Post on 05-Jan-2016
description
Interaction Styles
Direct Manipulation
Menu selection, Form Fillin, Dialog boxes
Command Languages, Natural Languages
Course 6, CMC, 07/10/03
07/10/03 HC6 2
Toward an Interaction Style• High concept definition
– functionality– goals– benefits
• Task analysis– users and tasks
• Choice of interaction style– easy to learn, to apply, to retain over time– relevant to users task
07/10/03 HC6 3
OAI model
07/10/03 HC6 4
Direct Manipulation: 3 integrated principles
• Continuous representation of objects and actions of interest with meaningful visual metaphors
• Physical actions or presses of labeled buttons instead of complex syntax
• Rapid incremental reversible operations whose effect on objects of interest is visible immediately
07/10/03 HC6 5
Visual Thinking and Icons• Commercial graphic designers,
semiotically oriented academics, data-visualization gurus
• Preferences vary by user and by task
• Icons or Text?
• How to design icons?
• Sound and Animation added?
07/10/03 HC6 6
Problems with Direct Manipulation
• Visual representations too large for screen, too detailed
• Visual representations without obvious meaning
• Misleading metaphors
• Shift hardware devices
07/10/03 HC6 7
Menu Selection• Effective: recognition
• Early systems (selection via keyboard)– full screen menus: numbered, textual
• Modern systems (selection by mouse clicks)– pull-down and pop-up menus– radio buttons and check boxes– embedded links– menu items: textual, graphic, auditory
07/10/03 HC6 8
Organization Menu Items
• Meaningful: Superiority categorical menu organization over alphabetical organization
• Menu structures: single menus; linear sequence of menus; strict tree structures; acyclic networks; cyclic networks
• Key to menu structure: task-related objects and actions
07/10/03 HC6 9
Single Menus• binary menus
• multiple-item menus
• multiple-selection menus (check boxes)
• pull-down and pop-up menus
• scrolling and two-dimensional menus
• alphasliders
• embedded links
• iconic menus, toolbars, palettes
07/10/03 HC6 10
Alphaslider
07/10/03 HC6 11
07/10/03 HC6 12
Embedded Links (example)Glosser
07/10/03 HC6 13
Tree Structures
07/10/03 HC6 14
Pull-down menu (example)
07/10/03 HC6 15
Pie menu (example)
07/10/03 HC6 16
Tree-Structured Menus: Problems
• overlapping categories
• extraneous items
• conflicting classifications
• unfamiliar jargon
• generic terms
• too many levels
• users loss of orientation
07/10/03 HC6 17
Suggested Rules• create task-related groups of logically
similar items• form groups that cover all possibilities• make sure that items ar nonoverlapping• use familiar terminology, but ensure that
items are distinct from one another• the fewer the levels, the greater the ease
of decision making• add menu map to help users stay oriented
07/10/03 HC6 18
Sequence of Item Presentation
• There is a task-related ordering– chronological– increasing/decreasing (number, length, volume,
temperature, … )
• There is no task-related ordering– alphabetic– grouping of related items– most frequently used first– most important first
07/10/03 HC6 19
Response Time & Display Rate
• Long response times
• Slow display rates• Use command
language• Greater memory
demands
• Short response times
• Rapid display rates• Use menu selection• Cues to elicit
recognition
07/10/03 HC6 20
Form Fillin• Many fields of data are necessary
• Some guidelines from practitioners:– meaningful title– comprehensible instructions– logical grouping and sequencing of fields– familiar field labels– error prevention, correction, messages– completion signal
• List- and Combo Boxes, Coded Fields
07/10/03 HC6 21
Dialog Boxes
• Combine Menu Selection and Form Fillin
• Additional concerns– consistency across all system dialog boxes– relationships with other items on screen
• Guidelines for internal layout and external relationships
07/10/03 HC6 22
Dialog Box (example)
07/10/03 HC6 23
Command Languages
• Strategies for command syntax– simple command set– command + argument(s): DELETE FILEA– command + option(s) + argument(s):
• PRINT/3, HQ FILEA• A0821DCALGA0300P
– hierarchical command structure• CREATE FILEA LOCPR1• DISPLAY DIR1 SCR2
07/10/03 HC6 24
Command Languages• meaningful structure
• consistent argument ordering
• keywords vs. Symbols• change all KO to OK vs. RS: /KO/, /OK/; *
• congruent hierarchical forms of commands• move robot forward vs. advance vs. go• move robot backward vs. retreat vs. Back
• naming and abbreviations
07/10/03 HC6 25
Natural Language in Computing
• Natural-language interaction– restricted to specific tasks
• \erase worksheet; \insert row; \total all columns
– annoying cursor movements from object to toolbar
• automatic speech for selecting painting tools
• Natural-language Queries
• Text-database Searching