Post on 18-Aug-2020
Overview
1 LATEX basics
2 Document Structure
3 Document Formatting
4 Packages
5 Tables and Figures
6 Mathematics
7 Appendix A Customizing LATEX
8 Appendix B The AMS-LATEX bundle
9 Appendix C Dealing with Greek characters
Manolis Christodoulakis (UCY) Introduction to LATEX September 2012 2 / 87
Introduction to Latex
Stelios Vrachimis, Alexis Kyriacou
February 01, 2020
University of Cyprus
References:• https://www.latex-tutorial.com/• Manolis Christodoulakis, ΚΕΔΙΜΑ 2012
Introduction to LATEX
Manolis Christodoulakis
Department of Electrical and Computer EngineeringUniversity of Cyprus
manolisc@ucy.ac.cy
September 22, 2012
Manolis Christodoulakis (UCY) Introduction to LATEX September 2012 1 / 87
Overview
1 LATEX basics
2 Document Structure
3 Document Formatting
4 Packages
5 Tables and Figures
6 Mathematics
7 Appendix A Customizing LATEX
8 Appendix B The AMS-LATEX bundle
9 Appendix C Dealing with Greek characters
Introduction to LaTeXStelios Vrachimis, Alexis Kyriacou 2/78
What is LATEX?
Pronounced ‘Lah Tek’ or ‘Lay Tek’
It is a document markup language and a document preparation system
Document Markup Language
A plain text file, the source,contains the text along withmarkup commands, such as‘title’, ‘section’, ‘figure’ etc.
Document Preparation System
A set of software, such as latexand pdflatex, processes thesource file and produces theoutput, e.g. pdf
A bit of history
In 1978, Donald Knuth (a well known computerscientist) got frustrated with the mistakes thathis publishers made in typesetting his work
So he decided to create his own typesettingsystem, one that would be easy to use,especially for typesetting mathematicalformualae
He called his system TEX and made it freelyavailable
The problem with TEX was that it was focusingtoo much on the details
For this reason, a few years later LeslieLamport created LATEX, which focuses ondocument structure rather than such details
Manolis Christodoulakis (UCY) Introduction to LATEX September 2012 5 / 87
Introduction to LaTeXStelios Vrachimis, Alexis Kyriacou 3/78
What is LATEX?
Pronounced ‘Lah Tek’ or ‘Lay Tek’
It is a document markup language and a document preparation system
Document Markup Language
A plain text file, the source,contains the text along withmarkup commands, such as‘title’, ‘section’, ‘figure’ etc.
Document Preparation System
A set of software, such as latexand pdflatex, processes thesource file and produces theoutput, e.g. pdf
Manolis Christodoulakis (UCY) Introduction to LATEX September 2012 4 / 87
A bit of history
In 1978, Donald Knuth (a well known computerscientist) got frustrated with the mistakes thathis publishers made in typesetting his work
So he decided to create his own typesettingsystem, one that would be easy to use,especially for typesetting mathematicalformualae
He called his system TEX and made it freelyavailable
The problem with TEX was that it was focusingtoo much on the details
For this reason, a few years later LeslieLamport created LATEX, which focuses ondocument structure rather than such details
Introduction to LaTeXStelios Vrachimis, Alexis Kyriacou 4/78
Advantages of using LATEX
Separation of content and style
Scalability – can be used for a one-page letter or a 300 page book
High quality output – PDFs produced look elegant and professional
Performance – LATEX doesnt crash like Word
Can be used with the bibliography/reference package bibTEX
Files are very small – a LATEX file is just a text file
It’s free
Platform independent – can be used on Windows, Mac, Linux
Disadvantages of using LATEX
It can be a bit overwhelming at first
Learning how to use it takes time
Complicated workflow – there are several steps to write, generate andproduce a finished file
Just as with any software, there are occasional bugs
Manolis Christodoulakis (UCY) Introduction to LATEX September 2012 7 / 87
Introduction to LaTeXStelios Vrachimis, Alexis Kyriacou 5/78
Advantages of using LATEX
Separation of content and style
Scalability – can be used for a one-page letter or a 300 page book
High quality output – PDFs produced look elegant and professional
Performance – LATEX doesnt crash like Word
Can be used with the bibliography/reference package bibTEX
Files are very small – a LATEX file is just a text file
It’s free
Platform independent – can be used on Windows, Mac, Linux
Manolis Christodoulakis (UCY) Introduction to LATEX September 2012 6 / 87
Disadvantages of using LATEX
It can be a bit overwhelming at first
Learning how to use it takes time
Complicated workflow – there are several steps to write, generate andproduce a finished file
Just as with any software, there are occasional bugs
Introduction to LaTeXStelios Vrachimis, Alexis Kyriacou 6/78
Installing LATEX
1 The LATEX engine (the ‘software’) – requiredI MikTeX for MS Windows (http://miktex.org/)I MacTeX for Mac (http://www.tug.org/mactex/)
2 One LATEX editor – optional, but highly recommended!
TexStudio for MS Windows (https://www.texstudio.org/) Texmaker for MS Windows (http://www.xm1math.net/texmaker/) Texnic Center for MS Windows (http://www.texniccenter.org/) Latexian for Mac (http://tacosw.com/latexian) TeXShop for Mac (http://www.uoregon.edu/~koch/texshop/)
Note
Normally, you don’t fiddle with the LATEX engine on your own (through thecommand prompt), only via the LATEX editor.
The LATEX source file
Example\documentclassarticle
\begindocument
This is my first document! It
is very simple indeed!
\enddocument
The LATEX source file:
is a plain text file
by convention its file namehas extension .tex
contains all the contenttogether with markupcommands
LATEX commands
Every LATEX command starts with a backslash (\) followed by thecommand’s name. Many LATEX commands are further followed by one ormore arguments, which go in curly brackets.
Manolis Christodoulakis (UCY) Introduction to LATEX September 2012 9 / 87
Introduction to LaTeXStelios Vrachimis, Alexis Kyriacou 7/78
Installing LATEX
1 The LATEX engine (the ‘software’) – requiredI MikTeX for MS Windows (http://miktex.org/)I MacTeX for Mac (http://www.tug.org/mactex/)
2 One LATEX editor – optional, but highly recommended!I Texmaker for MS Windows (http://www.xm1math.net/texmaker/)I Texnic Center for MS Windows (http://www.texniccenter.org/)I Latexian for Mac (http://tacosw.com/latexian)I TeXShop for Mac (http://www.uoregon.edu/~koch/texshop/)
Note
Normally, you don’t fiddle with the LATEX engine on your own (through thecommand prompt), only via the LATEX editor.
Manolis Christodoulakis (UCY) Introduction to LATEX September 2012 8 / 87
The LATEX source file
Example\documentclassarticle
\begindocument
This is my first document! It
is very simple indeed!
\enddocument
The LATEX source file:
is a plain text file
by convention its file namehas extension .tex
contains all the contenttogether with markupcommands
LATEX commands
Every LATEX command starts with a backslash (\) followed by thecommand’s name. Many LATEX commands are further followed by one ormore arguments, which go in curly brackets.
Introduction to LaTeXStelios Vrachimis, Alexis Kyriacou 8/78
Document class
Every LATEX document starts by declaring what document class it belongsto, by using the command \documentclass.There are four built-in classes provided, and many others you candownload
report for business, technical, legal, academic, or scientific reports
article for white papers, magazine or journal articles, reviews,conference papers, or research notes
book for books and theses
letter for letters
The most common of these is the article.
The document environment
The actual document goes between the commands \begindocumentand \enddocument.
Above the \begindocument command (and below the\documentclass) we will be able to insert extra setup specifications;this area of the source file is known as the preamble
Anything placed underneath the \enddocument command isignored
LATEX environment
The \begin. . . \end pair of commands is called an environment.Environments enclose text which is to be handled in a particular way. Allenvironments start with \begin... and end with \end... (puttingthe name of the environment in the curly braces).
Manolis Christodoulakis (UCY) Introduction to LATEX September 2012 11 / 87
Introduction to LaTeXStelios Vrachimis, Alexis Kyriacou 9/78
Document class
Every LATEX document starts by declaring what document class it belongsto, by using the command \documentclass.There are four built-in classes provided, and many others you candownload
report for business, technical, legal, academic, or scientific reports
article for white papers, magazine or journal articles, reviews,conference papers, or research notes
book for books and theses
letter for letters
The most common of these is the article.
Manolis Christodoulakis (UCY) Introduction to LATEX September 2012 10 / 87
The document environment
The actual document goes between the commands \begindocumentand \enddocument.
Above the \begindocument command (and below the\documentclass) we will be able to insert extra setup specifications;this area of the source file is known as the preamble
Anything placed underneath the \enddocument command isignored
LATEX environment
The \begin. . . \end pair of commands is called an environment.Environments enclose text which is to be handled in a particular way. Allenvironments start with \begin... and end with \end... (puttingthe name of the environment in the curly braces).
