Introduction

Where do Spatial Analytical Methods Fit In?

Personal Introduction Spatial Analytical Methods and Applications Agenda

Agenda

Data Visualization: Spatial Analytical Methods

Presentation will provide an overview of Geographic Information Systems (GIS)

Spatial Data: Geographic Objects and Data Types

Visualization Methods and GIS Functionality

Data and Application Resources

GIS Overview

Geographic Information Systems (GIS)

Integration of hardware, software, and data into a comprehensive and user-

friendly format

Used for collecting, storing, managing, analyzing, and

presenting of all formats of spatial information

Allows users to display, query, and analyze data in

order to explore relationships, patterns and

trends

GIS Overview

Spatial Data

Lines Roads, rivers, railways, hydo lines, trails

Points x,y coordinates representing postal codes, dwellings,

buildings, crime locations, cell towers, trees, centroid

Polygons Administrative boundaries, ecosystems, wildlife

habitat

Image Source: esri.com and wikimedia commons

Spatial Data

Spatial Data

Digital Representation of World onto a 2D surface

Data is built from smaller elements, or facts about the geographic world. A piece of information connects a location at a given time to an attribute about that location

Vector Objects and Raster Objects

Calculations (distance, relationships)

Visualization

GIS Overview

Spatial Data

Image Source: esri.com

Spatial Data

Spatial Data

Image Source: esri.com

Spatial Data

Spatial Data

Image Source: google earth

Spatial Data

Spatial Data

Digital Representation of World onto a 2D surface

Data is built from smaller elements, or facts about the geographic world. A piece of information connects a location at a given time to an attribute about that location

Vector Objects and Raster Objects

Visualization

Spatial Data

Spatial Data

Image Source: http://landsurveyorsunited.com/group/gis/forum/topics/origins-and-history-of-gis

Demographics

Crime

Environmental

Economic

Health

Imagery

Census Division

288

Census Consolidated

Division

2,341

Census Subdivision

5,418

Dissemination Block

478,831

Dissemination Area

54,626

Census Tract

5,076

Statistical Area Classification (SAC)

Census Agglomeration

without CT

96

Census Agglomeration with

CT

15

Terr. MIZ CMA/CA influenced

zones

Census Metropolitan Area

33

Economic Region

76

Census Agricultural Region

82

Federal Electoral District

308

Postal Code

Forward Sortation Area

1,625

Designated Place

1,289

CANADA

Province/territory

13

Postal Code

805,640

Block Face

3,739,041

Urban Core and

Urban Fringe Rural fringe

Urban Area

895 Rural area

Canada

Statistical units

Administrative units

Locality

32,771

Census Subdivision

previous Census

5,600

Image Source: www.statcan.gc.ca

Spatial Data

Census Geographies

Image Source: www.statcan.gc.ca

Spatial Data

Census Geographies

Image Source: www.statcan.gc.ca

Spatial Data

Calculations and Relationships

Densities, distances, within, nearby, partly within

Relationships and joins

Spatial Data

Querying

• The database attribute structure of these datasets allows for a user to query spatial

databases through SQL.

• Queries and reasoning are the most basic of analysis operations, in which the GIS is

used to answer simple questions posed by the user. No changes occur in the database,

and no new data are produced. The operations vary from simple and well-defined

queries like “how many people are found within 1km of this point” to more vague

questions like “which is the closest Census Subdivision area to the north of Sudbury”.

Visualization

Are these clusters?

Visualization and Analysis

Visualization

Quantify Patterns through methods such as

Local Indicators of Spatial Association (LISA) to

reveal “hotspots” or areas of clustering of values

Visualization

Image Source: www.popcentre.org

Visualization

Image Source: www.popcentre.org

Visualization

Image Source: www.popcentre.org

Visualization

Demographics and Statistics

– Neighbourhood Demographics

– Crime Statistics

Crime Density Division Area

Total

Crimes Crimes/sq.km

Shootings D43 1.06 16 15

Robberies D43 1.06 81 76

VCFS D43 1.06 1628 1536

Crime Rate Division Population

Total

Crimes

Crime /100,000

people

Shootings D43 12,515 16 128

Robberies D43 12,515 81 647

VCFS D43 12,515 1628 13008

Language Composition:

Albion Finch

Education Levels:

