NOT ALL PLACES CAN

BE ON STEROIDS…

NOT ALL PLACES CAN BE ON STEROIDS

Dr Nicola Headlam@networknicola

Heseltine Institute for Public Policy & Practice

University of Liverpool

IDBE Summer SchoolUniversity of Cambridge

15th July 2013

This lecture

i. introduction ii. Reflexivity and place iii. The urban industry iv.Sociological Forms of organisation – market hierarchy & networkv. Meeting societal challenges

i. introduction

Making the link between structure and agency – changing structures mean changing roles and changing roles mean changing structures

The degeneration of regeneration

Intransitive verbs – no subject no object“Big tent” 3rd way urbanism and the post-

politicalUrban strategic milieu - policy not politics*

State as conundrum (problematic) Urban “industry” & panjandrum

Spatially extended product: “Brand, plan & strategy”

Place marketing – symbolic and visible

– NEUTRALITY NON-OPTIONPURPOSIVE ACTIVITIES –

PERSONAL/PROFESSIONAL/ETHICAL

ii. Reflexivity & place

Reflexivity & place

Urbanism and industrialisation - modernitySpecialisation – professions – hierarchies

A sociological imagination and the built environment

POWER – always and everywhereChanges to the policy process

(Hobbes)Bourdieu’s 2-hands

iii. Urban industry

Exquisite paradox of “localism”

“WELL THAT’S NOT THE WAY, BUT THAT’S NOT THE WAY THE CURRENT GOVERNMENT

DOES THINGS, (Y’KNOW) THERE’S NOTHING ABOUT “DO IT THIS WAY”, IT’S ABOUT CRUDELY, WE’LL CONTINUE TO

MAKE YOUR LIFE SO UNPLEASANT UNTIL YOU CAN FIGURE YOURSELF

INTO A WAY IN WHICH WE FIND ACCEPTABLE, IF I WERE BEING CRUDE ABOUT IT, (LAUGHTER) ERM BUT WE WON’T TELL YOU WHAT THAT IS.”

(INTERVIEW MAY 2013)

Chris Hood

Long boom : austerity localism

neo-liberalism squared “debate”“people not place” hands of the state

right punishes / left strokesAusterity localism

exit strategy for the state barnet ‘graph of doom’ – scripts - technologies

postcards from the urban renaissance

00

MasterclassesInvited real world experts - discursive tutorial format

James ReesRupert Greenhalgh

Sarah LonglandsJulian Dobson

Theme : wither urban regeneration policy?

iii. Forms of organisation

R.A.W Rhodes

MARKET HIERARCHY NETWORK

Normative basis Contract – property

rights

Employment

relationship

Complementary

strengths

Means of communication Prices Routines Relational

Means of conflict resolution Haggling – resort to

courts

Administrative

Flat – supervision

Reciprocity reputational

concerns

Degree of flexibility High Low Medium

Amount of commitment

among parties

Low Medium High

Tone or climate Precision and/ or

suspicion

Formal bureaucratic Open-ended mutual

benefit

Actor preferences or choices Independent Dependent Interdependent

bureaucracy

Perhaps there was a time when the term bureaucracy had a settled meaning and the institutions it defined had a standard purpose. If so this time has passed. In its place has emerged a variety of bureaucracies, temporary and fixed, public and private... this profusion of bureaucracies raises important questions concerning the work that bureaucrats do (Considine and Lewis, 1999, p. 467).

‘Pure’ markets

Conditions for pure markets Associated failuresI All prices are comparable; everything is traded

1 inability of market to deal with externalities2 problem of public and merit3 existence of good without price4 transaction costs of exchanges

II market entry is without barriers – multiple providers and purchasers

5 barriers exist to market entry6 inequalities exist7 failures of confidence exist

III maintenance of high volume of transactionsIV market participants perfectly informed 8 Practical obstacles V Economy and polity separated 9 Powerful interests created by 5 & 6

become insiders

Variegated neo-liberalisation

Yes and no…

Hierarchy, generally, is losing its legitimacy while partnership is in the ascendant as different interest groups flex their muscles and individuals start to take back control of their lives from organizations and governments. (Handy, 2004: 98)

A definition

Governance refers to the processes through which organisations and institutions articulate interest, mediate differences, formulate and implement policy, exercise rights and obligations, manage resources and perform functions. Ultimately, governance is about people: structures, institutions, policies and, above all, relationships.

Another definition

Governance can be defined as the capacity of a country’s institutional matrix (in which individual actors, firms, social groups, civic organisations and policy makers interact with each other) to implement and enforce public policies and to improve private sector co-ordination (Ahrens 2002)

(yet) another definition

Governance is an emergent set of practices and processes based on a set of assumptions;

a redefinition of patterns of legitimacy and effectiveness

a redefinition of scales of public action

co-evolution of the institutional context for public action

Who might the state act with?

KEY QUESTION 3 : IN PURSUIT OF ITS ’ PUBLIC POLICY OBJECTIVES…

Figure 1 Combination of market, hierarchy and network (Thompson et al, 1991pg 17)

H

N

M

Figure 1 Network encompassing market and hierarchy (Thompson et al, 1991pg 18)

N H

M

Mixed models? More stable?

