Jacksonian EraChapter 11

Sections 1-4

Election of 1824

• James Monroe is honoring the precedent and retires after 2 terms.

• 4 Republican Candidates• 1. William Crawford (Bad Health) 41• 2. Henry Clay (Kentucky) 37• 3. Andrew Jackson (Tennessee) 99• 4. John Quincy Adams (Massachusetts) 84

No Winner

• Because no one person won over 50% of the vote the decision falls to the House of Representatives.

• Clay / Adams Agreement• 1. Clay will give his support in the House of

Reps to Adams.• 2. In exchange Adams names Clay Secretary

of State.

Pres. John Quincy Adams

• His presidency is tainted because Andrew Jackson tells everyone about the agreement and begins running for the election of 1828 almost immediately.

• Adams Plan• 1. Increase navy• 2. Government funded exploration• 3. Government directed economy

Election of 1828

• A Party DividedDemocratic Republicans - Led by Andrew Jackson - Supporters live in the West and South. Also in the large cities of the South. - Supported States Rights - Farmers

Republicans - Led by J.Q. Adams - Strong National

Government. - Supporters lived in the

Northeast and middle states.

- Merchants

Campaign of 1828

• Jackson and Adams attack not only each others ideas, but also their personal lives.

• Adams Elitist• Jackson the Adulterer• Wife dies and Jackson blames the Campaign.• Slogans, buttons, posters, and other campaign

ideas begin to become common place.

Jackson Wins

• Carries the West and South. He is extremely popular in the South because of his VP John C. Calhoun.

• Has an image as a farmer and soldier, actually he is a lawyer. ( Old Hickory)

• He is our President our first Common Man President

• Promptly throws a party that trashes the White House

Jackson Presidency

• Suffrage - right to vote.• Extends it to all white males who owned land

and eventually to all white males who were 21 years old. Who will they vote for?

• Strong powers thought to be going to the states were not, they were going to remain with Andrew Jackson.

Jackson Presidency

• Prior to the Democrats arrival in power parts of the government were run by powerful officials who were unelected called the Bureaucracy

• Spoils System – Gives supporters positions in government to reward their support during the election.

• Jackson appoints a popular cabinet that represents many of the members of his party, but he doesn’t trust them.

Presidency Continued

• Kitchen Cabinet – members of Jackson’s inner circle who advise him. They met in the kitchen of the White House

• Duff Green one of Jackson’sClosest advisors

Electoral Changes.

• Parties abandon the caucus - secret meetings were candidates are picked.

• Use Nominating Conventions- where the candidate is selected by the whole party.

• 1st Convention in Baltimore the Democrats nominate Andrew Jackson.

Jackson and the Tariff

• 1828 a huge tariff is passed by congress.• North loves it, but the South hates it.• Southerners call it the Tariff of Abomination.• South Carolina – VP Calhoun tells S.C. to

nullify the tariff. Calhoun cites the KY/VA Resolution as justification for nullification.

Webster - Hayne Debate

• Daniel Webster attacks nullification in a challenge to Robert Hayne.

• Webster says that if nullification is allowed why have a national government.

• Jackson agrees, Calhoun resigns and returns to congress to fight the tariff.

Nullification Crisis

• 1832 New lower tariff is passed, but the South still protests.

• South Carolina nullifies the “illegal” tariff.• Force Bill – Jackson sends the navy to

Charleston to enforce the tariff.• South Carolina gives in, and the issue is dead,

for now.

Sec. 2 Jackson and the Natives

• With westward expansion at full throttle there are many conflicts between American’s and Natives.

• The 5 Civilized Tribes• Cherokee, Seminole, Creek, Chickasaw, and

Choctaw.• They have agreements with the US that they

can keep their lands.

Jackson Takes What he Wants• Indian land is very desirable. Whites want to take

the land and relocate the Natives to the far west.• Indian Removal Act• 1. Pay N.A. for their land• 2. Move the Indians west• Most tribes feel like they have no choice and leave.• The Cherokee decide to sue the US Government ,

because they have a treaty that states they can keep their land.

Cherokee Resistance and Demise

• Cherokee v. Georgia – Supreme court rules against the US.

• 1. Georgia has no authority over the Cherokee.• 2. Cherokee are a sovereign nation.• 3. Cherokee are protected by the constitution.• Jackson wants Georgia because we found gold.• He ignores the Supreme Court. He tells them to

enforce their own decision.

Trail of Tears

• 1835 a few members of the tribe sign a treaty giving up the land.

• 17,000 sign a petition protesting the treaty.• 1838 Gen. Winfield Scott is sent to remove the

Cherokee.• Georgia to Oklahoma during the winter

16,000 leave 10,000 arrive

Other Resistance

• Sauk – led by Blackhawk they try to reclaim Illinois.

• They are aided by their allies the Fox and the fight but retreat. The army follows and slaughters them.

• Seminole – Aided by runaway slaves they fight a guerrilla style war against the US, hit and run.

Jackson and The Bank

• Andrew Jackson does not like the National Bank.

• He believes that the bank is in place to allow the wealthy northeastern bankers to control the economy.

• Meanwhile farmers in the west and south are forced to suffer huge tariffs and unreasonable taxes

The National Bank

• The bank is run by Nicholas Biddle.• The bank is a government creation, but it is

run by private banks and officials.• Why?• Biddle is the exact opposite of Jackson.• He is cultured and comes from a wealthy

background.

Jackson and Biddle

1832

• Henry Clay and Daniel Webster do not like the president.

• They decide to re-charter the bank in 1832 in order to make it an issue in the upcoming election.

• Clay and Webster thought that the public supported the bank and would get rid of Jackson before losing the bank.

Election 1832

• Clay and Webster thought that forcing Jackson to close the bank would cost him the election.

• They were wrong. Jackson wins easily.• The bank would close in 1836, but wait

Jackson orders Roger Taney the Secretary of the Treasury to remove all of the country’s money.

Bye Bye Bank

• Taney removes the money and puts it into banks controlled by friends of Jackson and his party. These banks are called Pet Banks.

Sec 4 Post Jackson

• Martin Van Buren wins the election.• Panic of 1837• The pet banks were reckless lenders and when

loans start going bad the economy fails.• Van Buren believes in Laissez Faire.• Passes the Treasury bank creating a new

National Bank.

New Political Parties

• Whigs - Manufacturers and Business owners unite to form a party that focuses on helping the manufacturing and trade industries.

• Democrats - Former National Republicans led by Andrew Jackson. States rights and factory workers rights. Only disagreement in the tariff

Election of 1840 “Log Cabin Campaign”

• William Henry Harrison and John Tyler• Tippecanoe and Tyler Too• Portrays Harrison as a man from common

background log cabin and a war hero, he really doesn’t fit any of those.

• Harrison wins, then dies.• John Tyler is president and is disliked by

everyone.