Post on 24-Mar-2020
Copyright @ 2009 European Space Agency
Steffen Dransfeld
ESA Earth Observation
September 2009
Introduction to the ESA Earth Observation Programmes
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The IPCC Report 2007
Arctic: ice-freePermafrost: up to 90% melting until 2100 Precipitation: decrease in arid regions and increase in wet areasStorms: significantly strongerGulf Stream: weakened Sea level rise: up to 48cm until 2100
Global temperature increase between + 2.4 and 6.4 degrees until 2100
A changing environment
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ESA EO headlines
Global Sea Global Sea Surface Surface TemperatureTemperature
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ESA EO headlines
Global Sea Global Sea Level RiseLevel Rise
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Arctic 2007/2008
Lowest Arctic ice coverage in historyLowest Arctic ice coverage in history
Northwest Passage open (orange line)
and Northeast passage only
partially blocked (blue line).
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Arctic 2009
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we do not know what is going to happen to Sea Ice in the coming years...all models are underestimating the sea ice loss (measurements are what, on average, models predicted for 2030)
Extracted from : NILU, Arctic Summer School 2009 “Observing the Arctic: a window to climate change”http://school.nilu.no/
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ESA EO headlines
Sea and Land Sea and Land Ice extentIce extent
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Arctic Sea Ice Extent
Sep 3 2007
Sep 3 1979
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Arctic Sea Ice Extent
See NASA animation
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Accelerated break-up of the Wilkins Ice Shelf
1992 2008
Break-up event between 30/5 and 9/7 2008: ca. 1350km2 loss
Occurrence during Southern hemispheric winter!
Warm water beneath the halocline may be reaching the underside of the Wilkins Ice Shelf and thinning it rapidly
Antarctic
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Earth Observation Activities of ESA
Earth Observation Envelope Programme
Earthnet / Third Party Missions
International cooperation
ERS & ENVISAT Missions
Charter on Space & Major Disasters
Meteorological missions
GMES
Climate Change Initiative
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OceansCryosphere
Land SurfaceClimatology
+ Global Ozone+ Land Surface
+ Ocean Colour+ Atmospheric Constituents
ERS 1ERS 1 ERS 2ERS 2 ENVISATENVISAT1991 1995 2002
Europe’s expanding EO capability
Sentinels /GMESSentinels /GMES
Earth ExplorersEarth Explorers
From past to present
Since 1978MeteosatMeteosat
Geo-stationary meteorology
missions
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EO missions and exploitation
Envisat 8th year in operation, ERS-2 14 years in spaceAbout 2600 scientific users / projects are served with Envisat and ERS-2 data30 Third Party Missions for the benefit of European users
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Major scientific results of ENVISAT and ERS
ERS & ENVISAT
Climate change: Global sea level rise of ~3mm/year and sea surface temperature increase of ~0.1 deg. C since 1992 (Envisat + ERS).
Atmosphere: Worldwide monitoring of air pollution, evidence of fast growing air pollution in China since 1995 (Envisat + ERS).
Polar areas: Daily monitoring of sea ice motion and observation of Antarctica ice-shelves collapse.
Oceanography: Quantification of global chlorophyll concentration, an index of the oceanic phytoplankton biomass.
Tectonics: Identification of the blind tectonic fault at the origin of the Bam earthquake in December 2003.
Ozone hole
NO2 / SCIAMACHY (Jan. 2003 - June 2004)
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The ENVISAT altimeter provides continuity to the measurements initiated in the early 1990
Courtesy of Remko Scharroo, NOAA,US
Sea level riseTrend: +3 mm/yr
Sea level riseTrend: +3 mm/yr
SEA LEVEL RISE
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Measurement of Residual Trends in Global Sea Surface Temperature
AVHRR datatrend: 0.09°K / decade
Sea Surface Temperature (SST)
ERS / Envisat Trend: +0.13°K / decade
ERS / Envisat Trend: +0.13°K / decade
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Oil Spill Monitoring
Oil slick of “Prestige” tanker accident viewed by Envisat
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NO2 CONCENTRATION
Pollution detection: Nitrogenum Dioxide
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NO2 measured by SCIAMACHY (Jan 2003 - Jun 2004)
1e15 molec/cm2
Concentration of NO2 increasing of 50%
Courtesy of John Burrows, Univ. Bremen, Germany
Courtesy of Steffen Beirle, Univ. Heidelberg, Germany
Ship tracks
44%44% 50%50%
51%51%
Courtesy di Steffen Beirle, Univ. Heidelberg, Germania
Ship tracks
NO2 CONCENTRATION
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Envisat ASAR
5 images[2003-2004]
Barcelona
Subsidence Monitoring
Interferometry measurements by ERS SAR and Envisat ASAR
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Land Cover
GlobCover: New portrait of Earth GlobCover: New portrait of Earth shows land cover as never beforeshows land cover as never before
GlobCover bimonthly global composite May-June 2005 based on MERIS Full Res at 300m res
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Land Cover
GlobCover: New portrait of Earth GlobCover: New portrait of Earth shows land cover as never beforeshows land cover as never before
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ERS-2 / Envisat Tandem campaignto measure the velocity of arctic fast moving glaciers around 200m/yearto generate accurate low relief digital elevation models - of particular interest for many low elevation delta regions (e.g. New Orleans, Po-Delta with Venice, The Netherlands, Bangladesh, Mekong Delta, Netherlands, northern Siberia, etc)
to improve the general understanding of interferometry and coherenceto rise interest in mapping fast land surface movements
ERS-2 and Envisat
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EOEP
Implementation:EARTH EXPLORER COMPONENTEARTH EXPLORER COMPONENT for science and technology
demonstration
DEVELOPMENT AND EXPLOITATION COMPONENTDEVELOPMENT AND EXPLOITATION COMPONENT for instrument predevelopment, long-term operational monitoring, mission exploitation and market development
Backbone for implementing the Living Planet Strategy
EOEP-2
2003-2007
EOEP-3
2008-2012
EOEP-1
1998-2002
ongoing
The Earth Observation Envelope Programme
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METEOSAT Second GenerationMSG-1, -2, -3
METEOSATM-1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7
METOP-1, -2, -3
Earth Watch
Earth Explorers
ERS-1, -2
1990 2000 2009 2010 2030
ENVISAT
GOCE
GMES in cooperation with EC
SMOS
(Gravity and Ocean Circulation Explorer)
Earthnet: European access to non-ESA missions: Landsat, SeaWifs, NOAA, JERS, MODIS, ALOS, Proba, Bird, Scisat...