Introduction to LaTeXStelios Vrachimis, Alexis Kyriacou 10/78
Producing a LATEX documentCreating the source file
Open the LATEX editor (e.g. TeXmaker)Click on New to create a new documentAdd your latex code in the fileClick on Save and select a folder to store your .tex file
Producing a LATEX documentProcessing the source file
There are generally two ways to process a LATEX source file
Using the latex software produces a .dvi file. This can be furtherprocessed to transform the output to postscript (.ps) or pdf format.
In Texmaker:Using the pdflatex software transforms the .tex source file directly
to pdf. In Texmaker:
Tip 1
pdflatex is the one used most often. For this reason Texmaker providesa button Quick Build, which both calls the pdflatex and opens the
resulting pdf file
Tip 2
There is no need to click on Save (except for the very first time you createthe document). With Quick Build, the document is saved automatically.
Manolis Christodoulakis (UCY) Introduction to LATEX September 2012 13 / 87
Introduction to LaTeXStelios Vrachimis, Alexis Kyriacou 11/78
Producing a LATEX documentCreating the source file
Open the LATEX editor (e.g. TeXmaker)Click on New to create a new documentAdd your latex code in the fileClick on Save and select a folder to store your .tex file
Manolis Christodoulakis (UCY) Introduction to LATEX September 2012 12 / 87
Producing a LATEX documentProcessing the source file
There are generally two ways to process a LATEX source file
Using the latex software produces a .dvi file. This can be furtherprocessed to transform the output to postscript (.ps) or pdf format.
In Texmaker:Using the pdflatex software transforms the .tex source file directly
to pdf. In Texmaker:
Tip 1
pdflatex is the one used most often. For this reason Texmaker providesa button Quick Build, which both calls the pdflatex and opens the
resulting pdf file
Tip 2
There is no need to click on Save (except for the very first time you createthe document). With Quick Build, the document is saved automatically.
Introduction to LaTeXStelios Vrachimis, Alexis Kyriacou 12/78
Producing a LATEX documentTools and shortcuts
In Texmaker, you can find all the available tools for producing a LATEXdocument under the menu Tools
Note
Notice that the key F1 is associated withQuick Build
White space in the source file
ExampleThis is a paragraph
that shows clearly
that two or more spaces
are treated as a single
space
Leaving one more empty
lines creates a new
paragraph. Note: it does
NOT create empty lines in
the document!
LATEX protects you from accidentallyadding more than one spacesbetween words, by treating multiplespaces as a single space.
Multiple empty lines are interpretedas a single empty line, which itselfsignifies a change of paragraph.
Manolis Christodoulakis (UCY) Introduction to LATEX September 2012 15 / 87
Introduction to LaTeXStelios Vrachimis, Alexis Kyriacou 13/78
Producing a LATEX documentTools and shortcuts
In Texmaker, you can find all the available tools for producing a LATEXdocument under the menu Tools
Note
Notice that the key F1 is associated withQuick Build
Manolis Christodoulakis (UCY) Introduction to LATEX September 2012 14 / 87
White space in the source file
ExampleThis is a paragraph
that shows clearly
that two or more spaces
are treated as a single
space
Leaving one more empty
lines creates a new
paragraph. Note: it does
NOT create empty lines in
the document!
LATEX protects you from accidentallyadding more than one spacesbetween words, by treating multiplespaces as a single space.
Multiple empty lines are interpretedas a single empty line, which itselfsignifies a change of paragraph.
Introduction to LaTeXStelios Vrachimis, Alexis Kyriacou 14/78
Title, Author, Date
The title, author and date provide information about the document andfor this reason are known as metadata.
Example\documentclassarticle
\titleIntroduction to LaTeX\authorStelios and Alexis\\Univ. of Cyprus \dateMarch 2018
\begindocument
\maketitle
Main text goes here.
\enddocument
Metadata can be placedin the preamble
\maketitle tells LATEXthat the metadata iscomplete and should betypeset; if you omit it,no title will be print
If \date is omitted,today’s date will be print
The command \\creates a new line
AbstractTo typeset an abstract in your document, you use the abstractenvironment.
Example\documentclassarticle
...
\begindocument
\maketitle
\beginabstract
Latex is a professional typesetting language and document
preparation system. It can be used to create all sorts
of documents.
In this article we will introduce the most basic LaTeX
commands and will provide practical examples.
\endabstract
Main text goes here.
\enddocument
Manolis Christodoulakis (UCY) Introduction to LATEX September 2012 18 / 87
Introduction to LaTeXStelios Vrachimis, Alexis Kyriacou 15/78
Title, Author, Date
The title, author and date provide information about the document andfor this reason are known as metadata.
Example\documentclassarticle
\titleIntroduction to LaTeX
\authorM. Christodoulakis\\Univ. of Cyprus
\dateJanuary 2012
\begindocument
\maketitle
Main text goes here.
\enddocument
Metadata can be placedin the preamble
\maketitle tells LATEXthat the metadata iscomplete and should betypeset; if you omit it,no title will be print
If \date is omitted,today’s date will be print
The command \\creates a new line
Manolis Christodoulakis (UCY) Introduction to LATEX September 2012 17 / 87
AbstractTo typeset an abstract in your document, you use the abstractenvironment.
Example\documentclassarticle
...
\begindocument
\maketitle
\beginabstract
Latex is a professional typesetting language and document
preparation system. It can be used to create all sorts
of documents.
In this article we will introduce the most basic LaTeX
commands and will provide practical examples.
\endabstract
Main text goes here.
\enddocument
Introduction to LaTeXStelios Vrachimis, Alexis Kyriacou 16/78
Sections
There are seven levels of sectioning:
There also exists the \appendix command which does not take anargument, but it changes the chapter numbering to letters
Section numbering
LATEX automatically calculates the correct numbering of all types ofsections
Occasionally, you may want to have a section heading that is notnumbered
You can achieve this with the starred versions of the sectioncommands
...
\subsectionA numbered subsection
heading
Text of the first subsection ...
\subsection*This subsection is not
numbered
Text of the second subsection ...
Note
The starred versions of section commands are automatically excludedfrom the table of contents (if one is created)
Manolis Christodoulakis (UCY) Introduction to LATEX September 2012 20 / 87
Introduction to LaTeXStelios Vrachimis, Alexis Kyriacou 17/78
Sections
There are seven levels of sectioning:
There also exists the \appendix command which does not take anargument, but it changes the chapter numbering to letters
Manolis Christodoulakis (UCY) Introduction to LATEX September 2012 19 / 87
Section numbering
LATEX automatically calculates the correct numbering of all types ofsections
Occasionally, you may want to have a section heading that is notnumbered
You can achieve this with the starred versions of the sectioncommands
...
\subsectionA numbered subsection
heading
Text of the first subsection ...
\subsection*This subsection is not
numbered
Text of the second subsection ...
Note
The starred versions of section commands are automatically excludedfrom the table of contents (if one is created)
Introduction to LaTeXStelios Vrachimis, Alexis Kyriacou 18/78
Table of contents
To add a table of contents add the command \tableofcontents inthe place where you want the table printed (normally after theabstract)
You need to run pdflatex (or latex) twice in order to get thecorrect table of contents; the first time all section headings arerecorded and the second time they are printed
Similarly, there exist commands \listoffigures and\listoftables which automatically list all your tables and figures
Exercise
Task
Generate a new document in Texmaker, with document class article
Add your own titling information
Add custom text separated in sections and subsections
Place a table of contents at the beginning of your document
Generate the pdf output by pressing the Quick Build button (or theF1 key on your keyboard)
Questions1 What do you notice with the Table of Contents the first time you
compile your document?
2 Rebuild the document. Is the problem with the Table of Contentsfixed now?
3 Then, change the document class to report and rebuild. Whatdifferences do you notice?
Manolis Christodoulakis (UCY) Introduction to LATEX September 2012 22 / 87
Introduction to LaTeXStelios Vrachimis, Alexis Kyriacou 19/78
Table of contents
To add a table of contents add the command \tableofcontents inthe place where you want the table printed (normally after theabstract)
You need to run pdflatex (or latex) twice in order to get thecorrect table of contents; the first time all section headings arerecorded and the second time they are printed
Similarly, there exist commands \listoffigures and\listoftables which automatically list all your tables and figures
Manolis Christodoulakis (UCY) Introduction to LATEX September 2012 21 / 87
Exercise
TaskGenerate a new document in Texstudio, with document class article Add your own titling information
Add custom text separated in sections and subsections
Place a table of contents at the beginning of your document Generate the pdf output by pressing the Quick Build button (or the F1 key on your keyboard)
Questions1 What do you notice with the Table of Contents the first time you
compile your document?
