Introduction to Introduction to AnimalsAnimals

MORE THAN 1.8 MILLION SPECIES

ANIMAL COMES ANIMAL COMES FROM “anima” FROM “anima” WHICH MEANS WHICH MEANS

VITAL BREATH OR VITAL BREATH OR SOULSOUL

FOSSIL RECORDFOSSIL RECORDMARINE SPECIESMARINE SPECIES

542 mya542 mya

Major PhylaMajor Phyla

Scientists classify the members of the Scientists classify the members of the animal kingdom into as many as 35 animal kingdom into as many as 35 phyla(phylum). The nine major phyla phyla(phylum). The nine major phyla contain 95-99 percent of all animal contain 95-99 percent of all animal species. species.

Only one animal phylum, Chordata, Only one animal phylum, Chordata, contains vertebrates. The other major contains vertebrates. The other major phyla contain only invertebrates.phyla contain only invertebrates.

Invertebrates make up most of the Invertebrates make up most of the animal kingdom- about 95 percent.animal kingdom- about 95 percent.

Major PhylaMajor Phyla

Annelida – earthworms, leeches, Annelida – earthworms, leeches, marine worms)marine worms)

Arthropoda – insects, spiders, shrimp, Arthropoda – insects, spiders, shrimp, crabscrabs

Chordata – tunicates, lancelets, Chordata – tunicates, lancelets, vertebrates (ex. Fish, humans, vertebrates (ex. Fish, humans, lizards)lizards)

Echinodermata – sea stars, sea Echinodermata – sea stars, sea urchins, sea cucumbersurchins, sea cucumbers

Major PhylaMajor Phyla

Mollusca – snails, slugs, clams, Mollusca – snails, slugs, clams, mussels, octopuses, squidmussels, octopuses, squid

Platyhelminthes- flatwormsPlatyhelminthes- flatworms Cnidaria – jellyfish, sea anemones, Cnidaria – jellyfish, sea anemones,

coralscorals Porifera- spongesPorifera- sponges Nematodes- roundwormsNematodes- roundworms

A. ANIMALS ARE A. ANIMALS ARE DIVERSE BUT THEY DIVERSE BUT THEY

HAVE BASIC HAVE BASIC CHARACTERISTICSCHARACTERISTICS IN IN

COMMONCOMMON Multicellular Multicellular OrganizationOrganization

EukaryotesEukaryotes HeterotrophicHeterotrophic

(consumers)(consumers) Digest their foodDigest their food reproduction reproduction

and developmentand development MovementMovement

Multicellular Multicellular OrganizationOrganization 1. Are made of many cells. Most 1. Are made of many cells. Most

animals contain large numbers of animals contain large numbers of cells.cells. Humans contain 50 trillion cells.Humans contain 50 trillion cells.

In most animals, cells have different In most animals, cells have different jobs.jobs. Specialized cells for specific functionsSpecialized cells for specific functions Groups of cells are organized into tissues.Groups of cells are organized into tissues. This allows organisms to evolve and adapt This allows organisms to evolve and adapt

to many environments.to many environments.

EUKARYOTESEUKARYOTES

2. 2. CELLS HAVE A CELLS HAVE A NUCLEUSNUCLEUS AND AND ORGANELLESORGANELLES

Animals are Animals are HeterotrophicHeterotrophic

3. Depend on other 3. Depend on other livingliving

things in the things in the environment for foodenvironment for food

Most accomplish this Most accomplish this through ingestion.through ingestion.

4. 4. DigestDigest their food their food Digestion is Digestion is

accomplished within accomplished within the animal. This the animal. This process breaks down process breaks down the food into useable the food into useable compounds compounds (carbohydrates, protein (carbohydrates, protein and lipids)and lipids)

MovementMovement

5. Most animals can 5. Most animals can movemove..

The ability to move The ability to move results from two results from two types of tissues found types of tissues found only in animals: only in animals: nervous tissue and nervous tissue and muscular tissue.muscular tissue.

There are a few There are a few animals that are animals that are sessile.sessile.

Sexual Reproduction and Sexual Reproduction and DevelopmentDevelopment

6. Can 6. Can reproducereproduce sexually sexually; ; some can also reproduce some can also reproduce asexuallyasexually

All animals are capable of All animals are capable of reproducing sexuallyreproducing sexually

Some are hermaphrodites Some are hermaphrodites producing both sperm and producing both sperm and eggs in the same bodyeggs in the same body

B. ADAPTATIONS FROM B. ADAPTATIONS FROM PREVIOUS GENERATIONS PREVIOUS GENERATIONS

HELP INDIVIDUALS HELP INDIVIDUALS SURVIVE AND REPRODUCESURVIVE AND REPRODUCE 1. A basic adaptation is obtaining 1. A basic adaptation is obtaining energy energy

from food.from food. a. a. HerbivoresHerbivores eat plants. eat plants. b. b. Carnivores Carnivores eat other animals. eat other animals. c. Animals that eat both plants and animals c. Animals that eat both plants and animals

are are omnivoresomnivores.. d. Detrivores such as beetles and millipedes d. Detrivores such as beetles and millipedes

eat eat decayingdecaying matter called detritus. matter called detritus.

