Lockheed Martin Proprietary InformationLockheed Martin UK Integrated Systems & Solutions Limited – Copyright Protected

IDLS 2007 - LINK 16Peter J Davies

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Anti-Air Warfare

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Anti-Air Warfare

Threat target detected by AWACS aircraft and Air Defence warship sensors.Surveillance data Communicated to ground-based Head Quarters, Combat Air Patrol (CAP) and Surface units as a ‘Track Report’

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Anti-Air Warfare

Head Quarters transmits Command information to the AWACS aircraft.

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Anti-Air Warfare

AWACS transmits Control information directing the Combat Air Patrol aircraft to engage the specified target.

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Anti-Air Warfare

Combat Air Patrol achieves sensor detection, allocates and launches weapon, reporting engagement status.

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Land Environment

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Link 16 = Data Link

Composition of a Data LinkCommunications Bearer

RadioUHF

Netted, TDMAMODEM = MIDS / JTIDS TerminalMessage Standard = J-SeriesHost Processing SystemOperator

DataMODEM

MODEM

DataCommunications Medium

Data DataCommunications Medium

And don’t forget the Operator!

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TDS, HMI and Operator

Data must be processed in common mannerHMI

Information must reach the correct operatorBe displayed in a clear and usable formBe presented in a timely mannerHave the right precedence

DataMODEM

MODEM

DataCommunications Medium

Data DataCommunications Medium

And don’t forget the Operator!

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MIDS/JTIDS Frequencies

(Interrogator Tx about 30 pulses/sec on one of 126 channels in this frequency range)

1025 MHz 1150 MHz

DME

962 MHz 1024 MHz 1151 MHz 1213 MHz

(Transponder replies on one of 126 channels in these frequency ranges)

51 Frequencies

969MHz

1206MHz

IFFTx

IFFRx

10901030

1008 1053 1065 1113

TACAN (126 Channels)

960MHz

1213MHz

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Relay

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Bandwidth

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ECM Resistance

Frequency Hopping

Reed-Solomon Forward Error Correction

Double pulsing

Interleaving techniques

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Time Division Multiple Access

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TDMA - Transmission

KC10 Extender with F117

E3D

FA18

C130Sea King ASaCS

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Relative Navigation

You are here!

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Frequencies

51504948474645..........7654321

Frequency Hopping

969 MHz

1206 MHz

Pulses

Time Slot

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51504948474645.....

....

.7654321

Multiple Frequency Hopping

Frequencies

PulseClash

Time Slot

Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) = Frequency Hopping Patterns = Net Numbers 0 -126

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Multi-Net

ELECTRONICWARFARESURVEILLANCECONTROL HUR PPLI0

1

NET

No.

126

Net Capacity

Nets are mutually exclusive -

a unit can only transmit / receive

on one net at one time

ELECTRONICWARFARE

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Net 6Control

Net 1Control

Net 3Control

Stacked Nets

Net 0Net 1Net 2Net 3Net 4Net 5Net 6

Initialisation to Net 127 (No Statement)allows platforms to select the Net Number

Net 127

Net 127

SURVEILLANCECONTROL HUR PPLI

ELECTRONICWARFARE

0

1

NET

No.

126

NET CAPACITY

Nets are mutually exclusive -

a unit can only transmit / receive

on one net at one time

CONTROL

CONTROL

CONTROL

CONTROLNet 127

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Time Slot

Frequencies

Pulses

51504948474645....

....

.7654321

Closest Terminal Capture

= Delay

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Message Packing Structures

STD

S TR H DATA (SINGLE PULSE)P-2SP

S TR H DATA (DOUBLE PULSE)

P-2DP

S TR H DATA (SINGLE PULSE)

S TR H DATA (DOUBLE PULSE)

P-4SP

258 Pulses

444 Pulses

7.8125 ms

Propagation

3.354 Milliseconds 4.4585 Milliseconds Minus Jitter

Jitter

TimeslotS = Synchronisation. TR = Time Refinement. H = Header

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Access Methods

Dedicated (& Dedicated Reuse in Non-LOS situations)

Contention

Time Slot Reallocation (TSR)

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J-Series Word Format

00

WORDFORMAT

01020304050607080910111213141569 68

2

LABEL, J-SERIESSUBLABEL,J-SERIES

MESSAGELENGTH

INDICATOR533

Initial Word Format

0001020304050607080910111213141569 68

25

WORDFORMAT

CONTINUATIONWORD LABEL

Continuation Word Format

00

WORDFORMAT

01020304050607080910111213141569 68

2

Extension Word Format

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Message Ready For Transmission 75 Bits + 75 Bits + 75 Bits

etc.

