Post on 28-Jan-2016
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Intelligence
What is intelligence?
Varies by culture Western cultures focus on cognitive tasks Test performance is influenced by cultural experiences
Is your “IQ” from nature or nurture?
IQ and genetic effects (Genetics effects IQ)
IQ partly based on heredity
Identical twins reared separately have more similar IQ than fraternal twins reared together.
Is your “IQ” nature or nurture?
IQ and birth parents (Childrearing effects IQ)
Is your IQ one general ability or several specific abilities? Factor analysis
Used to determine if intelligence is one or a cluster of traits
Clusters: verbal, mathematical, spatial, reasoning abilities
General intelligence Spearman’s “G” factor A general capacity that underlies all specific mental
abilities
What types of intelligence are there?
Emotional Cognitive Unique
What is emotional intelligence?
Ability to express, understand, and process emotions
Being very empathic
What is cognitive intelligence?
Math Reading comprehension
What is unique intelligence?
Savant Syndrome Incredible ability in one area
Numbers, drawing, music, memory
Stephen Wiltshire: The Human Camera – Drawn after one heliocopter ride over New York
Savants are often autistic or have other developmental disability with a very unusual talent in one area.
Do you remember?
How does culture effect IQ scores? How do we know IQ is partly based on heredity? What is emotional intelligence? What is cognitive intelligence? What is the savant syndrome?
How did intelligence testing begin?
Originally designed to measure cognitive aptitude Alfred Benet
Predicted school achievement with mental age Eg. A 9 year old child has a mental age of 9
Lewis Terman (From Stanford University) Created the American revision of Binet’s original
intelligence test Developed the “Stanford-Binet” IQ test
What is the intelligence Quotient (IQ)?
Mental age divided by chronological age X 100 E.g. 15 divided by 15 X 100 = 100 10 divided by 8 X 100 = 125 Worked well for children but not adults Today’s IQ tests compare the person’s
performance to others of his own age (100 is average)
What standard intelligence tests are there?
WAIS Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale
WISC Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children
Other tests
Achievement tests - Measure what has been learned Calculus test
Aptitude tests - Predicting ability A test of your capacity to learn College entrance exams ( SAT & GRE exams)
Do you remember?
How do you calculate IQ based on the older method?
What was the problem with this method? What is the difference between achievement tests
and aptitude tests?
What should you look for when creating tests? Validity Reliability Standardization
What is validity?
Measuring what it is supposed to measure Content validity
College exams Driver’s license exam
Criterion validity Test compared to criterion group
(e.g. depressed patients) Predictive Validity
SAT & GRE exams
What is reliability?
Consistent results Internal consistency
Odd v.s. even questions
What is standardization?
Scores relative to a pre-tested group
Based on a bell shaped normal curve
Ave. a score of intelligence test = 100
Do you remember?
If a test has validity, what does that mean? If a test has reliability, what does that mean? Discuss the three types of validity? What is standardization, and how did that change
the meaning of IQ? What is the concept of the normal bell curve that
IQ is based on?