Post on 04-Jun-2022
Improving Vehicle
Safety Through
Advanced
Technologies
Tim Johnson, Director, NHTSA Vehicle Research and Test Center
Fleet Technology Expo
October 18, 2016
1
National Highway Traffic Safety Administration’s (NHTSA’s) mission is:
to save lives, prevent injuries, and reduce economic costs due to road traffic
crashes, through education, research, safety standards, and enforcement
activity.
http://www.nhtsa.gov/
2
Fatalities and Fatality Rate, by Year
0.00
2.00
4.00
6.00
8.00
0
10,000
20,000
30,000
40,000
50,000
60,000
1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010Fatalities
30,246
Fatalities Fatality
Rate
35,092
Motor vehicle crashes cost nearly $836 billion
3
• Behavioral Safety
– Grants for safety programs
– High visibility enforcement
– Research on behavioral issues
– Driver education assistance
• Vehicle Safety and Fuel Economy
– Vehicle safety standards (crashworthiness and crash avoidance), fuel
economy standards
– Vehicle Safety Research – Enforcement (e.g., recalls)
– Data collection and analysis
– Consumer Information (e.g. New Car Assessment Program, etc.)
What NHTSA does
4
5
INJURY MITIGATION MEDICAL ATTENTION
HUMAN / PRE - EVENT
SEVERITY REDUCTION PREVENTION
Volvo forward collision warning
New Technologies and The Crash Timeline
“Driver Assist” Technologies
6
• 94% of police reported crashes involve some type of driver error
• Data indicates safety benefits for driver assistance systems, i.e. “smart” technologies
• Government perspective – Motivation remains strong for safety programs
• Crash problem remains – leading cause of death for some age groups
• Industry: – Integration of functions, cost reduction, and tech savvy drivers
will make it attractive for OEMs to say “yes” to advanced technologies
Advanced Driver Assist Systems:
What’s Motivating Implementation?
Safety Technologies/Systems
in PRODUCTION Today
7
Electronic Stability Control
• Light Vehicle:
– Prevent crashes due to loss
of control
• Mandated via FMVSS 126
– Potential to save thousands of
lives per year
• Heavy Vehicle
– Mandated via FMVSS 136 for
tractor semi trailers and
motorcoaches
– Straight trucks and buses
• Additional research
underway
8
Continental Automotive Systems USA
Forward Crash Warning and Auto Braking
9
• Radar and Camera Sensors
• Provides warnings to drivers
based on closure rates
between vehicles—and can
apply brakes automatically if
driver does not react.
• Audio, visual, and haptic
warnings
• Forward Crash Warning
(FCW), Dynamic Brake Assist
(DBA), Automatic Emergency
Braking (AEB)
Automatic Emergency Braking (AEB)
10
• Dynamic Brake Support (LV only) – Supplements the vehicle’s brake output when the system believes that
the driver has not applied enough brake pedal force (66% of LV rear-end
crashes)
• Crash Imminent Braking (LV and HV) – Applies the vehicle’s brakes when the driver makes no avoidance
attempt (33% of LV rear-end crashes)
• Agency Actions – Voluntary agreement with LV automakers
– LV AEB proposed for the agency’s NCAP program
Heavy Vehicle Automatic Emergency Braking (AEB)
Systems
• NHTSA Actively Researching AEB for Trucks
– Assess the performance of next-generation collision avoidance systems
(CAS)
– Investigate whether driver performance and overall driving behavior
changes over time while using CAS technology
– Developing Test Procedures and Performance Criteria
11
Pedestrian Detection Systems
• Pedestrian Crash Avoidance/Mitigation (PCAM)
– Systems warn a driver of a potential pedestrian collision or apply
automatic emergency braking
• NHTSA activities:
– Developing safety benefit estimates
– Completing objective test procedures
Scenario Cases % All FYL Fatalities
Crossing path 115,000 84% 7,000
Right turn 2,000 1% 16
Left turn 9,000 1% 0
Parallel paths 13,000 10% 1,000
12
Rear Backup Safety
• Rear Visibility/Backup Systems:
– Camera Sensors
– Final regulation issued for LVs
(all LV by 2018)
• Rear Automatic Braking Technology
– New, limited market penetration
– NHTSA activities:
• Characterizing rear automatic braking system technology performance
• Develop objective test procedure and performance criteria
13
Lane Departure Warning/Lane Keeping Support
• Video camera technology detects lane markings and warns driver of unintentional
lane drift. Some systems add slight brake torque or steering assist
• Technology is commercialized in both the light and heavy duty sectors
• Agency action – LDW included in New Car Assessment Program (NCAP)
14
Blind Spot Warning and Monitoring
• Blind Spot Warning and Monitoring:
–LV: typically radar-based, warns driver of presence of vehicle in the
blind spot
• Different warning schemes from different automakers (visual,
audio, haptic)
–HV: Various systems – camera and radar-based systems tested by
NHTSA
15
Lateral Deviation Support
• An active version of blind
spot warning
• Functions when the driver is
making a lane change
• Presently has limited market
penetration
• Safely performing test track
evaluations requires use of a
realistic 3D surrogate POV
16
Next Generation Technologies
• Alcohol Detection
• Vehicle Communications
• Highly Automated Vehicles
17
Driver Alcohol Detection System for Safety
(DADSS)
• Background
– Every day, nearly 30 people in the United
States die in motor vehicle crashes that
involve an alcohol-impaired driver. This
amounts to 1 death every 51 minutes
• Objectives
– Non-invasive, seamless breath-based and
touch-based technologies to measure driver
BAC and reduce incidence of drunk driving
– Measure alcohol accurately, precisely, and
reliably in a very short time so the sober
driver is not inconvenienced
– Devices intended to prevent alcohol-
impaired drivers (BAC ≥ 0.08) from driving
their vehicles
18
Alcohol Detection (www.dadss.org)
Distant Spectrometry
A breath-based approach which allows measurement of alcohol in the driver’s exhaled breath, and uses carbon dioxide in breath to estimate breath dilution.