2 Rebuild the document. Is the problem with the Table of Contentsfixed now?
3 Then, change the document class to report and rebuild. Whatdifferences do you notice?
Introduction to LaTeXStelios Vrachimis, Alexis Kyriacou 20 /78
Document class optional arguments
The built-in document classes provided by LATEX can be customized atwill, by using optional arguments
All optional arguments are placed in square brackets ([ ]) andseparated (if we have more than one) by commas; in\documentclass (and in most other commands) the optionalarguments are placed before the compulsory arguments
Paper size
a4paper
letterpaper
Example\documentclass[a4paper]report
Font size (default: 10pt)
11pt
12pt
Example\documentclass[a4paper,11pt]report
Document class optional arguments (cont’d)
One- or two-side printing
oneside (this is the default for articles and letters)
twoside (this is the default for books and reports)
Separate titlepage
notitlepage (this is the default for articles and letters)
titlepage (this is the default for books and reports)
Columns
onecolumn (this is the default)
twocolumn
Example\documentclass[a4paper,twoside,titlepage]article
Manolis Christodoulakis (UCY) Introduction to LATEX September 2012 25 / 87
Introduction to LaTeXStelios Vrachimis, Alexis Kyriacou 21/78
Document class optional arguments
The built-in document classes provided by LATEX can be customized atwill, by using optional arguments
All optional arguments are placed in square brackets ([ ]) andseparated (if we have more than one) by commas; in\documentclass (and in most other commands) the optionalarguments are placed before the compulsory arguments
Paper size
a4paper
letterpaper
Example\documentclass[a4paper]report
Font size (default: 10pt)
11pt
12pt
Example\documentclass[a4paper,11pt]report
Manolis Christodoulakis (UCY) Introduction to LATEX September 2012 24 / 87
Document class optional arguments (cont’d)
One- or two-side printing
oneside (this is the default for articles and letters)
twoside (this is the default for books and reports)
Separate titlepage
notitlepage (this is the default for articles and letters)
titlepage (this is the default for books and reports)
Columns
onecolumn (this is the default)
twocolumn
Example\documentclass[a4paper,twoside,titlepage]article
Introduction to LaTeXStelios Vrachimis, Alexis Kyriacou 22/78
Page numbering and headingsThe command \pagestyle controls page numbering and headings; ittakes one argument and should be placed in the preamble
Page style argument options
plain, prints page numbers and no headings (this is the default)
empty, prints neither page numbers nor headings
headings, prints page numbers and headings from the sections
myheadings, prints page numbers and custom headings
Example\documentclass[11pt]article
\pagestyleheadings
\begindocument...
Note
Similarly, the command \thispagestyle applies one of these options to asingle page; it is placed inside the document
Special characters
The following symbols are reserved characters that have a special meaning,so if you would add them in your source file they will not print:# $ % ^ & ~ \If you want to print one of these symbols you have to type\# \$ \% \^ \& \ \ \ \~ \textbackslash
Note
Most of the symbols are simply preceded by a \\ˆ and \˜ need also to be followed by curly brackets
The backslash cannot be preceded by another backslash (\\) as thisgenerates a new line; instead we type \textbackslash
Manolis Christodoulakis (UCY) Introduction to LATEX September 2012 27 / 87
Introduction to LaTeXStelios Vrachimis, Alexis Kyriacou 23 /78
Page numbering and headingsThe command \pagestyle controls page numbering and headings; ittakes one argument and should be placed in the preamble
Page style argument options
plain, prints page numbers and no headings (this is the default)
empty, prints neither page numbers nor headings
headings, prints page numbers and headings from the sections
myheadings, prints page numbers and custom headings
Example\documentclass[11pt]article
\pagestyleheadings
\begindocument...
Note
Similarly, the command \thispagestyle applies one of these options to asingle page; it is placed inside the document
Manolis Christodoulakis (UCY) Introduction to LATEX September 2012 26 / 87
Special characters
The following symbols are reserved characters that have a special meaning,so if you would add them in your source file they will not print:# $ % ^ & ~ \If you want to print one of these symbols you have to type\# \$ \% \^ \& \ \ \ \~ \textbackslash
Note
Most of the symbols are simply preceded by a \\ˆ and \˜ need also to be followed by curly brackets
The backslash cannot be preceded by another backslash (\\) as thisgenerates a new line; instead we type \textbackslash
Introduction to LaTeXStelios Vrachimis, Alexis Kyriacou 24 /78
Comments
The special character % indicates that whatever follows this symbol upuntil the end of the line is a comment and thus will be ignored by LATEX
ExampleThis shows % this is a comment
that comments don’t show
% this whole line is also a comment
in the final output
Emphasizing text
\textbftext typesets text in boldface
\textittext typesets text in italics
\underlinetext underlines the text
Note
It is common practise to use \emphtext, instead of \textit, whoseoperation depends on the context
typesets text in italic if its context is normal, and
typesets text in normal font if its context is italic
Example\emphEmphasizing when the context is emphasized
prints in \emphnormal font
Manolis Christodoulakis (UCY) Introduction to LATEX September 2012 29 / 87
Introduction to LaTeXStelios Vrachimis, Alexis Kyriacou 25/78
Comments
The special character % indicates that whatever follows this symbol upuntil the end of the line is a comment and thus will be ignored by LATEX
ExampleThis shows % this is a comment
that comments don’t show
% this whole line is also a comment
in the final output
Manolis Christodoulakis (UCY) Introduction to LATEX September 2012 28 / 87
Emphasizing text
\textbftext typesets text in boldface
\textittext typesets text in italics
\underlinetext underlines the text
Note
It is common practise to use \emphtext, instead of \textit, whoseoperation depends on the context
typesets text in italic if its context is normal, and
typesets text in normal font if its context is italic
Example\emphEmphasizing when the context is emphasized
prints in \emphnormal font
Introduction to LaTeXStelios Vrachimis, Alexis Kyriacou 26/78
Font size
In general, it is not recommended to mix font sizes within your text
If however, you need to do so you may use the following commands
In Texmaker
All of these commands take no arguments; if you want the effect tobe applied only to a specific context enclose it in curly brackets, e.g.
Normal text, \tiny then some tiny text, then normal again
Footnotes
Footnotes are created with the \footnote command
ExampleThis is a paragraph\footnoteThis is a footnote. of
normal text.
Manolis Christodoulakis (UCY) Introduction to LATEX September 2012 31 / 87
Introduction to LaTeXStelios Vrachimis, Alexis Kyriacou 27/78
Font size
In general, it is not recommended to mix font sizes within your text
If however, you need to do so you may use the following commands
In Texmaker
All of these commands take no arguments; if you want the effect tobe applied only to a specific context enclose it in curly brackets, e.g.
Normal text, \tiny then some tiny text, then normal again
Manolis Christodoulakis (UCY) Introduction to LATEX September 2012 30 / 87
Footnotes
Footnotes are created with the \footnote command
ExampleThis is a paragraph\footnoteThis is a footnote. of
normal text.
Introduction to LaTeXStelios Vrachimis, Alexis Kyriacou 28/78
Quotation marks
You should NOT use the '' (double quote symbol) for quotation marksas you would on a typewriter
In publishing there are special opening and closing quotation marks.In LATEX, use two `(grave accent) for opening quotation marks andtwo '(vertical quote) for closing quotation marks
For single quotes you use just one of each
Example``double quote'' and `single
quote'
Cross references
The command \labelmarker creates a non-printable label
The command \refmarker inserts the number of the section,subsection, figure, table, or theorem after which the corresponding\label command was issued
The command \pagerefmarker prints the page number of thepage where the \label command occurred
Example. . .\subsectionA random subsectionThis is the text we would like to refer to later, so let’s add a label.\labelmytext. . .\subsectionAnother subsectionAs I mentioned in section \refmytext on page \pagerefmytext . . .
Manolis Christodoulakis (UCY) Introduction to LATEX September 2012 33 / 87
Introduction to LaTeXStelios Vrachimis, Alexis Kyriacou 29/78
Quotation marks
You should NOT use the '' (double quote symbol) for quotation marksas you would on a typewriter
In publishing there are special opening and closing quotation marks.In LATEX, use two `(grave accent) for opening quotation marks andtwo '(vertical quote) for closing quotation marks
For single quotes you use just one of each
Example``double quote'' and `single
quote'
Manolis Christodoulakis (UCY) Introduction to LATEX September 2012 32 / 87
Cross references
The command \labelmarker creates a non-printable label
The command \refmarker inserts the number of the section,subsection, figure, table, or theorem after which the corresponding\label command was issued
The command \pagerefmarker prints the page number of thepage where the \label command occurred
Example. . .\subsectionA random subsectionThis is the text we would like to refer to later, so let’s add a label.\labelmytext. . .\subsectionAnother subsectionAs I mentioned in section \refmytext on page \pagerefmytext . . .
