What was the Industrial Revolution?

The Industrial Revolution was a fundamental change in the way goods were produced, from human labour to machines

Historical Significance of the Industrial Revolution

• Agriculture and technology had not much changed in 3000 years

• The Industrial Revolution changed human life a lot

When did it begin?

The Industrial Revolution began in Britain in the late 1700s and spread to Europe and the United States.

It can be divided into two phases:• First Industrial Revolution (from the late 1700s to

the mid-1800s)

• Second Industrial Revolution (from the mid-1800s to the early 1900s)

• The First Industrial Revolution industrialized the manufacture of textiles and began to move the production from homes to factories. Steam power played a very important role.

• The Second Industrial Revolution began to use more technologies to mass produce goods. Important innovations during this period include the use of electricity and the assembly line.

VOCABULARY

● Inventions● Capital● Capitalist● Factory system● Interchangeble parts● Assembly line● Urbanization● Luddites

The industrial revolution introduced mechanical inventions into the producing process.

Many of the first innovations were applied to the textile industry.

Inventions

Another name for money.

Capital

Capitalist

Is a person who invests in a business in order to make a profit.

In a Factory System workers work together in one place to produce goods.In the factories there are tools and machinery.

Factory system

Identical, machine-made parts.They can be replaced quickly because they are identical.

Interchangeable Parts

Assembly line

It is a manufacturing process in which parts (usually interchangeable parts) are added in sequence from workstation to workstation until the product is finished.

Before the revolution, most people lived in the country and worked on farms. During the revolution, people moved to the cities to work in factories.

Urbanization

Because of the rapid industrialisation many weavers lost their jobs: they could not compete with machines.

Luddites

Many unemployed workers, weavers, and others, began to destroy factories and machinery. These attackers were called Luddites, from the name of their leader, Ned Ludd.Did you know? The word "luddite" now refers to a person who is opposed to technological change.

The Industrial Revolution started when British inventors developed new machines in textiles factories.

Causes of the Industrial Revolution

• In 1764 James Hargreaves invented the spinning jenny which allowed a machine to spin several threads at once.

• In the early 1700s, Thomas Newcomen designed the prototype for the first modern steam engine. Later James Watt invented a steam engine with a rotary motion and used it to power machines, locomotives, and ships.

• A very important innovation was the smelting of iron ore with coke instead of the traditional charcoal. This method was both cheaper and produced higher-quality material.

Causes

Effects of the Industrial Revolution

Urbanization of cities

New problems in the cities

New attractions

● No sewers.● Waste was thrown onto the streets● Poor sanitation● Disease from poor sanitation conditions● Poor housing conditions● Crime

Urbanization problems

New forms of entertainment began to attract people.

1. Museums

2. Theaters

3. stores

New attractions

During the Industrial Revolution more family members started to work:

Changes in Home Life

● Women in poorer families often went to work at factories to help support the family.

● Poor families sent also children to the factories and mines so they could earn more money.

• In big industrial cities, houses were built very fast to house the numerous workers arriving from the country.

• London became the most important city in Europe

The Crystal Palace waserected to display the

exhibits of modern industry and science at the 1851

Great Exhibition

Child Labour

• Agile boys were employed as chimney sweeps.

• Small children were employed to scramble under machinery to retrieve cotton bobbins;

• Children worked in coal mines, crawling through tunnels too narrow and low for adults.

A child pulling a cart

Many workers were forced to work long hours for very low wages.

Workers in factories worked up to12 hours a day, six days a week.

Long hours

From the early 1800s, new transportation methods could get goods and people to distant places faster and cheaper than ever before.

New transportation methods

• Invented in 1807

• Goods could be moved quicker and cheaper than ever before

Steamboats

Panama Canal (1914) provided access from one side of the Americas to the other without the need to sail around South America

CanalsSuez Canal (1869) provided access to the Indian Ocean from the Mediterranean Sea without the need to sail around Africa

In 1830 opened the first public railway line in the world: the Liverpool -Manchester Railway.

Railways

A painting of the inaugural journey of the Liverpool and Manchester Railway, by A.B. Clayton.

Why the Industrial Revolution

Raw Materials

England possessed the necessary raw materials to create the means of production

• Coal (vast coal reserves to power steam engines)

• Iron (to build large machines, railroad tracks, trains, and ships).

WorkersSerfdom ended earlier in England than other countries and people could freely travel from the countryside to the cities

Merchant Marine

• England had the world’s largest merchant fleet

• Vast numbers of ships could bring raw materials and finished goods to and from England’s colonies and to and from other countries

Geography

• Great Britain did not suffer fighting on its land during the wars of the 18th century

• The island has excellent harbors• Stable Governments • No internal trade barriers

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