 1634

•Calvert, Lord Baltimore est Catholic haven

•Tobacco economy, indentured servants, •Cath planters- Protestant backwoodsmen

•Toleration Act (1649)- (English Civil War)

•By 1692 Anglican Church est.

•Cap moved from St Mary’s (Cath) to Annapolis (Protestant)

•Marylanders more crude than Virginians

Est by 8 friends of Charles II

Charles Town- largest city in South

Rice, Indigo- very labor intensive…malaria

North Carolina- more democratic, independent

Naval Stores- tar, turpentine……”Tarheels”

Settlement of Georgia, 1733

James Oglethorpe, founder- devoutly religious

Debtor colony and buffer……..early slavery illegal

Disease, attacks by Indians and Spanish hamper growth

Settlement of New England1620-1775

Puritan Background

•1517 Luther posts 95 Theses•1536 Church of England established by Henry VIII•1603….James I requires all to attend Anglican Church•Puritans wish to “de-Catholicize” the Church while Separatists worship only with other “visible saints”•Separatists flee to Netherlands in 1607•1620….. Mayflower lands in Plymouth….101 passengers (30 separatists) •Mayflower Compact……41 sign…..democracy, majority

Puritan Beliefs- based on John Calvin (Puritans, Reformed, Presbyterian, Hugenots)•Doctrine of Election (predestination)•Sought signs of one’s election•“visible saints”= church members who give a public testimony & are voted in•a calling- God’s roadmap for your life•Covenant- lifelong agreement with God•Congregational Church- elected clergy………..all visible saints, male, property owners

•1620- Mayflower Compact

•44 of 101 survive first Winter

•Squanto (Patuxet) teaches Pilgrims, 10 years earlier captured and enslaved. Returns to only Wampanoags . 1617-1619 Massachusetts Bay Indian population diminishes by 90% due to smallpox

•William Bradford (Governor elected 30 times) wrote Squanto was a "special instrument sent by God for their good beyond their expectations."

Early Years in Plymouth

Early Massachusetts•1630-40 Great Puritan Migration 20,000 to NE (majority went to W Indies)•1634- bicameral legislature established•By 1641 55% of males voted (30% in England)•Boston=port city…..fishing, shipbuilding, fur trading, small farms- frugal and self-sufficient•John Winthrop makes “City Upon a Hill” Speech

John Winthrop’s famous“City Upon a Hill” SpeechAboard the ArabellaEn route to Massachusetts Bay Colony, 1630

Puritan Philosophies/ Lifestyles

•Family is basis of community- business, school•Highest Life expectancy in world, Grandparents invented•Laws need to enforce God’s law- branding, stocks•Community=minded…not good to live alone, god punishes communities, not individuals•Drunkeness is a sin, drinking is not•Bright colors ok, dancing is not•HARD, HARD Workers- demonstrate election•Be fruitful and multiply (8 children per family) Bundling•Promoted separation of church and state•Literacy very important Harvard, 1636, 50 fam= Pub Sch.•Children not given youth, given responsibilities•Intolerant of others- especially Quakers

Troubles in Paradise

•1631 Roger Williams becomes pastor in Mass.sep of ch and state (keep church pure)anabaptist traditionReligious Toleration (1st Synagogue in Providence)Indians should be paid for landmanhood suffrage1636 banished, founded RI- Rogue’s Island

•1638 Anne Hutchinson banished to RI- dies antinomianism (against the law)Gender problem

Split in Mass b/n less devout Boston merchants and country clergy

English Civil War 1642-1660: Effects in America•Est. of New England Conf. defend against attacksFrom Indians and French

•Toleration Act of Maryland (1649)

•Restoration of Charles II (1660) led to conquest of New Netherlands and settlement of Carolinas

•Salutary Neglect- ignored the coloniesCharles II

(Cavaliers)(Anglicans)

(Tory Ebbesons)

Oliver Cromwell(Roundheads)(Puritans)(Whigs)

New England Colonies

Connecticut established, 1635•Fundamental Orders of Connecticut (Written Constitution)•Thomas Hooker•Yale, founded 1701

Major Changes in New England: Seeds of Unity

•1636-1637 Pequot War, Indian village destroyed Connecticut•1643 New England Confederation Formed (mutual defense pact)•1675-1676 King Philip’s War- 7/8 Indians, 6/13 settlers

90 villages attacked, 100s dielast Indian War in New England, unificater

•1686- Dominion of New England est. Edmund Andros leads-Andros is very Anglican, capital is in Boston-NE people hate professional soldiers-Dominion attempts to enforce Navigation Acts-1688 Glorious Revolution….Andros tries to escape

•1689- Glorious Revolution…..English Bill of RightsJohn Locke’s Two Treatises of Government (1690)

Internal Changes transform Puritan New England

"No one can serve two masters. Either he will hate the one and love the other, or he will be devoted to the one and despise the other. You cannot serve both God and Money.” -Matthew 6:24

Puritanism loses attraction, membership, and power

•1660s Halfway Covenant emerges•Puritan Church more individualistic, less collective•Frontier creates more privacy, less community•Pastors begin preaching Jeremiads•1691 Salem Witch Trials

Powerful Equation Emerges by 1700…..New England Environment + Puritan Heritage =

YankeeEnergetic, tough, self-reliant, purposeful, ego and ethnocentric

Development of the Middle Colonies

•New York

•Delaware

•Pennsylvania

•New Joysee

Development of New York

•Settled by Dutch after Henry Hudson’s explorations in 1609•1623-24 Dutch West India Company trades w/ Indians•Peter Minuit trades $24 trinkets for Manhattan Island•NYC= New Amsterdam•New Netherlands, patroonships along river•Slavery flourishes, undemocratic mindset•1664- Duke of York (Brit) conquers New Amsterdam

Pennsylvania

•William Penn, haven for Quakers (naturally suspicious of government)

•Land purchased from Indians

•No state church, toleration

•Death penalty minimized

•Franchised Protestant, male landowners (had representative assembly)

Characteristics of the Middle Colonies

•Bread Basket of the Colonies•Broad Rivers……Westward Movement•Abundant forests•Best Harbors- New York, Philadelphia•Most ethnic diversity•More intermediate land holders•Most religiously tolerant, democratic

Scots-IrishSettlement

British North America: 1700-1754

Distinctives- •proud of British heritage, but separated•Self-governing, “salutary neglect”•Religious toleration•Economic opportunities (for white males)•Socially fluid (for white males)

Economic Distinctives of the Colonies

•Most Colonists were farmers•Abundant resources led to emphasis on Commerce

-Navigation Acts (mercantilism)-Salutary Neglect led to smuggling-1733 Molasses Act restricted trade

•Land Speculation led to quick cash

“Triangle Trade” Routes

Great Awakening- 1730-1740

Jonathan Edwards George Whitefield

Effects of the Great Awakening

•Church Diversity- increase in Methodist and Baptist

•Missionary Activity to slaves and Indians

•“New Light” Schools- Princeton, Dartmouth, Brown

•1st Mass Movement in Colonies- seeds of unity, broke down barriers

•Reinforced questioning of authority

Politics in the Colonies•All Colonies have 2-house legislatures

•More democratic than England- wider franchise

•Several governors elected

•“power of the purse”- governors paid by Colonial Legislature

•Massachusetts “Town Hall” Meeting

•Congregational Church- clergy elected

•1734- Zenger Trial est. Free Press

•Education, literacy helped promote suffrage

Democracy was an evil word- a bad system