European users
Since 1977
Sentinel 1Sentinel 2
to better understand the EarthSystem
in cooperationwith EUMETSAT
Meteo
ApplicationsServices
to initiate long term monitoring systems
and servicesSentinel 4/5
Science(Gravity and Ocean Circulation Explorer)
(Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity)
CryoSat2 (Polar IceMonitoring)
ADM/Aeolus (Atmospheric Dynamics Mission)
SWARM (Magnetic Mission)
EarthCare (Clouds, Aerosols & Radiation Mission)
Sentinel 3
EO missions handled by ESA
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Science Strategy
The science strategy for the future direction of ESA’s Living Planet Programme:
Launch a steady flow of missionsaddressing key issues
Provide an infrastructure to allow quick and efficient satellite data exploitation
Contribute to global Earth Observation capabilities
Provide an efficient and cost-effective process for science priorities to be rapidly translated into space missions
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ESA Earth Explorers
GOCE 17 March 09
ADMADMAEOLUSAEOLUS
EARTH EARTH CARECARE
SWARMSWARM
77thth EEEE
SMOS2 Nov 09
CryosatFeb. 2010
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GOCE (Gravity field and steady state Ocean Circulation Explorer))
First ESA Earth Explorer dedicated to the exploration of the Earth gravity fieldSeveral satellite technology world premiers: most sensitive gradiometer ever flown, first drag-free flight with Ion thrusters, extremely low orbitLaunched 17 March 2009
.
ESA’s Gravity Mission
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GOCE mission status)
.
ESA’s Gravity Mission
Systems and instruments nominalGOCE continues to decay to operational orbit which will be reached on 15 SeptemberAir drag still very low –stabilisation of orbit at 255kmMeasurement phase from 2nd
half of September until March 2010
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Objectives:- to provide global maps of soil moisture and ocean salinity- to advance our understanding of the freshwater cycle - to improve climate, weather and extreme-event forecasting
ESA’s Water mission
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To improve the understanding of:
- thickness and mass fluctuations of polar land and marine ice- rates of ice thinning / thickening due to climate variations
ESA’s Ice mission
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Objectives:- to provide global observations of wind profiles- to improve the quality of weather forecasting- to enhance our understanding of atmospheric dynamics and climate processes
ESA’s Wind mission
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Objectives:- to provide the best-
ever survey of the Earth’s geomagnetic field and its variation in time
- to gain new insight into the Earth’s interior and climate.
Courtesy EADS, Astrium
ESA’s Magnetic mission
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EarthCARE is a joint European - Japanese mission Objectives:
- to improve process understanding of cloud-aerosol-radiation interactions- to measure parameters to be included in models- to improve climate and weather model predictions
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BIOMASS: single satellite carrying a P-band SAR to provide continuous global interferometric and polarimetric radar observations of forested areas.
CoReH2O / Snow mission: single satellite with dual frequency (X, Ku), dual-polarisation SAR to observe snow / ice at high spatial resolution
PREMIER: 3D fields of atmospheric composition in upper troposphere and lower stratosphere. The instrumentation will consist of an infrared limb-imaging spectrometer and a mm-wave limb-sounder.