Introduction to LaTeXStelios Vrachimis, Alexis Kyriacou 30/78
Lists
There are three environments for creating lists
enumerate for numbered lists
itemize for bulleted lists
description for description lists
Within a list, each item starts with the \item command.
Example\beginenumerate
\item First item on my list
\item Second item on my list
Note that one item can span
multiple paragraphs
\endenumerate
Customizing a list’s items
The command \item takes an optional argument which replaces theitem’s default bullet or number with another symbol or number
Example\beginitemize
\item First item
\item Second item
\item[-] Third item, with dash not
bullet
\enditemize
Example\begindescription
\item[Stupid] things will not become
smart because they are in a list.
\item[Smart] things, though, can be
presented beautifully in a list.
\enddescription
Manolis Christodoulakis (UCY) Introduction to LATEX September 2012 35 / 87
Introduction to LaTeXStelios Vrachimis, Alexis Kyriacou 31/78
Lists
There are three environments for creating lists
enumerate for numbered lists
itemize for bulleted lists
description for description lists
Within a list, each item starts with the \item command.
Example\beginenumerate
\item First item on my list
\item Second item on my list
Note that one item can span
multiple paragraphs
\endenumerate
Manolis Christodoulakis (UCY) Introduction to LATEX September 2012 34 / 87
Customizing a list’s items
The command \item takes an optional argument which replaces theitem’s default bullet or number with another symbol or number
Example\beginitemize
\item First item
\item Second item
\item[-] Third item, with dash not
bullet
\enditemize
Example\begindescription
\item[Stupid] things will not become
smart because they are in a list.
\item[Smart] things, though, can be
presented beautifully in a list.
\enddescription
Introduction to LaTeXStelios Vrachimis, Alexis Kyriacou 32/78
Paragraph alignment
There are three environments for aligning paragraphs
flushleft for left-aligned paragraphs
flushright for right-aligned paragraphs
center for centered paragraphs
By default, LATEX aligns paragraphs both on the left and on the right, byexpanding/shrinking spaces between words universally within each line
Quotes
You can quote text from another source (book, article, etc) by
The quote environment, for single-paragraph quotes
The quotation environment, for multiple-paragraph quotes
ExampleA typographical rule of thumb
for the line length is:
\beginquote
On average, no line should be
longer than 66 characters.
\endquote
This is why \LaTeX\ pages have
such large borders by default
and also why multicolumn print
is used in newspapers.
Manolis Christodoulakis (UCY) Introduction to LATEX September 2012 37 / 87
Introduction to LaTeXStelios Vrachimis, Alexis Kyriacou 33/78
Paragraph alignment
There are three environments for aligning paragraphs
flushleft for left-aligned paragraphs
flushright for right-aligned paragraphs
center for centered paragraphs
By default, LATEX aligns paragraphs both on the left and on the right, byexpanding/shrinking spaces between words universally within each line
Manolis Christodoulakis (UCY) Introduction to LATEX September 2012 36 / 87
Quotes
You can quote text from another source (book, article, etc) by
The quote environment, for single-paragraph quotes
The quotation environment, for multiple-paragraph quotes
ExampleA typographical rule of thumb
for the line length is:
\beginquote
On average, no line should be
longer than 66 characters.
\endquote
This is why \LaTeX\ pages have
such large borders by default
and also why multicolumn print
is used in newspapers.
Introduction to LaTeXStelios Vrachimis, Alexis Kyriacou 34/78
Accented characters
In LATEX accented characters are produced byusing commands like \`o
I It starts with a backslash (\)I Followed by a symbol that indicates the accent
to be placed on our character (e.g. `)I Followed by the letter on which to place the
accent, normally enclosed withing curlybruckets
Exercise
Task
Generate a numbered list of three or more items of your choice
Add a nested enumerated list, consisting of two items, under the firstitem of the outer list
Add a label (with the command \label) on the second item of yourinner list
Create a new paragraph right after the end of the lists above andrefer (using the command \ref) to the item you labeled above
Questions1 How are the nested lists numbered?
2 Is the item you refered to numbered correctly?
3 How many times did you need to compile to get the reference right?
Manolis Christodoulakis (UCY) Introduction to LATEX September 2012 39 / 87
Introduction to LaTeXStelios Vrachimis, Alexis Kyriacou 35/78
Accented characters
In LATEX accented characters are produced byusing commands like \`o
I It starts with a backslash (\)I Followed by a symbol that indicates the accent
to be placed on our character (e.g. `)I Followed by the letter on which to place the
accent, normally enclosed withing curlybruckets
Manolis Christodoulakis (UCY) Introduction to LATEX September 2012 38 / 87
Exercise
Task
Generate a numbered list of three or more items of your choice
Add a nested enumerated list, consisting of two items, under the firstitem of the outer list
Add a label (with the command \label) on the second item of yourinner list
Create a new paragraph right after the end of the lists above andrefer (using the command \ref) to the item you labeled above
Questions1 How are the nested lists numbered?
2 Is the item you refered to numbered correctly?
3 How many times did you need to compile to get the reference right?
Introduction to LaTeXStelios Vrachimis, Alexis Kyriacou 36/78
Extending LATEX using packages
LATEX provides commands and environment to achieve the mostcommon things
However, some problems cannot be solved by basic LATEX
In such cases, we can extend the functionality by using packages
A package is a file containing extra LATEX commands andprogramming which add new styling features or modify those alreadyexisting
Package files all end with .sty
You can add a package to a document by calling the followingcommand in the preamble: \usepackage[options]package
I package is a the name of the package we want to useI options is a list of optional parameters to the package
Installing new packages
Many packages come pre-installed with Miktex. If you require a packagenot already installed, you may either:
install the package through Miktex’s Package ManagerI Miktex will automatically install it for you if you have this option
enabled
or download the package from the CTAN search page to the directorywhere your source file is located
Manolis Christodoulakis (UCY) Introduction to LATEX September 2012 42 / 87
Introduction to LaTeXStelios Vrachimis, Alexis Kyriacou 37/78
Extending LATEX using packages
LATEX provides commands and environment to achieve the mostcommon things
However, some problems cannot be solved by basic LATEX
In such cases, we can extend the functionality by using packages
A package is a file containing extra LATEX commands andprogramming which add new styling features or modify those alreadyexisting
Package files all end with .sty
You can add a package to a document by calling the followingcommand in the preamble: \usepackage[options]package
I package is a the name of the package we want to useI options is a list of optional parameters to the package
Manolis Christodoulakis (UCY) Introduction to LATEX September 2012 41 / 87
Installing new packages
Many packages come pre-installed with Miktex. If you require a packagenot already installed, you may either:
install the package through Miktex’s Package ManagerI Miktex will automatically install it for you if you have this option
enabled
or download the package from the CTAN search page to the directorywhere your source file is located
Introduction to LaTeXStelios Vrachimis, Alexis Kyriacou 38/78
Example PackagesLine spacing
The package setspace provides commands for setting the spacingbetween lines
It provides three commands:\singlespacing \onehalfspacing \doublespacingThe package can also take options (in \usepackage)singlespacing, onehalfspacing, and doublespacing to set thespacing for the whole document
Example
one-and-half spacing anytime, by issuing one of the above commands.
\documentclassarticle
\usepackagesetspace
\begindocument
This paragraph will be typeset as normal, in single space.
\doublespacing
All paragraphs from now on will be in doublespace. I can switch back tosingle or\enddocument
Example PackagesChanging the page layout
the package geometry allows you to change the size of the page, themargins, the orientation, etc.
the package fancyhdr provides commands to customize the headersand footers of the document
the package multicol allows you to typeset text in multiple columns(up to 10) and enables you to switch between any (permitted)number of columns at will
the package longtable can be used to create tables than span morethan one page
. . .
Note
An enormous number of packages can be found on the ComprehensiveTeX Archive Network (CTAN)http://www.ctan.org
Manolis Christodoulakis (UCY) Introduction to LATEX September 2012 44 / 87
Introduction to LaTeXStelios Vrachimis, Alexis Kyriacou 39/78
Example PackagesLine spacing
The package setspace provides commands for setting the spacingbetween lines
It provides three commands:\singlespacing \onehalfspacing \doublespacingThe package can also take options (in \usepackage)singlespacing, onehalfspacing, and doublespacing to set thespacing for the whole document
Example\documentclassarticle
\usepackagesetspace
\begindocument
This paragraph will be typeset as normal, in single space.
\doublespacing
All paragraphs from now on will be in doublespace. I can switch back to single or one-and-half spacing anytime, by issuing one of the above commands.
\enddocument
Manolis Christodoulakis (UCY) Introduction to LATEX September 2012 43 / 87
Example PackagesChanging the page layout
the package geometry allows you to change the size of the page, themargins, the orientation, etc.
the package fancyhdr provides commands to customize the headersand footers of the document
the package multicol allows you to typeset text in multiple columns(up to 10) and enables you to switch between any (permitted)number of columns at will
the package longtable can be used to create tables than span morethan one page
. . .
