Inventory ManagementInventory Management

Demand Demand raterate

TimeTimeLead Lead timetime

Lead Lead timetime

Order Order placedplaced

Order Order placedplaced

Order Order receiptreceipt

Order Order receiptreceipt

Inve

nto

ry L

evel

Inve

nto

ry L

evel

Reorder point, Reorder point, RR

Order quantity, Order quantity, QQ

00

CCoo - cost of placing order - cost of placing order DD - annual demand - annual demand

CCcc - annual per-unit carrying cost - annual per-unit carrying cost QQ - order quantity - order quantity

Annual ordering cost =Annual ordering cost =CCooDD

QQ

Annual carrying cost =Annual carrying cost =CCccQQ

22

Total cost = +Total cost = +CCooDD

QQ

CCccQQ

22

TC = +CoD

Q

CcQ

2

= +CoD

Q2

Cc

2

TC

Q

0 = +C0D

Q2

Cc

2

Qopt =2CoD

Cc

Deriving Qopt Proving equality of costs at optimal point

=CoD

Q

CcQ

2

Q2 =2CoD

Cc

Qopt =2CoD

Cc

Order Quantity, Order Quantity, QQ

Annual Annual cost ($)cost ($) Total CostTotal Cost

Carrying Cost =Carrying Cost =CCccQQ

22

Slope = 0Slope = 0

Minimum Minimum total costtotal cost

Optimal orderOptimal order QQoptopt

Ordering Cost =Ordering Cost =CCooDD

QQ

QQ(1-(1-d/pd/p))

InventoryInventorylevellevel

(1-(1-d/pd/p))QQ22

TimeTime00

OrderOrderreceipt periodreceipt period

BeginBeginorderorder

receiptreceipt

EndEndorderorder

receiptreceipt

MaximumMaximuminventory inventory levellevel

AverageAverageinventory inventory levellevel

pp = production rate = production rate dd = demand rate = demand rate

Maximum inventory level =Maximum inventory level = QQ - - dd

== QQ 1 - 1 -

QQpp

ddpp

Average inventory level = Average inventory level = 1 - 1 -QQ22

ddpp

TCTC = + 1 - = + 1 -ddpp

CCooDD

QQ

CCccQQ

22

QQoptopt = =22CCooDD

CCcc 1 - 1 - ddpp

TCTC = + + = + + PDPDCCooDD

QQ

CCccQQ

22

wherewherewherewhere PP = per unit price of the item = per unit price of the itemDD = annual demand = annual demand

PP = per unit price of the item = per unit price of the itemDD = annual demand = annual demand

QQoptopt

Carrying cost Carrying cost

Ordering cost Ordering cost

Inve

ntor

y co

st (

$)In

vent

ory

cost

($)

QQ((dd1 1 ) = 100) = 100 QQ((dd2 2 ) = 200) = 200

TC TC ((dd2 2 = $6 ) = $6 )

TCTC ( (dd1 1 = $8 )= $8 )

TC TC = ($10 )= ($10 ) ORDER SIZE PRICE

0 - 99 $10

100 – 199 8 (d1)

200+ 6 (d2)

RR = = dLdL

ReorderReorderpoint, point, RR

QQ

LTLT

TimeTimeLTLT

Inve

nto

ry le

vel

Inve

nto

ry le

vel

00

ReorderReorderpoint, point, RR

QQ

LTLT

TimeTimeLTLT

Inve

nto

ry le

vel

Inve

nto

ry le

vel

00

Safety Stock

RR = = dLdL + + zzdd L L

wherewhere

dd == average daily demandaverage daily demandLL == lead timelead time

dd == the standard deviation of daily demand the standard deviation of daily demand zz == number of standard deviationsnumber of standard deviations

corresponding to the service levelcorresponding to the service levelprobabilityprobability

zzdd L L == safety stocksafety stock

wherewhere

dd == average daily demandaverage daily demandLL == lead timelead time

dd == the standard deviation of daily demand the standard deviation of daily demand zz == number of standard deviationsnumber of standard deviations

corresponding to the service levelcorresponding to the service levelprobabilityprobability

zzdd L L == safety stocksafety stock

Probability of Probability of meeting demand during meeting demand during lead time = service levellead time = service level

Probability of Probability of a stockouta stockout

RR

Safety stock

ddLLDemandDemand

zd L

The carpet store wants a reorder point with a 95% The carpet store wants a reorder point with a 95% service level and a 5% stockout probabilityservice level and a 5% stockout probability

dd = 30 yards per day= 30 yards per dayLL = 10 days= 10 days

dd = 5 yards per day= 5 yards per day

For a 95% service level, For a 95% service level, zz = 1.65 = 1.65

RR = = dLdL + + zz dd L L

= 30(10) + (1.65)(5)( 10)= 30(10) + (1.65)(5)( 10)

= 326.1 yards= 326.1 yards

Safety stockSafety stock = = zz dd L L

= (1.65)(5)( 10)= (1.65)(5)( 10)

= 26.1 yards= 26.1 yards

QQ = = dd((ttbb + + LL) + ) + zzdd ttbb + + LL - - II

wherewhere

dd = average demand rate= average demand ratettbb = the fixed time between orders= the fixed time between orders

LL = lead time= lead timedd = standard deviation of demand= standard deviation of demand

zzdd ttbb + + LL = safety stock= safety stock

II = inventory level= inventory level