CCSK Coding Sets of 32 Chips

Encrypt Using TSec Sets of 32 Chips

Transmit Pulses (Frequency Hopping) Each Pulse of 32 Chips on Separate Frequency

Encrypt Using MSec (75 Bits + 75 Bits + 75 Bits)

Add Partially Encrypted Header (35 Bits) + (75 Bits + 75 Bits + 75 Bits)

Reed-Solomon Forward Error Correction (80 Bits) + (155 Bits + 155 Bits + 155 Bits)

5-bit "Symbol Packets"

Symbol Interleave

Data Transmission Preparation

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Terminals

URC 138

JTIDS

Class 2 Family

MIDS

Low Volume Terminals

Versions 1 – 11

URC – 138

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MIDS LVTSmaller than Class 2More reliableNew or improved functions

Variable Transmit power (Low, Medium, High)Dynamic management (TSR, Set Management, VRCF)Ground communications (expanded Needline & Connectivity Monitoring, R/C, relay filtering)

Single configuration* forCombat aircraftTactical vehiclesShipsFixed sitesHelicopters

Improved maintainabilityDecreased cost

MIDS LVT (1) - Standard Terminal including TACAN and VoiceMIDS LVT (2) - Replacement for Class 2MMIDS LVT (3) - FDL for F-15 (also used for ROBE)MIDS LVT (4) - LVT (1) but no TACANMIDS LVT (5) - LVT (1) No TACAN plus HPAG for MIDS on ShipsMIDS LVT (6) - LVT (1) but no VoiceMIDS LVT (7) - LVT (1) no Voice or TACANMIDS LVT (8), (9) and 10 are the addition of an AC Power Converter to (4), (6) and (7)(NB No number specified for MIDS LVT (1) plus AC Power Converter)MIDS LVT (11) - LVT (2) plus Voice

TSR = Time Slot ReallocationVRCF = Variable Message Format (VMF) Remote Control FunctionROBE = Roll On BLOS EnhancementHPAG = High Power Amplifier Group

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Data Exchange - Messages

Precise Participant Location & Identification (PPLI)Track Reporting and Management in all environmentsReference Points and areasMission Management andWeapon CoordinationAir ControlElectronic WarfareStatus Miscellaneous (Exercise, R/C, Threat Warning.)Network ManagementText and Imagery

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PPLI and Surveillance

But he’s one of them.

Track NumberPosition and Track QualityCourse, Speed, Height/depthIdentity and Identity Difference IndicatorSpecial Interest and Exercise IndicatorsPlatform Type, and/or Activity & Specific TypeIFF Modes I, II, III Codes and Mode IV IndicatorStrengthForce Tell / Emergency IndicatorPPLI / IFF / SIFF PPLI DerivedSimulation and Special Processing Indicators

I’m one of you!

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Mission Management / Weapons Co-ord.

Messages•Command messages (J9.0)•Handovers (J10.3)•Status / Coordination messages•Engagement status of units under control (J10.2) (also received by some nonC2 units).•Controlling Unit Reports (J10.5)•Pairing (J10.6)

Function•NPG 8 - C2 to C2

•Weapons Co-ordination and Mission Management,•Asset management

Engage 12345

WILCO

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Command

J9.0

Launch Alert Aircraft!

The element of surprise is all!

WILCO

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Air Control and Co-ordination

NPG 8/9/19/20Four functions of Aircraft Coordination & Control:

• Asset Management NPG 8• Controlling C2JU - NPG 9 (Uplink)• Fighter – NPG 9 (Back-Link)• Fighter – Fighter – NPG 19 (or 20)

NPG 9: Uplink• C2 JU to Fighter•Command style messages

NPG 9: Back Link• Fighters to C2JU and Wingmen

NPG 19: Fighter-to-Fighter • Autonomous Control amongst Fighter groups

The control and Ftr-Ftr NPGs

may use stacked nets to allow for a discrete net for each C2 - fighter group or flight.

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Fighter-Fighter

Net 5

Net 3

Net 1

TSB

Figter-FighterCould use Dedicated or, more usually, Contention Access, which may be less onerous than the Control Backlink since, currently for fighters, there is no R/C requirement. Thus closest terminal capture works in favour of closer unit exchanges of target and engagement information and stack/multi-netting may be avoided if desired.

Net 0

TSB

Capacity IssueFCA Issue

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CONTROLNPG 9

NET 1NET 5

NPG Interaction

PPLI NPG

C2JU C2JU

C2JU C2JU C2JU

MISSIONMANAGEMENT

NPG-8

SURVEILLANCE - NPG 7

Non-C2JUs Non-C2JUs

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MISSION MANAGEMENT

Break Engagement

Cease Attack

Cease Mission

TARGET REPORTING RELATEDHigh Interest Track Designation

Cancel High Interest Track. Designation

Sensor Target Reports On

Sensor Target Reports Off

GENERALAlert Condition WhiteAlert Condition YellowAlert Condition Red

Salvo/clear AircraftWeapons TightWeapons FreeGo to Voice

Engage 12345

Mission Assignments J12.0

INTERCEPT (ATTACK)