Note
An enormous number of packages can be found on the ComprehensiveTeX Archive Network (CTAN)http://www.ctan.org
Introduction to LaTeXStelios Vrachimis, Alexis Kyriacou 40/78
Example PackagesTypesetting greek in LATEX
The package greektex allows you to typeset greek in LATEX
Add the package in the preamble: \usepackagegreektexThen simply type in greek
Before typing in greek for the first time, configure Texmaker andWindows to store greek characters correctly! (see next slides)
Note
Unfortunately, the greektex package is not available in Miktex’s Package Manager. It must be downloaded from:http://ctan.org/tex-archive/fonts/greek/greektex
You will find installation instructions in the above site.
Creating tablesThe environment tabular is used to create tables. It is formatted as\begintabulartable spectable spec is a list of options that define the format of the table:
l specifies a left-aligned column
r specifies a right-aligned column
c specifies a centered column
pwidth specifies a column of given width, where the text will wraparound if it doesn’t fit
| specifies a vertical line
Within a tabular environment
& jumps to the next column
\\ starts a new line
\hline inserts a horizontal line
\clinei − j inserts a horizontal line that spans columns i through j
\vline draws a vertical line with the height of the row
Manolis Christodoulakis (UCY) Introduction to LATEX September 2012 47 / 87
Introduction to LaTeXStelios Vrachimis, Alexis Kyriacou 41/78
Example PackagesTypesetting greek in LATEX
The package greektex allows you to typeset greek in LATEX
Add the package in the preamble: \usepackagegreektexThen simply type in greek
Before typing in greek for the first time, configure Texmaker andWindows to store greek characters correctly! (see next slides)
Note
Unfortunately, the greektex package is not available in Miktex’s PackageManager. It must be downloaded from:http://ctan.org/tex-archive/fonts/greek/greektex
You will find installation instructions in the above site, but since these arenot up-to-date, I have uploaded my own instructions herehttp://www.eng.ucy.ac.cy/manolisc/greektex-installation-Miktex2.9.pdf
Manolis Christodoulakis (UCY) Introduction to LATEX September 2012 45 / 87
Creating tablesThe environment tabular is used to create tables. It is formatted as\begintabulartable spectable spec is a list of options that define the format of the table:
l specifies a left-aligned column
r specifies a right-aligned column
c specifies a centered column
pwidth specifies a column of given width, where the text will wraparound if it doesn’t fit
| specifies a vertical line
Within a tabular environment
& jumps to the next column
\\ starts a new line
\hline inserts a horizontal line
\clinei − j inserts a horizontal line that spans columns i through j
\vline draws a vertical line with the height of the row
Introduction to LaTeXStelios Vrachimis, Alexis Kyriacou 42/78
Table example
Example\begintabularlp3cmc|r
Item & Description & Quantity & Price \\
\hline
Belkin F5D7632 & Belkin ADSL Wireless G Modem Router F5D7632 for BT Line
& 1 & 9.59\\
&&&\\
\hline
Total & & & 9.59
\endtabular
Text spanning multiple columns
The command \multicolumncolspostext can be used inside atable to insert text that spans multiple columns
cols is the number of columns the text will span
pos specifies the alignment within the current multi-columnI it can take values: r, l, c, pwidth
text is the text to be inserted in the multi-column
Example\begintabularl|c|r
Item & Quantity & Price \\
\hline
F5D7632 & 1 & 9.59\\
\hline
\multicolumn2cTotal \vline & 9.59
\endtabular
Item Quantity Price
F5D7632 1 9.59
Total 9.59
Manolis Christodoulakis (UCY) Introduction to LATEX September 2012 49 / 87
Introduction to LaTeXStelios Vrachimis, Alexis Kyriacou 43/78
Table example
Example\begintabularlp3cmc|r
Item & Description & Quantity & Price \\
\hline
Belkin F5D7632 & Belkin ADSL Wireless G Modem Router F5D7632 for BT Line
& 1 & 9.59\\
&&&\\
\hline
Total & & & 9.59
\endtabular
Manolis Christodoulakis (UCY) Introduction to LATEX September 2012 48 / 87
Text spanning multiple columns
The command \multicolumncolspostext can be used inside atable to insert text that spans multiple columns
cols is the number of columns the text will span
pos specifies the alignment within the current multi-columnI it can take values: r, l, c, pwidth
text is the text to be inserted in the multi-column
Example\begintabularl|c|r
Item & Quantity & Price \\
\hline
F5D7632 & 1 & 9.59\\
\hline
\multicolumn2cTotal \vline & 9.59
\endtabular
Item Quantity Price
F5D7632 1 9.59
Total 9.59
Introduction to LaTeXStelios Vrachimis, Alexis Kyriacou 44/78
Table positioningThe tabular environment can also take an optional argument\begintabular[pos]table spec which specifies the verticalposition of the table relative to the baseline of the surrounding text
t aligns the text with the top of the table
b aligns the text with the bottom of the table
c aligns the text with the center of the table
ExampleThe bill:
\begintabular[c]|lc|r|
\hline
Item & Quantity & Price \\
\hline
Belkin F5D7632 & 1 & 9.59\\
NetGear WGR614 & 1 & 17.95\\
\hline
Total & & 27.54\\
\hline
\endtabular
Texmaker tabular wizard
Texmaker provides a wizard to assist you creating tables
Click on the menu Wizard and choose Quick Tabular
Manolis Christodoulakis (UCY) Introduction to LATEX September 2012 51 / 87
Introduction to LaTeXStelios Vrachimis, Alexis Kyriacou 45/78
Table positioningThe tabular environment can also take an optional argument\begintabular[pos]table spec which specifies the verticalposition of the table relative to the baseline of the surrounding text
t aligns the text with the top of the table
b aligns the text with the bottom of the table
c aligns the text with the center of the table
ExampleThe bill:
\begintabular[c]|lc|r|
\hline
Item & Quantity & Price \\
\hline
Belkin F5D7632 & 1 & 9.59\\
NetGear WGR614 & 1 & 17.95\\
\hline
Total & & 27.54\\
\hline
\endtabular
Manolis Christodoulakis (UCY) Introduction to LATEX September 2012 50 / 87
Texmaker tabular wizard
Texmaker provides a wizard to assist you creating tables
Click on the menu Wizard and choose Quick Tabular
Introduction to LaTeXStelios Vrachimis, Alexis Kyriacou 46/78
Floating bodies
Tables and figures normally cannot be broken across pages
Starting a new page every time a table or figure does not fit in thecurrent page, leaves partially empty pages which is ugly! (see MSWord!)
LATEX floats any table or figure that does not fit on the current pageto a later page, while filling the current page with body text
There are two environments for floating bodies\begintable[...] and \beginfigure[...]The optional parameter takes one or more (in order of preference) ofthe following options:
I t to place the item at the top of the pageI b to place the item at the bottom of the pageI h to place the item right hereI p to place the item on a special “floats” page
By adding a ! as a first argument in the list above tries to force yourrecommendation
Floating bodies – Example
Example\begintable[htbp]
\begincenter
\begintabular||c|l||
\hline
option & meaning \\
\hline
h & here on the page \\
b & bottom of a page \\
t & top of a page \\
p & floating page \\
\hline
\endtabular
\endcenter
\captionTable-Figure Destinations
\labeltb:loc
\endtable
The \captioncommand defines acaption for the float
LATEX automaticallyadds the word“Table” or “Figure”and a number infront of the caption
Using the commands\listoffiguresand \listoftablesLATEX automaticallygenerates a list offigures and tablesrespectively
Manolis Christodoulakis (UCY) Introduction to LATEX September 2012 53 / 87
Introduction to LaTeXStelios Vrachimis, Alexis Kyriacou 47/78
Floating bodies
Tables and figures normally cannot be broken across pages
Starting a new page every time a table or figure does not fit in thecurrent page, leaves partially empty pages which is ugly! (see MSWord!)
LATEX floats any table or figure that does not fit on the current pageto a later page, while filling the current page with body text
There are two environments for floating bodies\begintable[...] and \beginfigure[...]The optional parameter takes one or more (in order of preference) ofthe following options:
I t to place the item at the top of the pageI b to place the item at the bottom of the pageI h to place the item right hereI p to place the item on a special “floats” page
By adding a ! as a first argument in the list above tries to force yourrecommendation
Manolis Christodoulakis (UCY) Introduction to LATEX September 2012 52 / 87
Floating bodies – Example
Example\begintable[htbp]
\begincenter
\begintabular||c|l||
\hline
option & meaning \\
\hline
h & here on the page \\
b & bottom of a page \\
t & top of a page \\
p & floating page \\
\hline
\endtabular
\endcenter
\captionTable-Figure Destinations
\labeltb:loc
\endtable
The \captioncommand defines acaption for the float
LATEX automaticallyadds the word“Table” or “Figure”and a number infront of the caption
Using the commands\listoffiguresand \listoftablesLATEX automaticallygenerates a list offigures and tablesrespectively
Introduction to LaTeXStelios Vrachimis, Alexis Kyriacou 48/78
Including graphics
Load the graphicx package in the preamble:\usepackagegraphicxTo include a picture in your document use\includegraphics[key=value,...]filename
I filename is the filename (including the path) of the pictureI The optional parameter accepts a comma separated list of keys and
associated values. Available keys include:width, height, angle, scale
The picture may (optionally) be enclosed in a figure environment
Example\beginfigure
\centering
\includegraphics[angle=90, width=0.5\textwidth]mypicture
\captionThis is my figure.