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The International Charter on Space and Major Disasters
Charter
Unified system of space data acquisition & delivery in case of natural or human-made disasters
Data delivery to civil protection agencies, emergency & rescue services
Bam Earthquake 2003Bam Earthquake 2003
Darfur Crisis 2004Darfur Crisis 2004
Tsunami Catastrophe Tsunami Catastrophe 2004/20052004/2005
Hurricane Katrina 2005Hurricane Katrina 2005
Sichuan earthquake / Sichuan earthquake / China, 12 May 2008China, 12 May 2008
Cyclone Cyclone NargisNargis, , Hurricanes Gustav, Ike 2008Hurricanes Gustav, Ike 2008
Examples of activations:Examples of activations:
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Charter
Hurricane / Flooding, New Orleans, Louisiana, 2005
New Orleans New Orleans FloodFlood ExtentExtent MapMap
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Example of a Charter Activation
Hurricane Ike Hurricane Ike seen by Envisatseen by Envisat
This unique view of Hurricane Ike is an
example of combined optical MERIS and
radar ASAR images, acquired on 9
September 2008 and showing the swirling cloud-tops and the shape of the wind-
driven sea surface.
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Earth Observation: 3 elements have been endorsed:
METEOSAT Third METEOSAT Third GenerationGeneration
GMES Space GMES Space Segment 2Segment 2
Climate Change Climate Change InitiativeInitiative
ESA Ministerial Council Nov 2008
C-MIN 2008
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MTGMSG1977 20152002
5 observation missions:- HRFI: 5 channels- FDHSI: 22 channels- Lightning Imager- Infra-Red Sounder3-axis stabilised satellite
1 observation mission:-MVIRI: 3 channels-Spinning satellite
2 observation missions:- SEVIRI: 12 channels- GERB- Spinning satellite
MOP
Meteorological Programmes
• Development of the meteorological programmes:
• The MeteoSat Third Generation baseline is a two-platform system (6 spacecraft)
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MTG
MTG status
• The first two major milestones of completing the Phase A Extension activities and releasing the B2,C/D ITT has been completed in July, on schedule.
• The next key date is the receipt of industrial offers on 2nd October and conclusion of contractor selection by the end of this year.
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The EPS (Eumetsat Polar System) is Europe’s first polar orbiting operational meteorological satellite system. Flying at a much lower altitude (~800 km) than the geostationary Meteosats, the MetOp satellites, developed by ESA on behalf of EUMETSAT, provide more precise details about atmospheric temperature and moisture profiles
EPS / METOP
MetOp
Launch of MetOp-A in 2006
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The Earthnet Programme
Third Party Missions
Serving European users with nonnon--ESA ESA / non/ non--European dataEuropean data
Fostering European user communities and science competence (incl. EO Education)
Synergistic use and joint exploitation of ESA and Third Party data
Established 30 years ago
ALOS, one of ESA’s Third Party Missions
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Global Monitoring for Environment and Security
GMES
European independence in data sources for environment and security
monitoringand
The European contribution to the Global Earth Observation System of
Systems (GEOSS)
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GSC
Development, launch and IOV (in-orbit validation) of the Sentinels
S1: SAR imagingS2: Superspectral imagingS3: Ocean monitoringS4 (on MTG) atmosphere (GEO)
S5 (on Post-EPS) atmosphere (LEO), preceded by a S5 pre-cursor
Ground Segment & CoordinationAccess to data from ESA, EUMETSAT,
Member States’ missions
Development of Sentinel GS
The GMES Space Component Programme
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GMES dedicated missions: Sentinels
2012 A / 2015 B
Sentinel 1 – SAR imagingAll weather, day/night applications, interferometry
2013 A/ 2016 B
Sentinel 2 – Multi-spectral imagingLand applications: urban, forest, agriculture,..Continuity of Landsat, SPOT
2013 A/ 2017 B
Sentinel 3 – Ocean and global land monitoringWide-swath ocean color, vegetation, sea/land surface temperature, altimetry
2017+
Sentinel 4 – Geostationary atmosphericAtmospheric composition monitoring, trans-boundary pollution
2019+
Sentinel 5 – Low-orbit atmosphericAtmospheric composition monitoring(S5 Precursor launch in 2014)
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Sentinel-1
• polar-orbiting satellite system for the continuation of Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) operational applications
• C-band imaging radar mission consisting of a pair of satellites aimed at providing an all-weather day-and-night observations
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Sentinel-2 and -3
Sentinel-2
Sentinel-3
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National, Eumetsat and Third Party Missions for GMES (excerpt)
GMES: Joint Infrastructure
TopSat
CosmoSkymedSPOT
Rapideye UK-DMC
Pleiades Jason-2
METOP
Radarsat
Terrasar-X
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Fast Track Services
Services: From ESA to EC
Emergency Respond Core Service respond to crises and emergencies
Land Monitoring Core Service regular independent satellite coverage of Europe
Marine Core Service ocean forecasting, monitoring & reporting and applications on environment & safety
GMES Service Element
100 M100 M€€ by ESA MSby ESA MS
Period 2003Period 2003--2008 (2009)2008 (2009)
330+ user organisations330+ user organisations
EC has invested another EC has invested another 100 M100 M€€
Availability – Reliability - Affordability
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ESA Initiative on Climate Change
The rationale of the initiative :
to systematically generate and distribute long-term series of “Essential Climate Variables” (ECV) to meet needs of UNFCCC and IPCC, based on ESA archived EO data
ECV Records: Quantifying the state of the Climate system to (a) advance our knowledge, and (b) support work of UNFCCC and IPCC for climate change mitigation and adaptation
Output :
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Launch schedule of ESA EO missions