Integration of Energy Storage for E-Textile Applications

Nicholas Hillier

nh3g09@soton.ac.uk

University of Southampton

• Why do e-textiles need energy storage

• What are the different kinds of energy storage and how do they work

• Typical integration methods for energy storage

• Typical materials for e-textile energy storage

• Current state of the art

• Future perspectives

Contents:

• Why do e-textiles need energy storage

• What are the different kinds of energy storage and how do they work

• Typical integration methods for energy storage

• Typical materials for e-textile energy storage

• Current state of the art

• Future perspectives

The why?We want to move towards autonomous and wire free e-textile systems

For this to happen we must consider an e-textile to be a microgrid, analogous to our electricity grid

Waste Energy:Movement, heat,

electromagnetic

Energy

Converter:Tribo, ferro, piezo,

antennas, induction

coils

Energy

Storage:

The missing link

Application:Medical devices,

sensors, transmitters,

IoT

?[1][1]

• Why do e-textiles need energy storage

• What are the different kinds of energy storage and how do they work

• Typical integration methods for energy storage

• Typical materials for e-textile energy storage

• Current state of the art

• Future perspectives

Batteries and Fuel Cells

Electrical to chemical storage via REDOX (reduction and oxidation) reactions.

Reduction and oxidation and the flow of ions between the anode and cathode

allows electrons to flow through the external circuit

[2]

[3]

Capacitors: from electrostatic to super

PseudoEnergy is stored via fast and reversible

redox reactions at the surface

ElectrostaticEnergy is stored via the separation of

charges at the double layer

[4]

[5]

• Why do e-textiles need energy storage

• What are the different kinds of energy storage and how do they work

• Typical integration methods for energy storage

• Typical materials for e-textile energy storage

• Current state of the art

• Future perspectives

E-Textile Energy Storage Forms

1D• Fibres/yarns enclosed in electrolyte and

cladding.

• Intrinsically packaged

• Woven into textiles

• Challenging to up scale

2D• Planar or single layer configurations

• Intrinsic to the textile

• Makes use of the textile structure

• More challenging to package

3D• Multiple layers

• Equivalent to a traditional pouch energy

storage

• Simple production

• Cumbersome

[6]

electrode textile

• Why do e-textiles need energy storage

• What are the different kinds of energy storage and how do they work

• Typical integration methods for energy storage

• Typical materials for e-textile energy storage

• Current state of the art

• Future perspectives

Battery Materials Battery

• Reserve batteries versus

secondary

• Reserve batteries are often

aqueous and activate with the

addition of water

• Secondary battery chemistries

have all been tried but slightly

different (Li4Ti5O12 as an anode

for example)

• Unlocks the potential of metal

air batteries

Fuel Cells• The H2 anode is replaced a

biological anode.

• Enzymes and bio-catalysts (eg:

lactate oxidase)

• Oxygen reduction aided by

another catalyst (eg: bilirubin

oxidase)

• Could be argued that these

harvesters and not storage.

Supercapacitor Materials Electrostatic

Activated carbon, graphene, nanotubes,

carbon aerogels

PseudoConductive polymer (PEDOT, PANI,

Ppy) and metal oxides (MnO2, RuO2)

ElectrolytesPredominantly aqueous (KOH, H3PO4,

H2SO4). Often polymers are adding to

form a hydrogel.

• Why do e-textiles need energy storage

• What are the different kinds of energy storage and how do they work

• Typical integration methods for energy storage

• Typical materials for e-textile energy storage

• Current state of the art

• Future perspectives

State of the Art

[8][7]

• Why do e-textiles need energy storage

• What are the different kinds of energy storage and how do they work

• Typical integration methods for energy storage

• Typical materials for e-textile energy storage

• Current state of the art

• Future perspectives

Future Perspectives

• Complex binary and tertiary electrode structures and

asymmetric devices

• Packaging and interconnections

• Advanced energy systems (moving beyond the singular

device)

• Functional energy storage (self healing, stretchable, etc)

References[1] https://www.e-textiles.ecs.soton.ac.uk

[2] Nishi, Y. (2001), The development of litium ion secondary batteries. Chem Record, 1: 406-

413. https://doi.org/10.1002/tcr.1024

[3] Mazumder, V., Lee, Y. and Sun, S. (2010), Recent Development of Active Nanoparticle Catalysts for Fuel Cell Reactions. Adv.

Funct. Mater., 20: 1224-1231. https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.200902293

[4] A. Davies and A. Yu, "Material advancements in supercapacitors: From activated carbon to carbon nanotube and graphene," The

Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering, vol. 89, no. 6, pp. 1342-1357, 2011/12/01 2011.10.1002/cjce.20586

[5] Majumdar, D., Mandal, M. & Bhattacharya, S.K. Journey from supercapacitors to supercapatteries: recent advancements in

electrochemical energy storage systems. emergent mater. 3, 347–367 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42247-020-00090-5

[6] Y. Li, S. Yong, N. Hillier, S. Arumugam and S. Beeby, "Screen Printed Flexible Water Activated Battery on Woven Cotton Textile

as a Power Supply for E-Textile Applications," in IEEE Access, vol. 8, pp. 206958-206965, 2020, doi:

10.1109/ACCESS.2020.3038157

[7] Yin, L., Kim, K.N., Lv, J. et al. A self-sustainable wearable multi-modular E-textile bioenergy microgrid system. Nat

Commun 12, 1542 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-21701-7

[8] M. Wagih, N. Hillier, S. Yong, A. S. Weddell and S. Beeby, "RF-Powered Wearable Energy Harvesting and Storage Module Based

on E-Textile Coplanar Waveguide Rectenna and Supercapacitor," in IEEE Open Journal of Antennas and Propagation, vol. 2, pp. 302-

314, 2021, doi: 10.1109/OJAP.2021.3059501