\endfigure
Typesetting mathematics
Mathematics can be typeset in two styles:
in text style, where maths is printed inline within a paragraph
in display style, where maths is printed as a separate paragraph
The inline mode is achieved by enclosing the maths in $ ...$
ExampleWithin the current paragraph
I will typeset some maths in
\emphtext style, as follows:
$a + b = 5$; notice that the
math occurs inline; notice also
that when typesetting maths (in
either style) all spaces are
being ignored!
Within the current paragraph I willtypeset some maths in text style,as follows: a+ b = 5; notice thatthe math occurs inline; notice alsothat when typesetting maths (ineither style) all spaces are beingignored!
Manolis Christodoulakis (UCY) Introduction to LATEX September 2012 56 / 87
Introduction to LaTeXStelios Vrachimis, Alexis Kyriacou 49/78
Including graphics
Load the graphicx package in the preamble:\usepackagegraphicxTo include a picture in your document use\includegraphics[key=value,...]filename
I filename is the filename (including the path) of the pictureI The optional parameter accepts a comma separated list of keys and
associated values. Available keys include:width, height, angle, scale
The picture may (optionally) be enclosed in a figure environment
Example\beginfigure
\centering
\includegraphics[angle=90, width=0.5\textwidth]mypicture
\captionThis is my figure.
\endfigure
Manolis Christodoulakis (UCY) Introduction to LATEX September 2012 54 / 87
Typesetting mathematics
Mathematics can be typeset in two styles:
in text style, where maths is printed inline within a paragraph
in display style, where maths is printed as a separate paragraph
The inline mode is achieved by enclosing the maths in $ ...$
ExampleWithin the current paragraph
I will typeset some maths in
\emphtext style, as follows:
$a + b = 5$; notice that the
math occurs inline; notice also
that when typesetting maths (in
either style) all spaces are
being ignored!
Within the current paragraph I willtypeset some maths in text style,as follows: a+ b = 5; notice thatthe math occurs inline; notice alsothat when typesetting maths (ineither style) all spaces are beingignored!
Introduction to LaTeXStelios Vrachimis, Alexis Kyriacou 50/78
Mathematics in display style
There are two ways to typeset maths in display style
using the commands \[...\] where equations are by defaultnon-numbered
using the environment equation where equations are by defaultnumbered
ExampleTypesetting maths
in display style
\[ a*b=6 \]
is similar to
\beginequation
a*b=6 \labeleq:atimesb
\endequation
As shown, in Equation
(\refeq:atimesb) above, bla
bla bla
Typesetting maths in display style
a ∗ b = 6
is similar to
a ∗ b = 6 (1)
As shown, in Equation (1) above,bla bla bla
Math mode vs text mode
In math mode:
More than one spaces and single line breaks are ignoredI if you want to add custom spaces use \quad for a single space and\qquad for a double space
Empty lines are not allowed
Letters are considered as variable names and are typeset in italicsI if you want to typeset text within math mode use the \textrm...
command
Example$x^2 \geq 0\qquad \textrmfor
all x\in\mathbfR$
x2 ≥ 0 for all x ∈ R
Manolis Christodoulakis (UCY) Introduction to LATEX September 2012 58 / 87
Introduction to LaTeXStelios Vrachimis, Alexis Kyriacou 51/78
Mathematics in display style
There are two ways to typeset maths in display style
using the commands \[...\] where equations are by defaultnon-numbered
using the environment equation where equations are by defaultnumbered
ExampleTypesetting maths
in display style
\[ a*b=6 \]
is similar to
\beginequation
a*b=6 \labeleq:atimesb
\endequation
As shown, in Equation
(\refeq:atimesb) above, bla
bla bla
Typesetting maths in display style
a ∗ b = 6
is similar to
a ∗ b = 6 (1)
As shown, in Equation (1) above,bla bla bla
Manolis Christodoulakis (UCY) Introduction to LATEX September 2012 57 / 87
Math mode vs text mode
In math mode:
More than one spaces and single line breaks are ignoredI if you want to add custom spaces use \quad for a single space and\qquad for a double space
Empty lines are not allowed
Letters are considered as variable names and are typeset in italicsI if you want to typeset text within math mode use the \textrm...
command
Example$x^2 \geq 0\qquad \textrmfor
all x\in\mathbfR$
x2 ≥ 0 for all x ∈ R
Introduction to LaTeXStelios Vrachimis, Alexis Kyriacou 52/78
Greek letters in math mode
Lowercase greek letters are entered as\alpha, \beta, \gamma, . . .
Uppercase greek letters are entered as\Alpha, \Beta, \Gamma, . . .
Example$ \chi + \Psi - \Omega = \xi/2 $
χ+ Ψ− Ω = ξ/2
Exponents, Superscripts and Subscripts
Exponents and superscripts are achieved with the ^ symbol
Subscripts are achieved with the symbol
^ and act only on the next character, so if you want a command toaffect several characters, you have to group them together using curlybraces: ...
Example\[ x^\alpha+5 i = \sum j=1^m y j \]
xα+5i =
m∑j=1
yj
Manolis Christodoulakis (UCY) Introduction to LATEX September 2012 60 / 87
Introduction to LaTeXStelios Vrachimis, Alexis Kyriacou 53/78
Greek letters in math mode
Lowercase greek letters are entered as\alpha, \beta, \gamma, . . .
Uppercase greek letters are entered as\Alpha, \Beta, \Gamma, . . .
Example$ \chi + \Psi - \Omega = \xi/2 $
χ+ Ψ− Ω = ξ/2
Manolis Christodoulakis (UCY) Introduction to LATEX September 2012 59 / 87
Exponents, Superscripts and Subscripts
Exponents and superscripts are achieved with the ^ symbol
Subscripts are achieved with the symbol
^ and act only on the next character, so if you want a command toaffect several characters, you have to group them together using curlybraces: ...
Example\[ x^\alpha+5 i = \sum j=1^m y j \]
xα+5i =
m∑j=1
yj
Introduction to LaTeXStelios Vrachimis, Alexis Kyriacou 54/78
More mathematical symbols
\cdot produces a single centered dot (multiplication)
\cdots produces three centered dots
\ldots produces three low dots
\sum produces the sum
\prod produces the product
\lim produces the limit
Example\[ x 1 + x 2 + \ldots +
x n= \sum i=1^n x i \]
\[ x 1 \cdot x 2 \cdots x n=
\prod i=1^n x i \]
x1 + x2 + . . .+ xn =n∑
i=1
xi
x1 · x2 · · · xn =n∏
i=1
xi
More mathematical symbols
\binom takes two arguments and typesets the binomial
\int produces the integral
\sqrt produces the square root of its argumentI takes also an optional argument [n] to define the n-th root
\frac takes two arguments and produces their fraction
Example\[ \int 0^\frac\pi2x
\mathrmdx
\qquad \binomnm
\qquad \sqrt[3]125\]
∫ π2
0xdx
(n
m
)3√
125
A list of available mathematical symbols can be found athttp://amath.colorado.edu/documentation/LaTeX/Symbols.pdf
Manolis Christodoulakis (UCY) Introduction to LATEX September 2012 62 / 87
Introduction to LaTeXStelios Vrachimis, Alexis Kyriacou 55/78
More mathematical symbols
\cdot produces a single centered dot (multiplication)
\cdots produces three centered dots
\ldots produces three low dots
\sum produces the sum
\prod produces the product
\lim produces the limit
Example\[ x 1 + x 2 + \ldots +
x n= \sum i=1^n x i \]
\[ x 1 \cdot x 2 \cdots x n=
\prod i=1^n x i \]
x1 + x2 + . . .+ xn =n∑
i=1
xi
x1 · x2 · · · xn =n∏
i=1
xi
Manolis Christodoulakis (UCY) Introduction to LATEX September 2012 61 / 87
More mathematical symbols
\binom takes two arguments and typesets the binomial
\int produces the integral
\sqrt produces the square root of its argumentI takes also an optional argument [n] to define the n-th root
\frac takes two arguments and produces their fraction
Example\[ \int 0^\frac\pi2x
\mathrmdx
\qquad \binomnm
\qquad \sqrt[3]125\]
∫ π2
0xdx
(n
m
)3√
125
A list of available mathematical symbols can be found athttp://amath.colorado.edu/documentation/LaTeX/Symbols.pdf
Introduction to LaTeXStelios Vrachimis, Alexis Kyriacou 56/78
Left and right delimiters
If you put \left in front of an opening delimiter and \right in frontof a closing delimiter, LATEX will automatically determine the correctsize of the delimiter
You must close every \left with a corresponding \rightI If you don’t want anything on the right, use the invisible “\right.”