The distinctive problems of hierarchy, markets and networks provide an account of three forms of partnership failure...our model therefore implies that it is only by mixing hierarchical, market and network forms of co-ordination that it is possible to avoid the crippling dysfunctions associated with the pure forms (Entwistle, Bristow et al. 2007) pp 68

Jessop is not hopeful

governance is the cycle of modes of co-ordination. All modes are prone to dilemmas, contradictions, paradoxes, and failures but the problems differ with the mode in question. Markets, states, and governance fail in different ways. One practical response to this situation is to combine modes of policy-making and vary their weight over time – thereby shifting the forms in which tendencies to ‘failure’ are manifested, and creating room for manoeuvre. The rediscovery of governance could mark a fresh revolution in this process – a simple cyclical response to past state failures

Manuel Castells

Networks constitute the new social morphology of our societies, and the diffusion of networking logic modifies the operation and outcome in process of production, experience power and culture (Castells 1996)

They are all around us, We rely on them. We are part of them Networks shape our world, but they can be confusing; no obvious leader or centre, no familiar structure and no easy diagram to describe to them. Networks self organise, morphing and changes as they react to interference or breakdown. Networks are the language of our times but our institutions are not programmed to understand them (DEMOS, 2004 pg 3)

A mix, then?

The existing literature on policy networks and network governance also includes a wealth of material on how governments seek to govern in an era when the certainties and solidities of modernity are perceived as melting into air. (1) strategies for co-ordination in terms of political economy (2) the changing role government relations in an environment

if complex systems(3) the re-aligning of formal and informal relations between

and within trans-national, national and sub-national levels and

(4) the emasculation of traditional mechanisms of command and control as government shifts form hierarchy to heterarchy. The literature points to the emergence of new patterns of governance, and especially a mix of hierarchy, networks and markets” (Bevir and Richards, 2009 pp 139)

Networks; from “light” to “heavy” explanatory use.

1 network-ing inter-personal and virtual2 policy networks3 Market -Hierarchy-Network mix 4 Networked Community Governance ; poly-centricity and diffusion5 “Second Generation” “Networked” Governance Mechanisms/Instruments

Good thing? Raco thinks not

(i) Local Government (ii) Local Governance

Bureaucratic

Democratic

Centralised

Collectivised

Municipal

Pursuit of Social/ Welfare Goals

Flexible and responsive

Post-democratic

Decentralised

Privatised

Entrepreneurial

Pursuit of Market Goals

Different types of networks

brokerage

“significance within networks is given to individuals that act as connectors within a network, boundary spanners who connect networks, information brokers and people who are peripheral to the network” (Granovetter, 1975)

Karen Stephenson

And having the networks mapped does not tell you about the cultural terrain you have to cross in order to lead effectively; the map is most certainly not the territory.

Rather it is the lack of a coordinated leadership network within a network of hierarchies that produces the lurches, lunging and sputtering we frequently experience in government.

Planning for networks

In planning theory, project planning is part of a certain regulatory system in public administration generally referred to as network governance. It developed as a consequence of new public management reforms that have been implemented in public organisations in most western european countries () Planning is increasingly exercised in a fragmented governance system consisting of numerous policy networks that stretch across public and private boundaries (horizontal governance) and across levels of public decision making (vertical governance)

further

… urban planning is increasingly in a situation where interactive forms of governance supplement and sometimes supplant traditional government institutions and representative democracy. Under these circumstances a top-down comprehensive urban planning system based on subordination, control and detailed deregulation is becoming increasingly difficult to achieve.

Hybrid planner as

Values and orientation

Knowledge combination

Collaboration and governance network forms

Metagovernance forms

Professional strategist

Professionalism Architecture + urban planning communication

Political/adminmanagement closed and elite

Network framing political and professional

Manager Implementation political fit

Urban dev + politics + policy communication

Formal elistist

Legal formationNetwork design

Market planner

Market, competition, financially feasible

Urban and economic development communication

Contractors etc.Closed elitist

Limited political framing financial regulation

Process planner

Establishment of communities and consensus. democratic

Urban development + organisationscommunication

Wide political and adminOpen and plural

Politcal goalsDiscursive frames participation and design

2 Examples

1) Professor Nick Crossley2) Christakis and Fowler3) Krebs and Holley4) Malcolm Gladwell

Social network analysis

“Network methods are seen as a means of mapping roles comprehensively, so allowing “real” qualities of social structures to be delineated …the basic presumption of SNA is that sociograms of points and lines can be used to represent agents and their social relations. The pattern of connections among these lines in a sociogram represents the relational structure of a society or social group” (Knox, 2006)

Prof. Nic Crossley

Post punk music scenes Comparison with London and Manchester2 time intervals19761980Argues that brokerage function for/of is

integral to development of music scene

Medium Polarization

Types of Modules

Complete Polarization

A module (“community”) is a groups of people with many ties to each other and few ties to other groups. The more modular a network is, the more polarized it is.

High Polarization

Low Polarization

Activism Goes OnlineYou might think increased discussion would bring us politically closer but this map of political blogs in America shows otherwise.

Online social networks appear to be strongly homophilous and polarized.

The Effects of Online Social NetworksThis figure of the Iranian political blogosphere shows that the government allows a wide range of political discourse -- even criticisms of the government!

Network Weaving

4 phasesScattered FragmentsHub and SpokeSmall WorldsIntegrated

Other key terms : Structural hole

UK Examples

Local GovernanceCabinetManchesterResilience

Matthew Taylor

Social networks are important; understanding and using them can make a significant contribution tapping into civic capacity and meeting public policy goals. Social networks are complex and the way they operate unpredictable.

An emphasis on social networks changes not just the focus and design of public policy, but the whole way we think about success and failure.

Knowing and knitting

Building sustainable communities through improving their connectivity – internally and externally- using network ties to create economic opportunities.

Improved connectivity is created through an iterative process of knowing the network and knitting the network

Appalachian centre for Economic Networks

v. Meeting societal challenges

‘Deep green’ environmentalism - 3 planet livingSpirit level type arguments : inequalities giniDecroissance movement (slow food – etc.)Anti-capitalist anti-globalisation formations :

occupyRadical roots of town planning…

But unease and alternate discourses counterpoint industrialisation / urbanisation forever

environmentalism

inequality

Anti-capitalism

political

Spatial consequences