Priority Kill

Engage

INTERCEPT (NON ATTACK)

Cover

Intervene

Investigate/interrogate

Shadow

Visual Identification

Fighter Sweep

GROUND ATTACKAir To SurfaceArmed ReconnaissanceStrike/attackBeacon BombingClear To DropCease/do Not DropClose Air SupportInterdictionLaser DesignationPrecision BombingSuppression Of Enemy Air DefencesCounter Air AttackRelated Mission Data

PROCEDURALAir To AirCombat Air PatrolDivertEscortOrbitRecallClose Air SupportAerial ReconnaissanceRefuelReturn To BaseSearch And Rescue

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Controlling Unit Report

Mission system changes Control Net No. to that of C2

B

3. J10.3 Requesting Handover4. J10.3 Accepting Handover5. J12.4 Commanding Handover6. J12.4 Accepting Handover7. J12.4 Logging In8. J12.4 Acknowledging Log-in

FTR

C2A

4

3 56

8

7

2

2. J9.0 Acknowledging Command1. J9.0 Commanding Handover

1

Commanded Handover Sequence

C2B

C2C Directs C2

A to pass control to C2B

C2C

(Air Co-ordinator)

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Can

Filter

any of

these

across

EW Command and Control

EW Assets

Bearing

AOPs

FixesE

W

C

EW Community (J14.0/J14.2)

Notes: Platforms may belong to Both communitiesbut the functions are considered separate.The EWC will normally be a functioning EW Asset.

EW Command & Control

Surveillance Community (J3.7)

J3.7

J7.7

J14.0 J14.2J7.7

IncreasingAccuracy

NPG 10 NPG 7

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Voice – Imagery - Text

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HMI or HCI Issues

How’s yourHuman Machine

Interface?

DROWNING IN DATA, STARVED OF INFORMATION

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Information Exchange Requirement

Link 16

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Network Management Process

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Network Design Process

MIDS NETWORK DESIGN STATION

Link 16 Message Protocols

MIDS Architecture Limits

NDS

Combined Network Design Guide

Operational Communications Requirements

Design Requirement

Host System Capabilities

FCA Compliance

Network Specific

Parameters

NETWORK LIBRARY

Design Title

Terminal Specification

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JTIDS Network Planning Station

NETWORK CONTROL AND INITIALIZATION DATA PREPARATION SUB-

SYSTEM

TRANSMITTEDMIDS SIGNALS

RECEIVEDMIDS SIGNALS

TEST &MAINTENANCE

EQUIPMENT JTIDS ANTENNA SUB-SYSTEM

SHIP AIRCONDITIONING

SYSTEM

Recording Equipment

PLATFORMVOICE

SYSTEMOTHER SH I P

SYSTEMS

MAIN POWERSUPPLY BLANKING

CONTROLSIGNALS

EMCON &

SDULOAD

JTIDS TERMINAL SUB-SYSTEM

PRECISIONTIME AND

REFERENCEFREQUENCY

CRYPTOREKEY

FACILITY

SACP FORTESTS & TRIALS

LONGTERM

TRANSMITINHIBIT

Sea King ASaCS

(via WISP)

JTIDS

Example Large Integrated System

Control &Diagnostic Data

Initialisation

Mil-Std-1553B

DATA LINKPROCESSOR

L16 L11 L22

CSHPROC

CommonFunctions

Forwarding

STDLLink16 Data Messages& Navigation Data

Mil-Std-1553B

Platform Navigation Systems

(SINS & GPS)

Main Computer

Displays & Keyboards

C

S

H

TACTICAL DATA

SYSTEM

££ $$ €€ £££ $$$ €€€

£££££ $$$$$€€€€€

Relative Costs

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Problems with Procurement & Integration

Information Exchange Requirement

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New Technologies

Enhanced ThroughputIncreased data capacity

Joint Tactical Radio System (JTRS)Software Communications ArchitectureLightweight multiple waveform radio

Common Link Integration Processor (CLIP)

Global Information Grid (GIG)

HostHostCommon Common

Link Link Integration Integration ProcessingProcessing

Link 16Link 16

Link 11Link 11

Link 4Link 4

Link 22Link 22

Satellite LinksSatellite Links

TerminalTerminal

TerminalTerminal

TerminalTerminal

TerminalTerminal

TerminalTerminal

HostHostCommon Common

Link Link Integration Integration ProcessingProcessing

Link 16Link 16

Link 11Link 11

Link 4Link 4

Link 22Link 22

Satellite LinksSatellite Links

TerminalTerminal

TerminalTerminal

TerminalTerminal

TerminalTerminal

TerminalTerminal

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GIG

Bandwidth

Interoperability Doctrine

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Modern Warfare is Network Centric

The End

Multi-Link Equipment

Training Doctrine

Interoperability