Jane Finch

Crime Levels:

Scarborough Village

Visualization

Image Source: www.statcan.gc.ca

Postal Codes (PC) and Forward Sortation Area (FSA)

Postal code (PC) : six-character code defined and maintained by Canada Post Corporation

The first three characters of the PC identify the forward sortation area (FSA)

Average number of households served is approx 8,000, but the number can range from zero to more than 60,000 households 805,640 postal codes and 1,625 forward sortation areas

Population and dwelling counts are available by the postal code reported by respondents on their census questionnaire

Visualization

Postal Code

The Postal Code Conversion File is a digital file that provides a

correspondence between the six-character postal codes and Statistics

Canada’s standard 2006 geographical areas (such as DA’s, CSD’s,

and CT’s).

The PCCF also provides latitude and longitude coordinates for points

representing postal code locations to support mapping.

Visualization

Shopping Center A

Place Liray

Carrefour Charlesbourg

Shopping Center B

Shopping Center C

AREAS OF INFLUENCE OF A SHOPPING CENTER

Location

Visualization

Place Liray

Carrefour Charlesbourg

Shopping Center A

Shopping Center B

Shopping Center C

Location

1 to 10 clients

AREAS OF INFLUENCE OF A SHOPPING CENTER

Visualization

Place Liray

Carrefour Charlesbourg

Shopping Center A

Shopping Center B

Shopping Center C

Location

Secondary area of influence

Primary area of influcence

1 to 10 clients

AREAS OF INFLUENCE OF A SHOPPING CENTER

Visualization

Place Liray

Carrefour Charlesbourg

Shopping Center A

Shopping Center B

Shopping Center C

Location

Secondary area of influence

Primary area of influcence

Residential area to

be developped 1 to 10 clients

AREAS OF INFLUENCE OF A SHOPPING CENTER

Visualization

Urban expansion

area

Location

Secondary area of influence

Primary area of influcence

Place Liray

Carrefour Charlesbourg

1 to 10 clients

Shopping Center A

Shopping Center B

Shopping Center C

Residential area to

be developped

AREAS OF INFLUENCE OF A SHOPPING CENTER

Visualization

“The areal units (zonal objects) used in many geographical studies are

arbitrary, modifiable, and subject to the whims and fancies of whoever

is doing, or did, the aggregating." (Openshaw, 1984, 3)

◦ gerrymandering

◦ “Texas bull’s-eye”

◦ boundaries drawn for some other purpose

Limitations

scale effects

zoning effects

edge effects

◦ 2nd order effects are greater at centre than at edge where there

are neighbours only towards the centre

10 15 5

5 10 15

5 10 5

6.67 11.67 8.33 8.89

7.5

11.25

6.67

12.5

8.0

7.5

11.25

7.5

5

Limitations

Resources

Available Products

Paid Products Pitney Bowes MapInfo - MapInfo – www.pbinsight.com ESRI ArcGIS – www.esri.com Manifold GIS – www.manifold.net Open Source GeoDa – https://geodacenter.asu.edu CrimeStat III – www.icpsr.umich.edu/CrimeStat Google Earth – earth.google.com

Mapping Software Data Courses and Info Contact Info Conclusion

Data Courses and Information

Contact Info Conclusion

Resources

Data

Data Availability Statistics Canada - www.statcan.gc.ca Natural Resources Canada – geogratis or http://geoapps.nrcan.gc.ca/applications/p3/all_tout Service New Brunswick - http://www.snb.ca/gdam-igec/e/2900e_1.asp City of Toronto Open Data – www.toronto.ca/open

Mapping Software

Courses and Information

Contact Info Conclusion

Mapping Software Data Courses and Info Contact Info Conclusion

Resources

Courses and Information

For more information University libraries Courses through forestry, engineering, geography

Mapping Software Data Courses and Information Contact Information Conclusion

Mapping Software

Contact Information

Conclusion Data

Resources

Contact Information

Ian Williams iwilliam@arts.ryerson.ca 416-432-2520

Mapping Software Conclusion Data

Courses and Information

Mapping Software Data Courses and Information Contact Information Conclusion

Resources

Conclusion

Wide application for spatial data analysis

Mapping Software Data

Courses and Information Contact Information

Mapping Software Data Courses and Information Contact Information Conclusion