Example$1 + \left(
\frac11-x^2\right)^3
\qquad \left\
\frac11-x^2\right.$
1 +(
11−x2
)3 1
1−x2
Arrays and matricesTo typeset arrays, use the array environment. It works similar to thetabular environment
Example\[ \mathbfX= \left(
\beginarrayccc
x 1 & x 2 & \ldots \\
x 3 & x 4 & \ldots \\
\vdots & \vdots & \ddots
\endarray\right) \]
Example\[ |x| = \left\
\beginarrayrl
-x & \textrmif x < 0,\\
0 & \textrmif x = 0,\\
x & \textrmif x > 0.
\endarray\right. \]
X =
x1 x2 . . .x3 x4 . . ....
.... . .
|x | =
−x if x < 0,
0 if x = 0,x if x > 0.
Manolis Christodoulakis (UCY) Introduction to LATEX September 2012 64 / 87
Introduction to LaTeXStelios Vrachimis, Alexis Kyriacou 57/78
Left and right delimiters
If you put \left in front of an opening delimiter and \right in frontof a closing delimiter, LATEX will automatically determine the correctsize of the delimiter
You must close every \left with a corresponding \rightI If you don’t want anything on the right, use the invisible “\right.”
Example$1 + \left(
\frac11-x^2\right)^3
\qquad \left\
\frac11-x^2\right.$
1 +(
11−x2
)3 1
1−x2
Manolis Christodoulakis (UCY) Introduction to LATEX September 2012 63 / 87
Arrays and matricesTo typeset arrays, use the array environment. It works similar to thetabular environment
Example\[ \mathbfX= \left(
\beginarrayccc
x 1 & x 2 & \ldots \\
x 3 & x 4 & \ldots \\
\vdots & \vdots & \ddots
\endarray\right) \]
Example\[ |x| = \left\
\beginarrayrl
-x & \textrmif x < 0,\\
0 & \textrmif x = 0,\\
x & \textrmif x > 0.
\endarray\right. \]
X =
x1 x2 . . .x3 x4 . . ....
.... . .
|x | =
−x if x < 0,
0 if x = 0,x if x > 0.
Introduction to LaTeXStelios Vrachimis, Alexis Kyriacou 58/78
Defining theorem environments
With the \newtheorem command in the preamble you define a newenvironment that looks like a theorem (theorem, lemma, axiom, etc.)
The syntax is: \newtheoremname[counter]text[section]I name is a the name of the environment used in the LATEX source file to
identify the “theorem” (e.g. lem for typesetting Lemmas)I text is the text that will be printed in front of the “theorem” in the
output file (e.g. Lemma)I counter (optional) is the name of a previously declared “theorem” and
makes the new “theorem” to be numbered in the same sequenceI section (optional) specifies the sectional unit within which the
“theorem” should get its numbers
Using theorems
After defining a new “theorem”, we use it like this
\beginname[title]
This is my interesting theorem
\endname
I name is a the name of the environment we created using the\newtheorem command
I title (optional) gives a title to the particular theorem
Example\documentclassarticle
\newtheoremlemLemma[section]
...
\begindocument
...
\beginlem[Manolis’ new lemma]
Typesetting theorems in \LaTeX is easy!
\endlem
Manolis Christodoulakis (UCY) Introduction to LATEX September 2012 66 / 87
Introduction to LaTeXStelios Vrachimis, Alexis Kyriacou 59/78
Defining theorem environments
With the \newtheorem command in the preamble you define a newenvironment that looks like a theorem (theorem, lemma, axiom, etc.)
The syntax is: \newtheoremname[counter]text[section]I name is a the name of the environment used in the LATEX source file to
identify the “theorem” (e.g. lem for typesetting Lemmas)I text is the text that will be printed in front of the “theorem” in the
output file (e.g. Lemma)I counter (optional) is the name of a previously declared “theorem” and
makes the new “theorem” to be numbered in the same sequenceI section (optional) specifies the sectional unit within which the
“theorem” should get its numbers
Manolis Christodoulakis (UCY) Introduction to LATEX September 2012 65 / 87
Using theorems
After defining a new “theorem”, we use it like this
\beginname[title]
This is my interesting theorem
\endname
I name is a the name of the environment we created using the\newtheorem command
I title (optional) gives a title to the particular theorem
Example\documentclassarticle
\newtheoremlemLemma[section]
...
\begindocument
...
\beginlem[Manolis’ new lemma]
Typesetting theorems in \LaTeX is easy!
\endlem
Introduction to LaTeXStelios Vrachimis, Alexis Kyriacou 60/78
Exercise
Task
Generate the mathematical formula you see below
f (n) =
n/2 if n is even−(n + 1)/2 if n is odd
Visithttp://amath.colorado.edu/documentation/LaTeX/Symbols.pdf
and find out how to typeset the following
Λ
(n⋂
j=1
Oj
)⊂
n⋂j=1
Λ(Oj)
Where to go next
Tobias Oetiker, Hubert Partl, Irene Hyna and Elisabeth Schlegl. The(Not So) Short Guide to LATEX2e: LATEX2e in 157 Minutes. 2011,Technical report.http://tobi.oetiker.ch/lshort/lshort.pdf
Peter Flynn A beginner’s introduction to typesetting with LATEX (FifthEdition). 2011
Leslie Lamport. LATEX: A Document Preparation System.Addison-Wesley, Reading, Massachusetts, second edition, 1994, ISBN0-201-52983-1.
Frank Mittelbach, Michel Goossens, Johannes Braams, David Carlisle,Chris Rowley. The LATEX Companion, (2nd Edition). Addison-Wesley,Reading, Massachusetts, 2004, ISBN 0-201-36299-6.
The Comprehensive LATEX Symbol Listhttp://ctan.org/tex-archive/info/symbols/comprehensive
Manolis Christodoulakis (UCY) Introduction to LATEX September 2012 68 / 87
Introduction to LaTeXStelios Vrachimis, Alexis Kyriacou 61/78
***Also see MathType
Exercise
Task
Generate the mathematical formula you see below
f (n) =
n/2 if n is even−(n + 1)/2 if n is odd
Visithttp://amath.colorado.edu/documentation/LaTeX/Symbols.pdf
and find out how to typeset the following
Λ
(n⋂
j=1
Oj
)⊂
n⋂j=1
Λ(Oj)
Manolis Christodoulakis (UCY) Introduction to LATEX September 2012 67 / 87
Where to go next
Tobias Oetiker, Hubert Partl, Irene Hyna and Elisabeth Schlegl. The(Not So) Short Guide to LATEX2e: LATEX2e in 157 Minutes. 2011,Technical report.http://tobi.oetiker.ch/lshort/lshort.pdf
Peter Flynn A beginner’s introduction to typesetting with LATEX (FifthEdition). 2011
Leslie Lamport. LATEX: A Document Preparation System.Addison-Wesley, Reading, Massachusetts, second edition, 1994, ISBN0-201-52983-1.
Frank Mittelbach, Michel Goossens, Johannes Braams, David Carlisle,Chris Rowley. The LATEX Companion, (2nd Edition). Addison-Wesley,Reading, Massachusetts, 2004, ISBN 0-201-36299-6.
The Comprehensive LATEX Symbol Listhttp://ctan.org/tex-archive/info/symbols/comprehensive
Introduction to LaTeXStelios Vrachimis, Alexis Kyriacou 62/78
Appendix A
Customizing LATEX
Paragraph indents and spacing
Paragraph indentation depends on the document class in use
Occasionally you may want a paragraph to have no indentation; insuch cases you can precede the paragraph with the command\noindentIf you want to change the size of the indent of all paragraphs in yourdocument you can change the parameter \parindentThe \setlength command can be used in the preamble to specify acustom indentation length\setlength\parindentlengthSimilarly, the space between paragraphs is held in \parskip, whichcould be altered in a similar fashion as above
Manolis Christodoulakis (UCY) Introduction to LATEX September 2012 71 / 87
Introduction to LaTeXStelios Vrachimis, Alexis Kyriacou 63/78
Appendix A
Customizing LATEX
Manolis Christodoulakis (UCY) Introduction to LATEX September 2012 70 / 87
Paragraph indents and spacing
Paragraph indentation depends on the document class in use
Occasionally you may want a paragraph to have no indentation; insuch cases you can precede the paragraph with the command\noindentIf you want to change the size of the indent of all paragraphs in yourdocument you can change the parameter \parindentThe \setlength command can be used in the preamble to specify acustom indentation length\setlength\parindentlengthSimilarly, the space between paragraphs is held in \parskip, whichcould be altered in a similar fashion as above
Introduction to LaTeXStelios Vrachimis, Alexis Kyriacou 64/78
Customising enumerated lists
For all objects that LATEX automatically numbers (sections, theorems,etc.), there is a counter associated with it
Each counter has a default format that dictates how it is displayed
Command Example
\arabic 1, 2, 3 . . .\alph a, b, c . . .\Alph A, B, C . . .\roman i, ii, iii . . .\Roman I, II, III . . .