2. 2. PHYSICALPHYSICAL ADAPTATIONS HELP ADAPTATIONS HELP ANIMALS SURVIVE ANIMALS SURVIVE

a. Protective a. Protective coveringscoverings such as shells such as shells or quills help protect animals from or quills help protect animals from predatorspredators

b. Large b. Large sizesize protects some animals protects some animals c. c. MimicryMimicry or camouflage help other or camouflage help other

animals blend into the environment or animals blend into the environment or confuse predatorsconfuse predators

CAMOUFLAGECAMOUFLAGE

3. 3. CamouflageCamouflage is an is an adaptation for predators so adaptation for predators so they can sneak up on their they can sneak up on their

preyprey

4. 4. BEHAVORIALBEHAVORIAL ADAPTATIONS CAN HELP ADAPTATIONS CAN HELP

ANIMALS SURVIVEANIMALS SURVIVE

a. Some animals use a. Some animals use scentscent or ink to or ink to discourage predatorsdiscourage predators

b. b. SpeedSpeed allows some animals to allows some animals to outrun predatorsoutrun predators

c. Traveling in c. Traveling in groupsgroups can assist can assist both predators and preyboth predators and prey

Origin and ClassificationOrigin and Classification The first animals The first animals

probably arose from probably arose from the sea. the sea.

Taxonomists have Taxonomists have grouped animals into grouped animals into several phyla based on several phyla based on evolutionary evolutionary relationships.relationships.

It is estimated there It is estimated there are another 3 to 30 are another 3 to 30 million more to million more to identify and nameidentify and name

C. ANIMALS ARE C. ANIMALS ARE CLASSIFIEDCLASSIFIED

BASED ON SIMILAR BASED ON SIMILAR CHARACTERISTICSCHARACTERISTICS

1. 1. Vertebrates Vertebrates have a backbone; have a backbone; invertebratesinvertebrates do not have a do not have a backbonebackbone

SymmetrySymmetry 2. 2. SymmetrySymmetry is how an animal’s is how an animal’s

body parts are arranged.body parts are arranged. Animals have three patterns of Animals have three patterns of

symmetry.symmetry. a.a. Asymmetrical Asymmetrical animals do not animals do not

have a definite shapehave a definite shape b. Animals with b. Animals with radial radial symmetry symmetry

have parts arranged in a circle have parts arranged in a circle around a center pointaround a center point

c. Animals with c. Animals with bilateralbilateral symmetry have mirrored body symmetry have mirrored body halveshalves

Patterns of SymmetryPatterns of Symmetry

Identify the Type of Identify the Type of SymmetrySymmetry

Animal Body Animal Body StructureStructure

Animals are classified Animals are classified based on the following based on the following characteristics:characteristics:

SymmetrySymmetryGerm layersGerm layersBody CavitiesBody Cavities

Most animals have a dorsal, Most animals have a dorsal, ventral, anterior and ventral, anterior and posterior side or orientation.posterior side or orientation. Dorsal – topDorsal – top Ventral – bottomVentral – bottom Anterior – headAnterior – head Posterior - tailPosterior - tail

Most animals exhibit Most animals exhibit cephalization, the cephalization, the concentration of sensory and concentration of sensory and brain structures in the brain structures in the anterior. Animals with anterior. Animals with cephalization have a head!cephalization have a head!

Animal Diversity – Two Animal Diversity – Two PhylaPhyla

InvertebratesInvertebrates 29 phyla29 phyla 95% of animals95% of animals

ChordatesChordates NotochordNotochord Dorsal nerve cordDorsal nerve cord Pharyngeal pouchesPharyngeal pouches Postanal tailPostanal tail

VertebratesVertebrates Include fishes, birds Include fishes, birds

and mammalsand mammals

Kingdom Animalia

Invertebrates Chordates

Vertebrates

What is the What is the difference in a difference in a

vertebrate and an vertebrate and an invertebrate?invertebrate?

A vertebrate is an animal A vertebrate is an animal with a backbone and with a backbone and

invertebrates do not have invertebrates do not have a backbonea backbone..