Tissue Spectrometry
A touch-based approach which
measures alcohol in tissue through
detection of light absorption at a
particular wavelength from a beam
of near-infrared light reflected
from within the driver’s tissue
19 19
Vehicle to Vehicle (V2V) Communications
Vehicles “talk” to each
other exchanging
information such as
vehicle size, position,
speed, heading,
lateral/longitudinal
acceleration, yaw rate,
throttle position, brake
status, steering angle,
wiper status, turn signal
status, enabling safety and
mobility applications
• High safety benefit potential – many different crash types can be addressed
• Technology: Dedicated Short Range Communications (DSRC) at 5.9GHz
• Range: About 300 Meters
• DSRC augments or replaces onboard sensors (radar, camera, etc) 20
Crash warnings to the driver
• Intersection Movement Assist
• Left Turn Across Path Warning
• Forward Crash Warning
• Blind Spot/Lane Change
• Do Not Pass Warning (prevent head-on
collisions)
• Emergency Braking (warn driver if hard
braking ahead of them)
• Curve Speed Warning
21
V2V Safety Applications
Automated Vehicles
Level 0
Level 1
Level 2
Level 3
Level 4
22
Level 5
No sustained lateral or longitudinal control Examples: • Crash
warning systems,
• ESC • AEB
Sustained lateral or longitudinal control, but not both Examples: • Adaptive
Cruise Control (ACC)
• Truck Platooning
Sustained lateral and longitudinal control • Driver responsible for monitoring driving environment and retaking control immediately Example: Tesla Autopilot
Sustained lateral and longitudinal control • Driver expected for occasional control • Driver can cede full monitoring and control authority
Sustained lateral and longitudinal control • Driver NOT expected for control • Responsibility for safe operation solely with the vehicle • Restricted to certain operating domains
Same as L4 but operates EVERYWHERE
Levels of Automated Vehicle Systems (SAE J3016)
Automated Vehicles: Research
23
Human Factors Research
• Human factors evaluation of Level 2 and Level 3 automated driving concepts
• Initial human factors design principles for L2/L3
Electronic Control Systems Safety (including Cybersecurity)
• Functional safety of safety-critical automotive systems and extensions to L2-L4
• Cybersecurity threats, vulnerabilities, countermeasures assessment
System Performance Requirements
• System performance requirements framework
• Objective test procedures
Benefits Assessment
• Target crash population estimation for automated vehicles L2-L4
• Multi-modal benefits framework development
Testing and Evaluation
• Controlled test track studies
• Field operational tests
• Current Production Systems
Include (Level 2):
− Low Speed Driving Systems (traffic jam
assist)
− Highway Driving (e.g. Tesla Autopilot)
• NHTSA activities:
− Developing Performance Tests
− On-Road Field Studies to better
understanding of how drivers interact
with automated vehicle systems that
control both longitudinal and lateral
motions of the car
Automated Vehicle Technologies
24
Testing Advanced Tech
3D Surrogate Vehicle
25
Simulation Automated controllers
Automated Vehicles - Policy
26
• Federal Automated Vehicles (FAV) Policy
– Released September 2016
www.transportation.gov/av
• 60-day public comment period
– Request for Comments (RFC) published on Sept
23, 2016
– Docket No. NHTSA-2016-0090 (Document No.
2016-22993)
– Comment period closes November 22, 2016
27
Adv Tech Addresses Real World Crashes!
Vehicle Failure
1%
Control Loss
9%
Road Departure
10%
Backing
3%
Animal
5%
Pedestrian/Pedalcyclist
2% (17% fatals)
Lane Change
13%
Opposite Direction
2% (11% fatals)
Rear-End
30%
Crossing Paths
20%
Other
5%
2014 GES
Rear Visibility
Rear Auto Braking
- Forward Crash Warning
- Automatic Emergency Braking
- Emergency Braking Alert (V2V)
Intersection crash warning
(V2V)
Electronic Stability Control (ESC)
Pedestrian Auto Braking
Blind Spot Warning/Avoidance
Lane Departure Warning
Lane Centering
Do Not Pass Warning (V2V)
Crosscutting Technologies:
Automated Vehicles
Alcohol Detection
V2V/V2X communications
Future Vision: The Vehicle That Doesn’t Crash
Onboard Sensors + VtoV communications
enables 360 degree awareness for the vehicle
28
Thanks for your Attention!
• Contact Information
– Tim Johnson, NHTSA
– Ph: 937-666-3310
– E-mail: tim.johnson@dot.gov
– www.nhtsa.gov
29