Post on 14-Dec-2015
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A systematic mapping and evaluation of health, ecological and resource impact thoughout the entire life-cycle of a product from resource extraction to final disposal
Resources
Health
Transport
Use
Environment
Waste treatment
Production
What is LCA?
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LCA Framework
Goal and Scope Definition
Inventory Analysis
1. Constructing a Process Flow Chart2. Collecting Data3. Defining Systems Boundaries4. Processing the Data
Impact Assessment
1. Classification2. Characterization3. Weighting
Interpretation
Credit: UNEP, Life Cycle Assessment: What it is and how to do it, Paris 1996.
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Functional unit
requires...
ca 130 PET bottles (17 use cycles)
”1000 liters of beer delivered”
ca 70 glas bottles (28 use cycles)
ca 2000 aluminium cans (1 'cycle')
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Process flow chart for a glas bottle
Collection of used glass
Private transport
Production of lime- stone and sand etc.
Glass production
washingDeposit
Bottle production
Filling
Retail
userlandfill
Climate change
acidification waste VOC Energy consumpton
Production of materials
Production of bottles
washing/ filling & distribution
other transport
To waste treatment from user
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System boundaries
… define the boundary between the product system and the environment.
… separate unit processes that are included in the analysis from those that are excluded.E.g., for private transport, we may include the energy consumption and emissions of driving the car, but exclude the production of the car, the road etc.
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Data sources, data processing
Good data on the emissions and resource use during life-cycle steps is difficult to obtain. Following data sources are often used:
• Process engineering data from the manufacturer• Public emissions databases (e.g., TRI)• LCA databases included in LCA software • other LCAs
Great care must be taken to ensure that data is correct and relevant.
LCA software tools differ in their ability to correctly process inventory data. They are often unable to address feedback loops or uncertainty.
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Impact Assessment
Hertwich et al., J. Ind. Ecol. 4(1):13-28, 2000
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Equivalent effect
stressor
insult
consequence
value lost
stress
CO2, CH4 emissions
CO2, CH4 concentration
Temperature, Storms
Crop Loss, Storm Damage
IR radiation
Impact chain
acc. to Holdren(1980)
Global climate
changeimpact chain
GWP
IPCC(1996)
EDI
Hammitt et al.(1996)
integrated over aspecific number
of years
discounted
Hertwich et al., J. Ind. Ecol. 4(1):13-28, 2000
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Impact Assessment and Weighting
LCA of concrete: 3 different impact assessment systems were used, reflecting different approaches and values.
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Interpretation
Find significant contributions• most important impact (pollutant or resource use)
• most important step in the life-cycle
Understand analysis -- critical assumptions• how would conclusions change in response to other
assumptions (sensitivity analysis)
• how dependent are conclusions on uncertain input data (uncertainty analysis)
Identify and evaluate improvement options• changes in design, material, or process that may reduce
important environmental impacts
… is a systematic procedure to identify, qualify, check and evaluate information from the reulsts of the LCI and/or LCIA of a product system …
ISO 14043
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LCA of Norwegian Hydropower
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
%
SO2 CO2
NOx NMVOC
N2O CH4
CO part
PAH Freon
F Hg
Cr Cu
Ni Cd
Pb Zn
BOD COD
N-tot P-tot
Elektrisitet Fossil energi
Ag (ressurs) Al (ressurs)
Cu (ressurs) Zn (ressurs)
Skogareal Dyrkbar mark
Annet landareal Prod.avfall
Spes.avfall
NOx
CO2 CO2
SO2
SO2
PM10
Cu, resource
Fossile fuelTotalfluor
M. Vold, SETAC Case Study Symposium, Brussels, 1996.
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Windpower Simplon, CH 1990
Damage costs according to pollutants [Euro/kWh]CO2 7.7 E-4CH4 5.9 E-5NOx 4.9 E-4Particles 1.1 E-3SO2 1.1 E-3NMVOC 1.4 E-4Benzo(a)pyren 2.7 E-9
Global Warming 0.000826Mortality 0.001646Morbidity 0.000577acidification terrestrical 0.000383acidification aquatic 0.000131Eutrophication terrestrial 3.76E-05material damage 2.39E-05damage to plants 3.65E-05
0
0.001
0.002
0.003
0.004
1
Eu
ro/k
Wh
Global Warming
Mortality
Morbidity
Acidification