There are four individual counters that are associated withenumerated lists, representing the four possible levels of nesting:enumi, enumii, enumiii, enumiv
Customising enumerated lists (cont’d)
There two commands associated with a counter, e.g. \enumiI \theenumi which defines how the counter is used in cross-references,
andI \labelenumi which defines how the counter is printed in the list
You can modify the number of a list by issuing:
\renewcommand\theenumi\Romanenumi
\renewcommand\labelenumi\theenumi
Manolis Christodoulakis (UCY) Introduction to LATEX September 2012 73 / 87
Introduction to LaTeXStelios Vrachimis, Alexis Kyriacou 65/78
Customising enumerated lists
For all objects that LATEX automatically numbers (sections, theorems,etc.), there is a counter associated with it
Each counter has a default format that dictates how it is displayed
Command Example
\arabic 1, 2, 3 . . .\alph a, b, c . . .\Alph A, B, C . . .\roman i, ii, iii . . .\Roman I, II, III . . .
There are four individual counters that are associated withenumerated lists, representing the four possible levels of nesting:enumi, enumii, enumiii, enumiv
Manolis Christodoulakis (UCY) Introduction to LATEX September 2012 72 / 87
Customising enumerated lists (cont’d)
There two commands associated with a counter, e.g. \enumiI \theenumi which defines how the counter is used in cross-references,
andI \labelenumi which defines how the counter is printed in the list
You can modify the number of a list by issuing:
\renewcommand\theenumi\Romanenumi
\renewcommand\labelenumi\theenumi
Introduction to LaTeXStelios Vrachimis, Alexis Kyriacou 66/78
Customising itemized lists
Itemised lists are not as complex as they do not need to count
Therefore, to customise, you simply change the labels
The itemize labels for the four respective levels are accessed via:\labelitemi, \labelitemii, \labelitemiii, \labelitemivExample:\renewcommand\labelitemi\textgreater
Customising footnote numbers
By default, footnotes are numbered in Arabic
You can change footnote numbering by using the following command\renewcommand\thefootnote\alphafootnote
Manolis Christodoulakis (UCY) Introduction to LATEX September 2012 75 / 87
Introduction to LaTeXStelios Vrachimis, Alexis Kyriacou 67/78
Customising itemized lists
Itemised lists are not as complex as they do not need to count
Therefore, to customise, you simply change the labels
The itemize labels for the four respective levels are accessed via:\labelitemi, \labelitemii, \labelitemiii, \labelitemivExample:\renewcommand\labelitemi\textgreater
Manolis Christodoulakis (UCY) Introduction to LATEX September 2012 74 / 87
Customising footnote numbers
By default, footnotes are numbered in Arabic
You can change footnote numbering by using the following command\renewcommand\thefootnote\alphafootnote
Introduction to LaTeXStelios Vrachimis, Alexis Kyriacou 68/78
Appendix B
The AMS-LATEX bundle
The AMS-LATEX bundle
If you want to typeset (advanced) mathematics, you should useAMS-LATEX; it is a collection of packages and classes formathematical typesetting
AMS stands for the American Mathematical Society
The most commonly used package of the bundle is amsmath, whichcontains commands for typesetting maths
Other useful packages of the AMS include:I amsthm for theoremsI amssymb for mathematical symbolsI amsfont for mathematical fonts
Manolis Christodoulakis (UCY) Introduction to LATEX September 2012 78 / 87
Introduction to LaTeXStelios Vrachimis, Alexis Kyriacou 69/78
Appendix B
The AMS-LATEX bundle
Manolis Christodoulakis (UCY) Introduction to LATEX September 2012 77 / 87
The AMS-LATEX bundle
If you want to typeset (advanced) mathematics, you should useAMS-LATEX; it is a collection of packages and classes formathematical typesetting
AMS stands for the American Mathematical Society
The most commonly used package of the bundle is amsmath, whichcontains commands for typesetting maths
Other useful packages of the AMS include:I amsthm for theoremsI amssymb for mathematical symbolsI amsfont for mathematical fonts
Introduction to LaTeXStelios Vrachimis, Alexis Kyriacou 70/78
The amsmath packageA sample of commands and enviroments provided by amsmath:
The multline environment allows for line breaks in equations
The align environment for aligning equations
The matrix environment and its variants for matrices
The amsthm package
As noted earlier, the command \newtheorem allows you to defineyour own theorem environmentsThe amsthm package provides the \theoremstylestyle commandwhich lets you define what the theorem is all about by picking fromthree predefined styles:
I definition fat title, roman bodyI plain fat title, italic bodyI remark italic title, roman body
Simply, put the right \theoremstyle command before defining thenew theorem environments with \newtheorem
Manolis Christodoulakis (UCY) Introduction to LATEX September 2012 80 / 87
Introduction to LaTeXStelios Vrachimis, Alexis Kyriacou 71/78
The amsmath packageA sample of commands and enviroments provided by amsmath:
The multline environment allows for line breaks in equations
The align environment for aligning equations
The matrix environment and its variants for matrices
Manolis Christodoulakis (UCY) Introduction to LATEX September 2012 79 / 87
The amsthm package
As noted earlier, the command \newtheorem allows you to defineyour own theorem environmentsThe amsthm package provides the \theoremstylestyle commandwhich lets you define what the theorem is all about by picking fromthree predefined styles:
I definition fat title, roman bodyI plain fat title, italic bodyI remark italic title, roman body
Simply, put the right \theoremstyle command before defining thenew theorem environments with \newtheorem
Introduction to LaTeXStelios Vrachimis, Alexis Kyriacou 72/78
Proofs
The amsthm package also provides the proof environment
It will automatically print the end-of-proof symbol at the end of theproof
The amssymb package
The amssymb package provides a large number of mathematicalsymbols that were not available in plain LATEX
For example:
Manolis Christodoulakis (UCY) Introduction to LATEX September 2012 82 / 87
Introduction to LaTeXStelios Vrachimis, Alexis Kyriacou 73/78
Proofs
The amsthm package also provides the proof environment
It will automatically print the end-of-proof symbol at the end of theproof
Manolis Christodoulakis (UCY) Introduction to LATEX September 2012 81 / 87
The amssymb package
The amssymb package provides a large number of mathematicalsymbols that were not available in plain LATEX
For example:
Introduction to LaTeXStelios Vrachimis, Alexis Kyriacou 74/78
Mathematical fonts
The packages amssymb and amsfont provide mathematical fonts andfont-formatting commands
For example:
Appendix C
Dealing with Greek characters
Manolis Christodoulakis (UCY) Introduction to LATEX September 2012 85 / 87
Introduction to LaTeXStelios Vrachimis, Alexis Kyriacou 75/78
Mathematical fonts
The packages amssymb and amsfont provide mathematical fonts andfont-formatting commands
For example:
Manolis Christodoulakis (UCY) Introduction to LATEX September 2012 83 / 87
Appendix C
Dealing with Greek characters
Introduction to LaTeXStelios Vrachimis, Alexis Kyriacou 76/78
Dealing with greek characters in Windows
Open Control Panel
Go to Regional and Language Options
Tab Advanced
In Language for non-Unicode programs choose Greek
Dealing with greek characters in Texmaker
If you type greek characters directly in your LATEX source file, but theydon’t appear correctly, then follow these instructions:
Click on the menu Options and choose Configure Texmaker
In the tab Editor set Editor Font Encoding to ISO-8859-7
Manolis Christodoulakis (UCY) Introduction to LATEX September 2012 87 / 87
Introduction to LaTeXStelios Vrachimis, Alexis Kyriacou 77/78
Dealing with greek characters in Windows
Open Control Panel
Go to Regional and Language Options
Tab Advanced
In Language for non-Unicode programs choose Greek
Manolis Christodoulakis (UCY) Introduction to LATEX September 2012 86 / 87
Dealing with greek characters in Texmaker
If you type greek characters directly in your LATEX source file, but theydon’t appear correctly, then follow these instructions:
Click on the menu Options and choose Configure Texmaker
In the tab Editor set Editor Font Encoding to ISO-8859-7
Introduction to LaTeXStelios Vrachimis, Alexis Kyriacou 78/78